See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

SYNOD OF See also:

• SYNOD OF ELVIRA

ELVIRA  , an ecclesiastical See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

synod held in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, the date of which cannot be determined with exactness . The See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution of the question hinges upon the See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation of the canons, that is, upon whether they are to be taken as reflecting a See also:

• RECENT

recent, or as pointing to an imminent, persecution . Thus some argue for a date between 300 and 303, i.e. before the See also:

• DIOCLETIAN (GAIUs AURELIUS VALERIUS DIOCLETIANUS) (A.D. 245–313)
• DIOCLETIAN, EDICT OF (De Pretiis rerum venalium)

Diocletian persecution; others for a date between 303 and 314, after the persecution; but before the synod of See also:

• ARLES
• ARLES, KINGDOM OF

Arles; still others for a date between the synod of Arles and the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• NICAEA, COUNCIL OF
• NICAEA, or NICE

Nicaea, 325 . Mansi, See also:

• HARDOUIN, JEAN (1646-1729)

Hardouin, See also:

• HEFELE, KARL JOSEF VON (1809-1893)

Hefele and See also:

• DALE, ROBERT WILLIAM (1829-1895)
• DALE, SIR THOMAS (d. 1619)

Dale are in substantial agreement upon 305 or 306, and this is probably the closest approximation possible in the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence . The See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting, See also:

• ELVIRA, SYNOD OF

Elvira, was not far from the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• GRANADA
• GRANADA, LUIS DE (1504-1588)

Granada, if not, as Dale thinks, actually identical with it . There the nineteen bishops and twenty-four presbyters, from alLparts of Spain, but chiefly from the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, assembled, probably at the instigation of See also:

• HOSIUS
• HOSIUS, STANISLAUS (1504–1579)

Hosius of See also:

• CORDOVA (Span. C6rdoba)
• CORDOVA (Span. Cordoba; Lat. Corduba)

Cordova, but under the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency of See also:

• FELIX
• FELIX, ANTONIUS
• FELIX, LIA (1830– )

Felix of Accis, with a view to restoring See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order and discipline in the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church . The eighty-one canons which were adopted reflect with considerable fulness the See also:

• INTERNAL

internal See also:

• LIFE

life and See also:

• EXTERNAL

external relations of the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish Church of the 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . The social environment of Christians may be inferred from the canons prohibiting See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage and other intercourse with See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews, pagans and heretics, closing the offices of See also:

• FLAMEN (from flare, " to blow up " the altar fire)

flamen and duumvir to Christians, forbidding all contact with See also:

• IDOLATRY

idolatry and likewise participation in See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan festivals and public See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games . The state of morals is mirrored in the canons denouncing prevalent vices . The canons respecting the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy exhibit the clergy as already a See also:

• SPECIAL

special class with See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar privileges, a more exacting moral See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard, heavier penalties for delinquency . The See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop has acquired See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the sacraments, presbyters and deacons acting only under his orders; the episcopate appears as a unit, bishops being See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to respect one another's disciplinary decrees . Worthy of special See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note are See also:

• CANON

canon 33, enjoining See also:

• CELIBACY (Lat. caelibatus, from caelebs, unmarried)

celibacy upon all clerics and all who See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister at the See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar (the most See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient canon of celibacy); canon 36, forbidding pictures in churches; canon 38, permitting See also:

• LAY

lay See also:

• BAPTISM

baptism under certain conditions; and canon 53, forbidding one bishop to restore a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person excommunicated by another .

See Mansi ii. pp . 1-406; Hardouin i. pp . 247-258; Hefele (2nd ed.) i. pp . 148 sqq . (See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation, i. pp . 131 sqq.); Dale, The Synod of Elvira (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1882) ; and Hennecke, in See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog-Hauck, Realencyklopadie (3rd ed.), s.v . " Elvira," especially bibliography . (T . F . C.) EL See also:

• WAD

WAD, a See also:

• TOWN

town in the Algerian See also:

• SAHARA

Sahara, 125 M. in a straight See also:

• LINE

line S.S.E. of See also:

• BISKRA

Biskra, and 190 M . W. by S. of See also:

• GABES

Gabes . Pop .

(1906) 7586 . El Wad is one of the most interesting places in See also:

• ALGERIA
• ALGERIA (Algerie)

Algeria . It is surrounded by huge hollows containing See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm groves; and beyond these on every See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side stretches the limitless desertwith its See also:

• GREAT

great billows of See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand, the encroachments of which on the See also:

• OASIS (Gr. &toss, the name given by Herodotus to the fertile spots in the Libyan desert: it probably represents an Egyptian word, cf. Coptic ouahe, ouih, to dwell, from which the Egyptian Arabic sod is derived)

oasis are only held at See also:

• BAY

bay by ceaseless toil . The town itself consists of a See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of one-storeyed See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone houses, each surmounted by a little See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome, clustering See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market-place with its See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque and See also:

• MINARET (from the Arabic mandrat ; manar or miner is Arabic for a lighthouse, a tower on which liar, fire, is lit)

minaret . By an exception rare in Saharan settlements, there are no defensive See also:

• WORKS

works See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save the fort containing the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government offices, which the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French have built on the south side of the town . The inhabitants are of two distinct tribes, one, the Aduan, of See also:

• BERBER

Berber stock, the other a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the Sha'ambah See also:

• ARABS

Arabs . El Wad possesses a curious currency known as flous, consisting of obsolete See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper coins of Algerian and Tunisian dynasties . Seven flous are regarded as equal to the French five-centime piece . El Wad oasis is one of a See also:

• GROUP

group known collectively as the Suf . Five See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles N.W. is Kuinine (pop . 3541) and 6 m. farther N.W . Guemar (pop .

6885), an ancient fortified town noted for its manufacture of carpets . See also:

• LINEN

Linen See also:

• WEAVING

weaving is carried on extensively in the Suf . Administratively El Wad is the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of an annexe to the territory of See also:

• TUGGURT

Tuggurt .