EMBER DAYS  and EMBER See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

WEEKS, the four seasons set apart by the Western See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church for See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer and See also:

• FASTING (from " fast," derived from old Teutonic fastejan; synonyms being the Gr. vnorebety, late Lat. jejunare)

fasting, and the ordination of See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy, known in the See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval Church as quatuor tempora, or jejunia quatuor temporum . The Ember weeks are the See also:

• COMPLETE

complete weeks next following See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• CROSS

Cross See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day (See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 14), St See also:

• LUCY, RICHARD DE (d. 1179)

Lucy's day (See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 13), the first See also:

• SUNDAY

Sunday in See also:

• LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

Lent and Whitsun day . The Wednesdays, Fridays and Saturdays of these weeks are the Ember days distinctively, the following Sundays being the days of ordination . 'These See also:

• DATES

dates are given in the following memorial distich with a See also:

• FRANK, JAKOB (1726-1791)

frank in-difference to quantity and See also:

• METRE ((terpuc?, sc. rFxvf, from Gr. Or poi', measure)

metre " Vult Crux, See also:

• LUCIA (or LucY), ST

Lucia, Cinis, Charismata_dia Quod det vota pia quarta sequens feria." The word has been derived from the A.S. ymb-ren, a See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit or revolution (from ymb, around, and rennen, to run); or by See also:

• PROCESS

process of See also:

• AGGLUTINATION (Lat. ad, and gluten, glutinare, literally to fasten together with glue)

agglutination and phonetic decay, exemplified by the Ger. quatember, Dutch quatertemper and See also:

• DAN

Dan. kvatember, from the See also:

• LAT

Lat. quatuor tempora . The occurrence of the Anglo-Saxon compounds ymbren-tid, ymbren-wucan, ymbren fcestan, ymbren-dagas for Ember See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide, weeks, fasts, days, favours the former derivation, which is also confirmed by the use of the word imbren in the acts of the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of IEnham, A.D . 1009 (" jejunia quatuor tempora quae imbren vocant ") . It corresponds also with See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• LEO
• LEO (THE LION)
• LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270)
• LEO, HEINRICH (1799-1878)
• LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552)
• LEO, LEONARDO (1694–1744)

Leo the See also:

• GREAT

Great's See also:

• DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

definition, " jejunia ecclesiastica per totius anni circulum distributa." The observance of the Ember days is confined to the Western Church, and had its origin as an ecclesiastical See also:

• ORDINANCE
• ORDINANCE, or ORDONNANCE

ordinance in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome . They were probably at first merely the fasts preparatory to the three great festivals of See also:

• CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ)

Christmas, See also:

• EASTER

Easter and See also:

• PENTECOST

Pentecost . A See also:

• FOURTH

fourth was subsequently added, for the See also:

• SAKE

sake of symmetry, to make them correspond with the four seasons, and they became known as the jejunium vernum, aestivum, autumnale and hiemale, so that, to quote Pope Leo's words, " the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of See also:

• ABSTINENCE (from Lat. abstinere, to abstain)

abstinence might apply to every See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season of the See also:

• YEAR

year." An earlier mention of these fasts, as four in number—the first known—is in the writings of Philastrius, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• BRESCIA
• BRESCIA (anc. Brixia)

Brescia, in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . He also connects them with the great See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian festivals (De haeres . 119) . In Leo's See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, A.D .

440-461, Wednesday, See also:

• FRIDAY (A.S. frige-dreg, fr. frige, gen. of frigu, love, or the goddess of love—the Norse Frigg,—the dreg, day; cf. Icelandic frjddagr, O.H. Ger. friatag, frigatag, mod. Ger. Freitag)

Friday and Saturday were already the days of special observance . From Rome the Ember days gradually spread through the whole of Western Christendom . Uniformity of practice, however, was . of somewhat slow growth . Neither in See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul nor See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain do they seem to have been generally recognized much before the 8th century . Their introduction into See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain appears to have been earlier, dating from See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine, A.D . 597, acting under the authority of See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory the Great . The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of the four fasts being roughly fixed, the precise date appears to have varied considerably, and in some cases to have lost its connexion with the festivals altogether . The Ordo See also:

• ROMANUS

Romanus fixes the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring fast in the first See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March (then the first See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month); the summer fast in the second week of See also:

• JUNE

June; the autumnal fast in the third week of September; and the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter fast in the complete week next before Christmas See also:

• EVE

eve . Other regulations prevailed in different countries, until the inconveniences arising from the want of uniformity led to the See also:

• RULE

rule now observed being laid down under Pope See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

Urban II. as the law of the church, in the See also:

• COUNCILS

councils of See also:

• PIACENZA (Lat. Placentia)

Piacenza and Clermont, A.D . 1095 . The See also:

• PRESENT

present rule which fixes the ordination of clergy in the Ember weeks cannot be traced farther back than the time of Pope See also:

• GELASIUS

Gelasius, A.D . 492-496 .

In the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early ages of the church ordinations took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place at any season of the year whenever See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity required . Gelasius is stated by See also:

• RITUAL (from Lat. ritus, a custom, especially a religious rite or custom)

ritual writers to have been the first who limited them to these particular times, the special solemnity of the season being in all See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability the cause of the selection . The rule once introduced commended itself to the mind of the church, and its observance spread . We findit laid down in the pontificate of See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

Archbishop See also:

• ECGBERT, or ECGBERHT (d. 766)
• ECGBERT, or ECGBERHT (d. 839)

Ecgbert of See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, A.D . 732-766, and referred to as a canonical rule in a See also:

• CAPITULARY (Med. Lat. capitularium)

capitulary of See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne, and it was finally established as a law of the church in the pontificate of Gregory VII., c . 1085 .