See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS  of See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

RUSSIA, the daughter of See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter the See also:

• GREAT

Great and Martha Skovronskaya, See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Kolomenskoye, near See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow, on the 18th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1709 . Even as a See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child her parts were See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good, if not brilliant, but unfortunately her See also:

• EDUCATION

education was both imperfect and desultory . Her See also:

• FATHER

father had no leisure to devote to her training, and her See also:

• MOTHER

mother was too illiterate to superintend her studies . She had a See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French governess, however, and at a later See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day picked up some See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian, See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German and See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish,'and could converse in these See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages with more fluency than accuracy . From her earliest years she delighted every one by her extraordinary beauty and vivacity . It was Peter's intention to marry his second daughter to the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young French See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XV., but the See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride of the Bourbons revolted against any such See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance, Other connubial speculations foundered on the See also:

• PERSONAL

personal dislike of the princess for the various suitors proposed to her, so that on the See also:

• DEATH

death of her mother (May 1727) and the departure to See also:

• HOLSTEIN
• HOLSTEIN, FRIEDRICH VON (1837–1909)

Holstein of her beloved See also:

• SISTER

sister See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne, her only remaining near relation, the princess found herself at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of eighteen practically her own See also:

• MISTRESS

mistress . So See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long as See also:

• MENSHIKOV, ALEXANDER DANILOVICH, PRINCE (1663?–1729)
• MENSHIKOV, ALEXANDER SERGEIEVICH, PRINCE (1787-1869)

Menshikov remained in See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, she was treated with liberality and distinction by the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of Peter II., blit the Dolgorukis, who supplanted Menshikov and hated the memory of Peter the Great, practically banished Peter's daughter from See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court . See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth had inherited her father's sensual temperament and, being See also:

• FREE

free from all See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control, abandoned herself to her appetites without reserve . While still in her teens, she made a See also:

• LOVER, SAMUEL (1797-1868)

lover of Alexius Shubin, a sergeant in the Semenovsky See also:

• GUARDS, AND HOUSEHOLD TROOPS

Guards, and after his banishment to See also:

• SIBERIA

Siberia, minus his See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue, by See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the empress Anne, consoled herself with a handsome young Cossack, Alexius Razumovski, who, there is good See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to believe, subsequently became her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband . During the reign of her See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin Anne (1730-1740), Elizabeth effaced herself as much as possible; but under the regency of Anne Leopoldovna the course of events compelled the indolent but by no means incapable beauty to overthrow the existing government . The See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea seems to have been first suggested to her by the French See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador, La Chetardie, who was plotting to destroy the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence then dominant at the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian court . It is a See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake to suppose, however, that La Chetardie took a leading See also:

• PART

part in the revolution which placed the daughter of Peter the Great on the Russian See also:

• THRONE

throne .

As a See also:

• MATTER

matter of fact, beyond lending the tsesarevna 2000 ducats, instead of the 15,000 she demanded of him, he took no part whatever in the actual coup d'etat which was as great a surprise to him as to every one else . The merit and See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory of that singular affair belong to Elizabeth alone . The fear of being imprisoned in a See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent for the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of her See also:

• LIFE

life was the determining cause of her irresistible outburst of See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy . At midnight on the 6th of December 1741, with a few personal See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, including her physician, Armand Lestocq, her See also:

• CHAMBERLAIN (0. Fr. chamberlain, chamberlenc, Mod. Fr. chambellan, from O. H. Ger. Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Med. Lat. cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Ital. camerlingo; Span. camerlengo, compounded of 0. H. Ger. Chamara, Kamara [Lat.
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836— )
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE (1828– )
• CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE BOWLES (1820-1902)

chamberlain, See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael Ilarionvich See also:

• VORONTSOV
• VORONTSOV (or WoRoNZOFF)

Vorontsov, her future husband, Alexius Razumovski, and See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander and Peter See also:

• SHUVALOV (sometimes written SCHOUVALOFF), PETER ANDREIVICH, COUNT (1827–1889)

Shuvalov, two of the gentlemen of her See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household, she drove to the See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks of the Preobrazhensky Guards, enlisted their sympathies by a stirring speech, and led them to the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

Winter See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

Palace, where the See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent was reposing in See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute See also:

• SECURITY (Lat. securus, free from care, safe)

security . Having on the way thither had all the ministers arrested, she seized the regent and her See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children in their beds, and summoned all the notables, See also:

• CIVIL

civil and ecclesiastical, to her presence . So swiftly and noiselessly indeed had the whole revolution proceeded that as See also:

• LATE

late as eight o'See also:

• CLOCK

clock the next See also:

• MORNING

morning very few See also:

• PEOPLE

people in the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city were aware of it . Thus, at the age of three-and-See also:

• THIRTY

thirty, this naturally indolent and self-indulgent woman, with little knowledge and no experience of affairs, suddenly found herself at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of a great See also:

