See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

ELIZABETH (1533-1603)  , See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland; See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on See also:

• SUNDAY

Sunday the 7th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1J33, and, like all the Tudors except See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VII., at See also:

• GREENWICH

Greenwich See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

Palace, was the only surviving See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child of Henry VIII. by his second queen, See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne See also:

• BOLEYN (or BULLEN), ANNE (c. 1507–1536)

Boleyn . With such a See also:

• MOTHER

mother and with See also:

• CRANMER, THOMAS (1489-1556)

Cranmer as her godfather she represented from her See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth the principle of revolt from See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, but the opponents of that See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement attached little importance to her See also:

• ADVENT (Lat. Adventus, sc. Redemptoris, " the coming of the Saviour ")

advent into the See also:

• WORLD

world . See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V.'s See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador, Chapuys, hardly deigned to mention the fact that the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's anaie had given birth to a daughter, and both her parents were bitterly disappointed with her See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex . She was, however, given See also:

• PRECEDENCE (from Lat. praecedere, to go before, precede)

precedence over See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary, her See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder See also:

• SISTER

sister by sixteen years, and Mary never forgave the See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant's offence . Even this dubious See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage only lasted three years until her mother was beheaded, and by a much more serious freak on Henry's See also:

• PART

part " divorced." See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth has been censured for having made no effort in later years to clear her mother's memory; but no vindication of Anne's See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character could have rehabilitated Elizabeth's See also:

• LEGITIMACY

legitimacy . Her mother was not " divorced " for her alleged See also:

• ADULTERY (from Lat. adulterium)

adultery, because that See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime was no ground for See also:

• DIVORCE

divorce by See also:

• ROMAN

Roman or See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• CANON

canon See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law . The See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage was declared invalid ab initio either on the ground of Anne's precontract with See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• PERCY (FAMILY)
• PERCY, SIR HENRY
• PERCY, THOMAS (1729-1811)
• PERCY, THOMAS (c. 156o-16os)

Percy or more probably on the ground of the See also:

• AFFINITY (Lat. affinitas, relationship by marriage, from offinis, bordering on, related to; finis, border, boundary)
• AFFINITY, CHEMICAL

affinity established between Henry and Anne by . Henry's previous relations with Mary Boleyn . Elizabeth thus lost all hereditary See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title to the See also:

• THRONE

throne, and her See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early years of childhood can hardly have been happier than Mary's . Nor was her legitimacy ever legally established; but after Jane See also:

• SEYMOUR
• SEYMOUR, HORATIO (1810-1886)
• SEYMOUR, or ST MAUR
• SEYMOUR, THOMAS

Seymour's See also:

• DEATH

death, when Henry seemed likely to have no further issue, she was by See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament placed next in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession after See also:

• EDWARD

Edward and Mary and their issue; and this statutory arrangement was confirmed by the will which Henry VIII. was empowered by See also:

• STATUTE

statute to make . Queen See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine See also:

• PARR
• PARR, CATHERINE (1512-1548)
• PARR, SAMUEL (1747-1825)
• PARR, THOMAS (c. 1483—1635)

Parr introduced some humanity into Henry's See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house-hold, and Edward and Elizabeth were well and happily educated together, principally at old See also:

• HATFIELD

Hatfield House, which is now the See also:

• MARQUESS (1760-1842)
• MARQUESS, or MARQUIS (Fr. marquis, Ital. marchese; from med. Lat. marchio, marchisus, i.e. comes marchiae, " count of the March ")

marquess of See also:

• SALISBURY
• SALISBURY, EARLS OF
• SALISBURY, ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNECECIL, 3RD MARQUESS OF (1830-1903)
• SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1565-1612)
• SALISBURY, THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, 4TH EARL OF (1388-1428)
• SALISBURY, WILLIAM LONGSWORD (or LONGESPEE), EARL OF (d. 1226)

Salisbury's stables . They were there when Henry's death called Edward VI. away to greater dignities, and Elizabeth was See also:

