See also:

• EMBALMING (Gr. 06Xaaµov, balsam; Ger. Einbalsamiren; Fr. embaumement)

EMBALMING (Gr. 06Xaaµov, See also:

• BALSAM (from Gr. f &X raµov, through Lat. balsamum, contracted by popular use to O. Fr. basme, mod. Fr. bdme; Eng. balm)

balsam; Ger. Einbalsamiren; Fr. embaumement)  , the See also:

• ART

art of preparing dead bodies, chiefly by the use of medicaments, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to preserve them from putrefaction and the attacks of See also:

• INSECTS

insects . The See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Egyptians carried the art to See also:

• GREAT

great perfection, and embalmed not only human beings, but See also:

• CATS, JACOB (1577-1660)

cats, crocodiles, ichneumons, and other sacred animals . It was at one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time suggested that the origin of See also:

• EMBALMING (Gr. 06Xaaµov, balsam; Ger. Einbalsamiren; Fr. embaumement)

embalming in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt was to be traced to a want of See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel for the purpose of See also:

• CREMATION (Lat. cremare, to burn)

cremation, to the inadvisability or at some times impossibility of See also:

• BURIAL

burial in a See also:

• SOIL

soil annually disturbed by the inundation of the See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile, and to the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity, for sanitary reasons, of preventing the decomposition of the bodies of the dead when placed in open sepulchres . As, however, the corpses of the embalmed must have constituted but a small proportion of the aggregate See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal See also:

• MATTER

matter daily to be disposed of, the above explanation would in any See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case be far from satisfactory; and there is no doubt (see See also:

• MUMMY (from the Persian mumiai, pitch or asphalt)

MUMMY) that embalming originated in the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of preserving the See also:

• BODY

body for a future See also:

• LIFE

life . According to W . H . See also:

• PRESCOTT, WILLIAM HICKLING (1796-1859)

Prescott, it was a belief in a resurrection of the body that led the ancient Peruvians to preserve the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air-dried corpses of their dead with so much solicitude (see See also:

• CONQUEST

Conquest of See also:

• PERU
• PERU (apparently from Biru, a small river on the west coast of Colombia, where Pizarro landed)

Peru, bk. i. See also:

• CHAP

chap. iii.) . And J . C . See also:

• PRICHARD, JAMES COWLES (1786-1848)

Prichard (See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

Mythology, p . 200) properly compared the Egyptian practice with the views which rendered " the Greeks and See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans so anxious to perform the usual See also:

• RITES

rites of sepulture to their departed warriors, namely, . . . that these solemnities expedited the See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey of the soul to the appointed region, where it was to receive See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment for its former deeds, and to have its future See also:

• DOOM (Old Eng. dOm, a word common to Tent. languages for that which is set up or ordered, from " do," in its original meaning of " place "; cf, Gr. &Ass, from stem of ri'rust)

doom fixed accordingly." It has been supposed by some that the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of the preservation of bodies interred in saline soils may have been the immediate origin of embalming in Egypt .

In that See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country certain classes of the community were specially appointed for the practice of the art . See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph, we are told in Gen . 1 . 2, " commanded his servants the physicians to embalm his See also:

• FATHER

father." See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus (ii . 86) gives an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of three of the methods of embalming followed by the Egyptians . The most expensive of these, which cost a See also:

• TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental

talent of See also:

• SILVER

silver (243: 15s.), was as follows . The brains were in See also:

• PART

part removed through the nostrils by means of a See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

bent See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

• IMPLEMENT (Lat. implementum, a filling up, from implere, to fill)

implement, and in part by the injection of drugs . The intestines having been See also:

• DRAWN

drawn out through an incision in the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, the See also:

• ABDOMEN (a Latin word, either from abdere, to hide, or from a form adipomen, from adeps, fat)

abdomen was cleansed with See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm-See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, and filled with See also:

• MYRRH (from the Latinized form myrrha of Gr. µuppa; the Arabic murr, bitter, was applied to the substance from its bitterness)

myrrh, See also:

• CASSIA (Lat. cassia, Gr. mulct)
• CASSIA, VIA

cassia and other materials, and the opening was sewed up . This done, the body was steeped seventy days in a See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution of litron or natron.l Diodorus (i . 91) relates that the cutter (lrapwrx1vrr7s) appointed to make the incision in the flank for the removal of the intestines, as soon as he had performed his See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, was pursued with stones and curses by-those about him, it being held by the Egyptians a destestable thing to commit any violence or inflict a See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound on the body . After the steeping, the body was washed, and handed over to the swathers, a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar class of the lowest order of priests, called by See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch cholchytae, by whom it was bandaged in gummed See also:

• CLOTH

cloth; it was then ready for the See also:

• COFFIN (from Lat. cophinus, Gr. K64wos, a coffer, chest or basket, but never meaning " coffin " in its present sense)

coffin . Mummies thus prepared were considered to represent See also:

• OSIRIS

Osiris .