• EMPIRE

empire at one of the most See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical periods of its existence . Fortunately for herself, and for Russia, Elizabeth Petrovna, with all her shortcomings, had inherited some of her father's See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius for government . Her usually keen See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment and her See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic tact again and again recall Peter the Great . What in her sometimes seemed irresolution and procrastination, was, most often, a See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise suspense of judgment under exceptionally difficult circumstances; and to this may be added that she was ever ready to See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice the prejudices of the woman to the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign . After abolishing the See also:

• CABINET

cabinet See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council See also:

• SYSTEM

system in favour during the See also:

• RULE

rule of the two Annes, and reconstituting the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate as it had been under Peter the Great,—with the chiefs of the departments of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, all of them now Russians again, as ex-officio members under the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency of the sovereign,—the first care of the new empress was to compose her See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel with See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden . On the 23rd of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1743, See also:

• DIRECT

direct negotiations between the two See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers were opened at See also:

• ABO (Finnish Turku)

Abo, and on the 7th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1743 Sweden ceded to Russia all the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern part of See also:

• FINLAND (Finnish, Suomi or Suomenmaa)

Finland See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of the See also:

• RIVER

river Kymmene, which thus became the boundary between the two states, including the fortresses of Villmanstrand and Fredrikshamn .

This triumphant issue was mainly due to the diplomatic ability of the new See also:

• VICE

vice See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor, Alexius Bestuzhev-Ryumin (q.v.), whom Elizabeth, much as she disliked him personally, had wisely placed at the head of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign affairs immediately after her See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession . He represented the See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-Franco-Prussian portion of her council, and his See also:

• OBJECT

object was to bring about an Anglo-Austro-Russian alliance which, at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, was undoubtedly Russia's proper system, Hence the reiterated attempts of See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick the Great and Louis XV, to get rid of Bestuzhev, which made the Russian court during the earlier years of Elizabeth's reign the centre of a tangle of intrigueimpossible to unravel by those who do not possess the See also:

• CLUE

clue to it (see BESTUZHEV-RYUMIN, ALExIUS) . Ultimately, however, the See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister, strong in the support of Elizabeth, prevailed, and his faultless See also:

• DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

diplomacy, backed by the despatch of an See also:

• AUXILIARY (from Lat. auxilium, help)

auxiliary Russian See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps of 30,000 men to the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine, greatly accelerated the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace negotiations which led to the treaty of See also:

• AIX

Aix-la-Chapelle (See also:

• OCTOBER

October 18, 1748) . By sheer tenacity of purpose, Bestuzhev had extricated his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country from the Swedish imbroglio; reconciled his imperial mistress with the courts of See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna and See also:

• LONDON

London, her natural See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies; enabled Russia to assert herself effectually in See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland, See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey and Sweden, and isolated the restless king of See also:

• PRUSSIA
• PRUSSIA (Ger. Preussen; Lat. Borussia)

Prussia by environing him with hostile alliances . But all this would have been impossible but for the steady support of Elizabeth, who trusted him implicitly, despite the insinuations of the chancellor's innumerable enemies, most of whom were her personal friends . The great event of Elizabeth's later years was the Seven Years' See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War . Elizabeth rightly regarded the treaty of See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster (January 16, 1756, whereby Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and Prussia agreed to unite their forces to oppose the entry into, or the passage through, See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany of the troops of every foreign power) as utterly subversive of the previous conventions between Great Britain and Russia . A by no means unwarrantable fear of the king of Prussia, who was to be reduced within proper limits," so that " he might be no longer a danger to the empire," induced Elizabeth to accede to the treaty of See also:

• VERSAILLES

Versailles, in other words the Franco-Austrian See also:

• LEAGUE

league against Prussia, and on the 17th of May 1757 the Russian See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, 85,000 strong, advanced against See also:

• KONIGSBERG (Polish Krolewiec)

Konigsberg . Neither the serious illness of the empress, which began with a fainting-See also:

• FIT

fit at Tsarskoe Selo (See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September ,9, 1757), nor the fall of Bestuzhev (See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 21, 1758), nor the cabals and intrigues of the various foreign powers at St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg, interfered with the progress of the war, and the crushing defeat of See also:

• KUNERSDORF

Kunersdorf (August 12, 1759) at last brought Frederick to the See also:

• VERGE (Lat. virga, a rod)

verge of ruin . From that day forth he despaired of success, though he was saved for the moment by the jealousies of the Russian and Austrian commanders, which ruined the military plans of the allies . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, it is not too much to say that, from the end of 1759 to the end of 1761, the unshakable firmness of the Russian empress was the one constraining See also:

• POLITICAL

political force which held together the heterogeneous, incessantly jarring elements of the anti-Prussian See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination . From the Russian point of view, Elizabeth's greatness as a statesman consists in her steady 'appreciation of Russian interests, and her determination to promote them at all hazards .