• LEFT

left in the care of Catherine Parr, who married in indecent haste See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas, Lord Seymour, See also:

• BROTHER

brother of the See also:

• PROTECTOR

protector See also:

• SOMERSET, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SOMERSET, EDMUND BEAUFORT, DUKE OF (c. 1404–1455)
• SOMERSET, EDWARD SEYMOUR, DUKE OF (c. 1506–1552)
• SOMERSET, LORD ROBERT EDWARD HENRY (1776-1842)
• SOMERSET, ROBERT CARR (or KER), EARL OF (e. 1590-1645)

Somerset .

This unprincipled adventurer, even before Catherine's death in September 1548, paid indelicate attentions to Elizabeth . Any See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to marry her without the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council's leave would have been See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason on his part and would have deprived Elizabeth of her contingent right to the succession . Accordingly, when Seymour's other misbehaviour led to his See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest, his relations with Elizabeth were made the subject of a very trying investigation, which gave Elizabeth her first lessons in the feminine arts of self-See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence . She proved equal to the occasion, partly because she was in all See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

innocent of anything worse than a qualified acquiescence in Seymour's improprieties and a girlish admiration for his handsome See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face . He or his tragic See also:

• FATE

fate may have touched a deeper chord, but it was carefully concealed; and although in later years Elizabeth seems to have cherished his memory, and certainly showed no love for his brother's See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time she only showed resentment at the indignities inflicted on herself . For the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of Edward's reign Elizabeth's See also:

• LIFE

life was less tempestuous . She hardly rivalled See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady Jane See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

Grey as the ideal Puritan See also:

• MAIDEN, or MAID

maiden, but she swam with the stream, and was regarded as a See also:

• FOIL

foil to her stubborn See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic sister . She thus avoided the enmity and the still more dangerous favour of See also:

• NORTHUMBERLAND
• NORTHUMBERLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• NORTHUMBERLAND, JOHN DUDLEY, VISCOUNT LISLE, EARL OF WARWICK
• NORTHUMBERLAND, JOHN NEVILLE, EARL OF (c. 1430-1471)

Northumberland; and some unknown See also:

• HISTORY

history lies behind the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke's preference of the Lady Jane to Elizabeth as his son's wife and his own puppet for the throne . She thus escaped shipwreck in his crazy See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel,and rode by Mary's See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side in See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph into See also:

• LONDON

London on the failure of the See also:

• PLOT
• PLOT, ROBERT (164o-1696)

plot . For a time she was safe enough; she would not renounce her Protestantism until Catholicism had been made the law of the See also:

• LAND

land, but she followed See also:

• GARDINER
• GARDINER, JAMES (1688-1745)
• GARDINER, SAMUEL RAWSON (1829–1902)
• GARDINER, STEPHEN (c. 1493–1555)

Gardiner's See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice to her See also:

• FATHER

father when he said it was better that he should make the law his will than try to make his will the law . As a presumptive ruler of England she was, like See also:

• CECIL

Cecil, and for that See also:

• MATTER

matter the future See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch-See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop See also:

• PARKER, JOHN HENRY (1806-1884)
• PARKER, JOSEPH (183o-1902)
• PARKER, MARTIN (c. 1600-c. 1656)
• PARKER, MATTHEW (1504-1575)
• PARKER, SAMUEL (164o-1688)
• PARKER, SIR GILBERT (1862— )
• PARKER, SIR HYDE, BART
• PARKER, THEODORE (1810-186o)

Parker also, too shrewd to commit herself to passive or active resistance to the law; and they merely anticipated See also:

• HOBBES, THOMAS (1588–1679)

Hobbes in holding that the individual committed no See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

sin in subordinating his See also:

• CONSCIENCE (Lat. con-scientia, literally " knowledge of a thing shared with another person " or " complete knowledge," and derivatively " consciousness in general)
• CONSCIENCE, HENDRIK (1812-1883)

conscience to the will of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, for the responsibility for the law was not his but the state's . Their position was well enough understood in those da;'s; it was known that they were heretics at See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart, and that when their turn came they would once more overthrow Catholicism and expect a similar submission from the Catholics .