In another method of embalming, costing twenty-two minae (about £90), the abdomen was injected with " See also:

• CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

cedar-See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree See also:

• PITCH
• PITCH, MUSICAL

pitch" (Ke5pia), which, as it would seem from See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny (Nat . Hist. xvi . 21), was the liquid distillate of the pitch-See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine . This is stated by Herodotus to have had a corrosive and solvent See also:

• ACTION

action on the viscera . After injection the body was steeped a certain number of days in natron; the contents of the abdomen were allowed to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape; and the See also:

• PROCESS

process was then See also:

• COMPLETE

complete . The preparation of the bodies of the poorest consisted simply in placing them in natron for seventy days, after a previous rinsing of the abdomen with " syrmaea." The material principally used in the costlier modes of embalming appears to have been See also:

• ASPHALT, or ASPHALTUM

asphalt; See also:

• WAX

wax was more rarely employed . In some cases embalming seems to have been effected by immersing the body in a See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

bath of molten See also:

• BITUMEN

bitumen . Tanning also was resorted to . Occasionally the viscera, after treatment, were in part or wholly replaced in the body, together with wax figures of the four genii of Amenti . More commonly they were embalmed in a mixture of See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand and asphalt, and buried in vases, or canopi, placed near the mummy, the abdomen being filled with chips and sawdust of cedar and a small quantity of natron . In one See also:

• JAR

jar were placed the See also:

• STOMACH (Gr. vrbsaxos from arbga, a mouth)

stomach and large See also:

• INTESTINE (Lat. intestinus, internal, usually in neuter plural intestina. from intus, within)

intestine; in another, the small intestines; in a third, the lungs and See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart; in a See also:

• FOURTH

fourth, the See also:

• GALL (a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch gal, and Ger. Galle; the Indo-European root appears in Gr. xoXi,, and Lat. fel; possibly connected with " yellow," with reference to the colour of bile)
• GALL, FRANZ JOSEPH (1758-1828)

gall-See also:

• BLADDER (from A.S. blaeddre, connected with bl¢wan, to blow, cf. Ger. blase)

bladder and See also:

• LIVER (O. Eng. lifer; cf. cognate forms, Dutch lever, Ger. Leber, Swed. lefver, &c.; the O. H. Ger. forms are libara, lipora, &c.; the Teut. word has been connected with Gr. i'prap and Lat. jecur)

liver . See also:

• PORPHYRY (IlopcPisptos) (A.D. 233-c. 304)

Porphyry (De abstinentia, iv .

1o) mentions a See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom of enclosing the intestines in a See also:

• BOX
• BOX (Gr. irl or, Lat. buxus, box-wood; cf. 2r6Eir, a pyx)

box and consigning them to the Nile, after a See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer uttered by one of the embalmers, but his statement is regarded by See also:

• SIR

Sir J . G . See also:

• WILKINSON, JAMES (1757–1825)
• WILKINSON, JAMES JOHN GARTH (1812-1899)
• WILKINSON, JOHN (1728-1808)
• WILKINSON, SIR JOHN GARDNER (1797—1875)
• WILKINSON, TATE (1739—1803)

Wilkinson as unworthy of belief . The body of See also:

• NERO (37-68)

Nero's wife Poppaea, contrary to the usage of the Romans, was not burnt, but as customary among other nations with the bodies of potentates, was honoured with embalmment (see See also:

• TACITUS, CORNELIUS (c. 55-120)
• TACITUS, MARCUS CLAUDIUS

Tacitus, See also:

• ANN

Ann. xvi . 6) . The body of See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander the Great is said to have been embalmed with See also:

• HONEY (Chin. me ; Sansk. madhu, mead, honey; cf. A.S. medo, medu, mead; Gr. p Xt, in which 0 or b is changed into X; Lat. mel ; Fr. miel ; A.S. hung ; Ger. Honig)

honey (See also:

• STATIUS, PUBLIUS PAPINIUS (c. A.D. 45-96)

Statius, Sily. iii . 2 . 117), and the same material was used to preserve the See also:

• CORPSE (Lat. corpus, the body)

corpse of Agesipolis I. during its See also:

• CONVEYANCE

conveyance to See also:

• SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

Sparta for burial . Herodotus states (iii . 24) that the Ethiopians, in embalming, dried the body, rubbed it with See also:

• GYPSUM

gypsum (or See also:

• CHALK

chalk), and, having painted it, placed it in a See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

block of some transparent substance . The See also:

• GUANCHES, GUANCHIS

Guanches, the See also:

• ABORIGINES

aborigines of the Canaries, employed a mode of embalming similar to that of the Egyptians, filling the hollow caused by the removal of the viscera with See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt and an absorbent See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder (see Bory de See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS), ST
• VINCENT, GEORGE (1796-1831?)
• VINCENT, MARY ANN (1818-1887)

Vincent, Essais sur See also:

• LES

les Iles Fortunes, 1803, p . 495) .