She insisted throughout that the king of Prussia must be rendered harmless to his neighbours for the future, and that the only way to bring this about was to reduce him to the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of an elector . Frederick himself was quite alive to his danger . " I am at the end of my resources," he wrote at the beginning of 1760, " the continuance of this war means for me utter ruin . Things may See also:

• DRAG (from the Old Eng. dragan, to draw; the word preserves the g which phonetically developed into w)

drag on perhaps till See also:

• JULY

July, but then a See also:

• CATASTROPHE (Gr. Karaurpoch, from KaraQrp4ecv, to over-turn)

catastrophe must come." On the 21st of May 1760 a fresh See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention was signed between Russia and See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, a See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret clause of which, never communicated to the court of Versailles, guaranteed East Prussia to Russia, as an See also:

• INDEMNITY (through Fr. indemnite, Lat. indemnis, free from damage or loss; in-, negative, and damnum, loss)

indemnity for war expenses . The failure of the See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign of 176o, so far as Russia and See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France were concerned, induced the court of Versailles, on the evening of the 22nd of January 1761, to See also:

• PRESENT

present to the court of St Petersburg a despatch to the effect that the king of France by reason of the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of his dominions absolutely desired peace . On the following day the Austrian ambassador, Esterhazy, presented a despatch of a similar See also:

• TENOR (through Fr. and It. from Lat. tenor, holding on, course, sense of a law, tone)

tenor from his court . The Russian empress's reply was delivered to the two ambassadors on the 12th of February . It was inspired by the most uncompromising hostility towards the king of Prussia . Elizabeth would not consent to any pacific overtures until the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original object of the league had been accomplished . Simultaneously, Elizabeth caused to be conveyed to Louis XV. a confidential See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter in which she proposed the See also:

• SIGNATURE (through Fr. from Lat. signature, signare, to sign, signum, mark, token, sign)

signature of a new treaty of alliance of a more comprehensive and explicit nature than the pre-ceding See also:

• TREATIES

treaties between the two powers, without the knowledge of Austria . Elizabeth's object in this mysterious negotiation seems to have been to reconcile France and Great Britain, in return for which See also:

• SIGNAL

signal service France was to throw all her forces into the German war . This project, which lacked neither ability nor audacity, foundered upon Louis XV.'s invincible See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy of the growth of Russian influence in eastern See also:

• EUROPE

Europe and his fear of offending the See also:

• PORTE, THE SUBLIME (Arab. babi-'ali, the high gate, through the French translation la sublime porte)

Porte .

It was finally arranged by the allies that their envoys at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris should See also:

• FIX, THEODORE (180o-1846)

fix the date for the assembling of a peace See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress, and that, in the meantime, the war against Prussia should be vigorously prosecuted . The campaign of 1761 was almost as abortive as the campaign of 176o . Frederick acted on the defensive with consummate skill, and the See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of the Prussian fortress of See also:

• KOLBERG (or COLBERG)

Kolberg on See also:

• CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ)

Christmas day O.S . 1761, by Rumyantsev, was the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole Russian success . Frederick, however, was now at the last gasp . On the 6th of January 1762, he wrote to Finkenstein, " We ought now to think of preserving for my See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew, by way of negotiation, whatever fragments of my territory we can See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save from the avidity of my enemies," which means, if words mean anything, that he was resolved to seek a soldier's death on the first opportunity . A fortnight later he wrote to See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand of See also:

• BRUNSWICK
• BRUNSWICK (Ger. Braunschweig)
• BRUNSWICK, KARL WILHELM FERDINAND, DUKE OF (1735-18o6)

Brunswick, " The See also:

• SKY (M. Eng. skie, cloud; O. Eng. skua, shade; connected with an Indo-European root sku, cover, whence " scum," Lat. obscurus, dark, &c.)

sky begins to clear . Courage, my dear See also:

• FELLOW

fellow . I have received the See also:

• NEWS

news of a great event." The great event which snatched him from destruction was the death of the Russian empress (January 5, 1762) . See See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert Nisbet See also:

• BAIN, ALEXANDER (1818-1903)
• BAIN, ANDREW GEDDES (1797-1864)

Bain, The Daughter of Peter the Great (London, 1899); Sergyei Solovev, See also:

• HISTORY

History of Russia (See also:

• RAS

Ras.), vols. xx.-xxii . (St Petersburg, 1857–1877) ; Politische Correspondenz Friedrichs See also:

• DES

des Grossen, vols. i.-xxi . (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1879, &c.); See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel Masslowski, Der siebenjahrige Krieg nach russischer Darstellung (Berlin, 1888–1893); Kazinsierz Waliszewski, La Derniere des See also:

• ROMANOV

Romanov (Paris, 1902) .

(R . N .