It was not so much Elizabeth's See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion as her nearness to the throne and the circumstances of her birth that endangered her life in Mary's reign . While Mary was popular Elizabeth was safe; but as soon as the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish marriage project had turned away English See also:

• HEARTS

hearts Elizabeth inevitably became the centre of plots and the See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of the plotters . Had not Lady Jane still been alive to take off the edge of Mary's indignation and suspicion Elizabeth might have paid forfeit for See also:

• WYAT, SIR THOMAS (1503—1542)
• WYAT, SIR THOMAS (d. 1554)

Wyat's See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion with her life instead of imprisonment . She may have had interviews with See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French agents who helped to foment the insurrection; but she was strong and wary enough to avoid Henry II.'s, as she had avoided Northumberland's, toils; for even in See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of success she would have been the French king's puppet, placed on the throne, if at all, merely to keep it warm for Henry's prospective daughter-in-law, Mary See also:

• STUART, ARABELLA (1575-1615)
• STUART, GILBERT (1755-x828)
• STUART, JAMES EWELL BROWN (1833-1864)
• STUART, JOHN
• STUART, MOSES (1780-1852)
• STUART, SIR JOHN, COUNT

Stuart . This did not make Mary Tudor any more friendly,and,although.the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story that Elizabeth favoured See also:

• COURTENAY
• COURTENAY, RICHARD (d. 1415)
• COURTENAY, WILLIAM (c. 1342—1396)

Courtenay and that Mary was jealous is a ridiculous fiction, the Spaniards cried loud and See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long for Elizabeth's See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution . She was sent to the See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

Tower in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1554, but few Englishmen were fanatic enough to want a Tudor beheaded . The See also:

• GREAT

great nobles, the Howards, and Gardiner would not hear of such a proposal; and all the efforts of the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court throughout Mary's reign failed to induce parliament to listen to the See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion that Elizabeth should be deprived of her legal right to the succession . After two months in the Tower she was transferred to See also:

• SIR

Sir Henry Bedingfield's See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge at See also:

• WOODSTOCK

Woodstock, and at See also:

• CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ)

Christmas, when the See also:

• REALM

realm had been reconciled to Rome and Mary was expecting issue, Elizabeth was once more received at court . In the autumn of 1555 she went down to Hatfield, where she spent most of the rest of Mary's reign, enjoying the lessons of rjscham and Baldassare See also:

• CASTIGLIONE, BALDASSARE (1478–1529)
• CASTIGLIONE, CARLO OTTAVIO, COUNT (1784–1849)
• CASTIGLIONE, GIOVANNI BENEDETTO (1616–1670)

Castiglione, and planting trees which still survive . She had only to bide her time while Mary made straight her successor's path by uprooting whatever See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection the English See also:

• PEOPLE

people had for the Catholic faith, Roman See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction and Spanish See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control . The See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant martyrs and See also:

• CALAIS

Calais between them removed all the alternatives to an insular See also:

• NATIONAL

national English policy in See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church and in state; and no See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign was better qualified to See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead such a cause than the queen who ascended the throne amid universal, and the Spaniards thought indecent, rejoicings at Mary's death on the 17th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1558 . " See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

Mere English " she boasted of being, and after Englishmen's See also:

• RECENT

recent experience there was no surer title to popular favour .