Embalming was still in See also:

• VOGUE, EUGENE MELCHIOR, COMTE DE (1848- )

vogue among the Egyptians in the time of St See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine, who says that they termed mummies gabbarae (Serm . 12o, cap . 12) . In See also:

• MODERN

modern times numerous methods of embalming have been practised . Dr See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick Ruysch of See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam (1665—1717) is said to have utilized See also:

• ALCOHOL

alcohol for this purpose . By See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• HUNTER, JOHN (1728-1793)
• HUNTER, ROBERT MERCER TALIAFERRO (r8o9-1887)
• HUNTER, SIR WILLIAM WILSON (1840-19oo)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM (1718–1783)
• HUNTER, WILLIAM ALEXANDER (1844-1898)

Hunter essential See also:

• OILS (adopted from the Fr. oile, mod. huile, Lat. oleum, olive oil)

oils, alcohol, See also:

• CINNABAR (Ger. Zinnober)

cinnabar, camphor, See also:

• SALTPETRE (from the Lat. sal, salt, Petra, a rock)

saltpetre and pitch or See also:

• ROSIN (a later variant of " resin," q.v.)

rosin were employed, and the final See also:

• DESICCATION (from the Lat. desiccare, to dry up)

desiccation of the body was effected by means of roasted gypsum placed in its coffin . J . P . Boudet (1778—1849) embalmed with tan, salt, asphalt and Peruvian bark, camphor, See also:

• CINNAMON

cinnamon and other aromatics and corrosive sublimate . The last-mentioned See also:

• DRUG
• DRUG (from Fr. drogue, a word common in Romance languages, cf. Span. and Ital. droga; the origin of the word is obscure, but may possibly be connected with Dutch droog, dry)

drug, chloride and sulphate of See also:

• ZINC

zinc, acetate and sulphate of alumina, and creasote and carbolic See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid have all been recommended by various modern embalmers . See MUMMY;' See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis Penicher, Traite See also:

• DES

des embaumements (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1669) ; S . Blancard .

Anatomia reformata, et de balsamatione nova methodus (Lugd . See also:

• BAT

Bat., 1695) ; See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas Greenhill, The Art of Em- ' Neutral carbonate of See also:

• SODIUM [symbol Na, from Lat. natrium; atomic weight 23.00 (0=16)]

sodium, Na2CO3, found at the natron lakes in the Libyan See also:

• DESERT

desert, and at El Hegs, in Upper Egypt.balming (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1705) ; J . N . Marjolin, See also:

• MANUEL, EUGENE (1823–1901)
• MANUEL, JACQUES ANTOINE (1775-1827)
• MANUEL, LOUIS PIERRE (1751-1793)

Manuel d'anatomie (Paris, 181o) ; Pettigrew, See also:

• HISTORY

History of Mummies (London, 1834) ; See also:

• GANNAL, JEAN NICOLAS (1791-1852)

Gannal, Traite d'embaumements (Paris, 1838; and ed., 1841); See also:

• MAGNUS, HEINRICH GUSTAV (1802-1870)

Magnus, Des Einbalsamiren der Leichen (Brunsw., 1839); Sucquet, Embaumement (Paris, 1872) ; Lessley, Embalming (See also:

• TOLEDO
• TOLEDO, COUNCILS OF (Concilia toletana)

Toledo, See also:

• OHIO

Ohio, 1884) ; See also:

• MYERS, FREDERIC WILLIAM HENRY (1843-1901)

Myers, Textbook of Embalming (See also:

• SPRINGFIELD

Springfield, Ohio, 1900) ; See also:

• RAWLINSON, GEORGE (1812-1902)
• RAWLINSON, RICHARD (169o-1755)
• RAWLINSON, SIR HENRY CRESWICKE (1810—1895)
• RAWLINSON, SIR ROBERT (1810—1898)

Rawlinson, Herodotus, vol. ii. p . 141; G . Elliot See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith, A Contribution to the Study of Mummification in Egypt {See also:

• CAIRO
• CAIRO (Arabic Misr-al-Kahira, or simply Misr)

Cairo, 1906) .