No sovereign since Harold had been so purely English in See also:

• BLOOD

blood; her nearest See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign ancestor was Catherine of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, the widow of Henry V., and no English king or queen was more superbly insular in character or in policy . She was the unmistakable child of the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age so far as Englishmen shared in its characteristics, for with her English aims she combined some See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian methods and ideas . " An Englishman Italianate," ran the current jingle, " is a See also:

• DEVIL (Gr. &a,3oXos, " slanderer," from &ctflisXX sty, to slander)

devil incarnate," and Elizabeth was well versed in Italian scholarship and statecraft . Italians, especially Bernardino See also:

• OCHINO, BERNARDINO (1487-1564)

Ochino, had given her religious instruction, and the Italians who rejected Catholicism usually adopted far more advanced forms of See also:

• HERESY

heresy than Lutheranism, Zwinglianism, or even Calvinism . Elizabeth herself patronized Giacomo Acontio, who thought See also:

• DOGMA (Gr. Sbypa, from b6aeiv, to seem; literally " that which seems, sc. good or true or useful " to any one)

dogma a " stratagema Satanae," and her last favourite, See also:

• ESSEX
• ESSEX, ARTHUR CAPEL
• ESSEX, EARLS OF
• ESSEX, KINGDOM OF
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX, 2ND2 EARL OF (1566-1601)
• ESSEX, WALTER DEVEREUX, IST2 EARL OF (1541–1576)

Essex was accused of being the ringleader .of " a damnable See also:

• CREW (sometimes explained as a sea term of Scandinavian origin, cf. O. Icel. kris, a swarm or crowd, but now regarded as a shortened form of accrue, accrewe, used in the 16th century in the sense of a reinforcement, O. Fr. acreue, from accrofire, to grow,
• CREW, NATHANIEL CREW, 3RD BARON (1633–1721)

crew of atheists." A Spanish ambassador early in the reign thought that Elizabeth's own religion was equally negative, though she told him she agreed with nearly everything in the See also:

• AUGSBURG
• AUGSBURG, CONFESSION OF
• AUGSBURG, WAR OF THE LEAGUE OF

Augsburg See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

Confession . She was probably not at See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty to say what she really thought, but she made up by saying a great many things which she did not mean . It is clear enough that, although, like her father, she was fond of See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual, she was absolutely devoid of the religious temperament, and that her ecclesiastical preferences were dictated by See also:

• POLITICAL

political considerations . She was sincere enough in her dislike of Roman jurisdiction and of Calvinism; a daughter of Anne Boleyn could have little affection for a See also:

• SYSTEM

system which made her a See also:

• BASTARD (O. Fr. bastard, mod. bdtard = fits de bast, "pack-saddle child," from bast, saddle)

bastard, and all monarchs agreed at heart with See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James I.'s See also:

• APHORISM
• APHORISM (from the Gr. a4oA'ecv, to define)

aphorism about " no bishop, no king." It was convenient, too, to profess Lutheran sympathies, for Lutheranism was now an established, monarchical and comparatively respectable religion, very different from the Calvinism against which monarchs directed the See also:

• COUNTER

Counter-See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

reformation from political motives . Lutheran dogma, however, had few adherents in England, though its political theory coincided with that of Anglicanism in the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . The See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise that resulted from these conflicting forces suited Elizabeth very well; she had little dislike of Catholics who repudiated the papacy, but she was forced to rely mainly on Protestants, and had little respect for any See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of ecclesiastical self-See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . She valued uniformity in religion, not as a safeguard against heresy, but as a See also:

• GUARANTEE (sometimes spelt " guarantie " or " guaranty "; an O. Fr. form of " warrant," from the Teutonic word which appears in German as wahren, to defend or make safe and binding)

guarantee of the unity of the state . She respected the bishops only as supporters of her throne; and, although the well-known See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter beginning " Proud See also:

• PRELATE (Lat. praelatus, set above, from praefero, prefer)

Prelate " is an 18th-century See also:

• FORGERY (derived through the French from Latin fabricare, to construct)

forgery, it is hardly a See also:

• TRAVESTY (Fr. travestie, from travestir, to disguise, se travestir, to change one's clothes; Lat. trans, across, and vestire, to clothe)

travesty of Elizabeth's attitude .

The outlines of her foreign policy are sketched elsewhere (see ENGLISH HISTORY), and her courtships were See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic . Contemporary See also:

• GOSSIP (from the O.E. godsibb, i.e. God, and sib, akin, standing in relation to)

gossip, which was probably justified, said that she was debarred from See also:

• MATRIMONY (Lat. matrimonium, marriage, which is the ordinary English sense)

matrimony by a See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical defect; and her cry when she heard that Mary queen of Scots had given birth to a son is the most womanly thing recorded of Elizabeth . Her features were as handsome as Mary's, but she had little See also:

• FASCINATION (from Lat. fascinare, to bewitch, probably connected with the Or. f3ao-Kaiveev, to speak ill of, to bewitch)

fascination, and in spite of her many suitors no See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man lost his See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head over Elizabeth as men did over Mary . She was far too masculine in mind and temperament, and her extravagant addiction to the outward trappings of femininity was probably due to the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence or See also:

• ATROPHY (Gr. It- priv., rpo4, nourishment)

atrophy of deeper feminine instincts . In the same way the impossibility of marriage made her all the freer with her flirtations, and she carried some of them to lengths that scandalized a public unconscious of Elizabeth's See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security . She had every See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to keep them in the dark, and to convince other courts that she could and would marry if the provocation were sufficient . She could not marry See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip II., but she held out hopes to more than one of his See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• COUSINS, SAMUEL (18o1-1887)

cousins whenever France or Mary Stuart seemed to threaten; and later she encouraged two French princes when Philip had lost See also:

• PATIENCE

patience with Elizabeth and made Mary Stuart his protegee . Her other suitors were less important, except See also:

• LEICESTER
• LEICESTER, EARLS OF
• LEICESTER, ROBERT DUDLEY, EARL
• LEICESTER, ROBERT SIDNEY, EARL OF (1563-1626)
• LEICESTER, THOMAS WILLIAM COKE, EARL OF (1754-1842)

Leicester, who appealed to the least intellectual side of Elizabeth and was always a cause of See also:

• DISTRACTION (from Lat. distrakere, to pull asunder)

distraction in her policy and her ministers . Elizabeth was terribly handicapped by having no heirs of her See also:

• BODY

body and no obvious English successor . She could not afford to recognize Mary's claim, for that would have been to alienate the Protestants, See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double the number of Catholics, and, in her own phrase, to spread a winding-See also:

• SHEET

sheet before her eyes; for all would have turned to the rising See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun . Mary was dangerous enough as it was, and no one would willingly make his See also:

• RIVAL

rival his See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir . Elizabeth could hardly be expected to go out of her way and ask parliament to See also:

• REPEAL (O.F. rapel, modern rappel, from rapeler, rappeler, revoke, re and appeler, appeal)

repeal its own acts for Mary's See also:

• SAKE

sake; probably it would have refused .

Nor was it See also:

• PERSONAL

personal enmity on Elizabeth's part that brought Mary to the See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

block . Parliament had long been ferociously demanding Mary's execution, not because she was guilty but because she was dangerous to the public See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace . She alone could have given the Spanish See also:

• ARMADA, THE

Armada any real See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance of success; and as the prospect of invasion loomed larger on the See also:

• HORIZON (Gr. 6pfTwv, dividing)

horizon, fiercer See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew the popular determination to remove the only possible centre of a domestic rising, without which theexternal attack was See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to be a failure . Elizabeth resisted the demand, not from compassion or qualms of conscience, but because she dreaded the responsibility for Mary's death . She wished See also:

• PAULET, POULETT

Paulet would See also:

• MANAGE

manage the business on his own See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account, and when at last her See also:

• SIGNATURE (through Fr. from Lat. signature, signare, to sign, signum, mark, token, sign)

signature was extorted she made a scapegoat of her secretary See also:

• DAVISON, WILLIAM (c. 1541-1608)

Davison who had the See also:

• WARRANT (Med. Lat. warantum; O. Fr. garant, warant, derived from O.H.G. root represented in modern German bygewdhren)

warrant executed . The other great difficulty, apart from the succession, with which Elizabeth had to See also:

• DEAL

deal arose from the exuberant aggressiveness of England, which she could not, and perhaps did not want to, repress . Religion was not really the cause of her See also:

• EXTERNAL

external dangers, for the time had passed for See also:

• CRUSADES

crusades, and no foreign See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power seriously contemplated an armed invasion of England for religion's sake . But no state could long tolerate the affronts which English See also:

• SEAMEN, LAWS RELATING TO

seamen offered See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain . The See also:

• COMMON

common view that the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire has been won by purely defensive See also:

• ACTION

action is not tenable, and from the beginning of her reign Englishmen had taken the offensive, partly from religious but also from other motives . They were determined to break up the Spanish See also:

• MONOPOLY (Gr. govomeXla or govoircaXwv, exclusive sale, from govds, alone, and irwXeiv, to sell)

monopoly in the new world, and in the pursuit of this endeavour they were led to See also:

• CHALLENGE (O. Fr. chalonge, calenge, &c., from Lat. calumnia, originally meaning trickery, from calvi, to deceive, hence a false accusation, a " calumny ")

challenge Spain in the old . For nearly See also:

• THIRTY

thirty years Philip put up with the See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of his treasure-See also:

• SHIPS

ships, the raiding of his colonies and the open assistance rendered to his rebels . Only when he had reached the conclusion that his power would never be secure in the See also:

• NETHERLANDS

Netherlands or the New World until England was conquered, did he despatch the Spanish Armada .

Elizabeth delayed the See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach as long as she could, probably because she knew that See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war meant See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation, and that taxation was the most prolific See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent of revolt . With the defeat of the Spanish Armada Elizabeth's See also:

• WORK

work was done, and during the last fifteen years of her reign she got more out of See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch with her people . That See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period was one of See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual transition to the conditions of Stuart times; during it practically every claim was put forward that was made under the first two Stuarts either on behalf of parliament or the See also:

• PREROGATIVE

prerogative, and Elizabeth's attitude towards the Puritans was hardly distinguishable from James I.'s . But her past was in her favour, and so were her sex and her Tudor tact, which checked the growth of discontent and made Essex's rebellion a ridiculous fiasco . He was the last and the most wilful but perhaps the best of her favourites, and his tragic fate deepened the gloom of her closing years . The loneliness of a queen who had no See also:

• HUSBAND

husband or children and no relatives to mention must at all times have been oppressive; it grew desolating in old age after the deaths of Leicester, See also:

• WALSINGHAM, SIR FRANCIS (c. 1530-1590)
• WALSINGHAM, THOMAS (d. c. 1422)

Walsingham, See also:

• BURGHLEY, WILLIAM CECIL, BARON (1521-1598)

Burghley and Essex, and Elizabeth died, the last of her See also:

• RACE

race, on the 24th of March 1603 . Bishop See also:

• CREIGHTON, MANDELL (1843—1901)

Creighton's Queen Elizabeth (1896) is the best See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography; there are others by E . S . See also:

• BEESLY, EDWARD SPENCER (1831– )

Beesly (Twelve English Statesmen, 1892) ; See also:

• LUCY, RICHARD DE (d. 1179)

Lucy See also:

• AIKIN, ARTHUR (1773-1854)
• AIKIN, JOHN (1747-1822)

Aikin, See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs of the Court of Queen Elizabeth (1818); and T . See also:

• WRIGHT, CARROLL DAVIDSON (1840-1909)
• WRIGHT, CHAUNCEY (1830-1875)
• WRIGHT, JOSEPH (1734-1797)
• WRIGHT, SILAS (1795-1847)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1809–1884)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1810—1877)
• WRIGHT, WILLIAM ALDIS (1836– )

Wright, Queen Elizabeth and her Times (1838) . See also A . Jessopp's See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article in the See also:

• DIET

Diet .

Nat . Biog . (A . F .