See also:

• RALPH (d. 1122)

RALPH See also:

• WALDO, SAMUEL LOVETT (1783-1861)

WALDO See also:

• RALPH WALDO EMERSON (1803-1882)
• EMERSON, WILLIAM (1701-1782)

EMERSON (1803-1882)  , See also:

• AMERICAN

American poet and essayist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston, See also:

• MASSACHUSETTS (an Indian name, originally applied to a tribe of Indians)

Massachusetts, on the 25th of May 1803 . Seven of his ancestors were ministers of New See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England churches . Among them were some of those men of See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark who made the backbone of the American See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character: the sturdy Puritan, See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter Bulkeley, sometime See also:

• RECTOR (Lat. for " ruler," " guide," &c., from regere, " rule ")

rector of Odell in See also:

• BEDFORDSHIRE [abbreviated Beds]

Bedfordshire, and afterward pastor of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church in the See also:

• WILDERNESS

wilderness at See also:

• CONCORD
• CONCORD, BOOK OF (Liber Concordiae)

Concord, New See also:

• HAMPSHIRE (or COUNTY OF SOUTHAMPTON, abbreviated HANTS)

Hampshire; the zealous evangelist, See also:

• FATHER

Father See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel See also:

• MOODY, DWIGHT LYMAN (RYTHER) (1837-1899)

Moody of Agamenticus in See also:

• MAINE
• MAINE, ANNE LOUISE BENEDICTE DE BOURBON
• MAINE, SIR HENRY JAMES SUMNER (1822–1888)

Maine, who pursued graceless sinners even into the alehouse; See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph See also:

• EMERSON, RALPH WALDO (1803-1882)
• EMERSON, WILLIAM (1701-1782)

Emerson of See also:

• MALDEN

Malden, " a heroic See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar," who prayed every See also:

• NIGHT

night that no descendant of his might ever be See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich; and See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William Emerson of Concord, See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

Mass., the patriot preacher, who died while serving in the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of the Revolution . Sprung from such stock, Emerson inherited qualities of self-reliance, love of See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty, strenuous virtue, 'sincerity, sobriety and fearless See also:

• LOYALTY

loyalty to ideals . The See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of his ideals was modified by the metamorphic glow of See also:

• TRANSCENDENTALISM (Lat. trans, across, scandere, climb, whence transcendere, to pass a limit)

Transcendentalism which passed through the region of Boston in the second See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter of the l9th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . But the spirit in which Emerson conceived the See also:

• LAWS

laws of See also:

• LIFE

life, reverenced them and lived them out, was the Puritan spirit, elevated, enlarged and beautified by the poetic temperament . His father was the Rev . William Emerson, See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of the First Church (Unitarian) in Boston . See also:

• RALPH (d. 1122)

Ralph See also:

• WALDO, SAMUEL LOVETT (1783-1861)

Waldo was the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child in a See also:

• FAMILY

family of eight, of whom at least three gave See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of extraordinary See also:

• MENTAL

mental See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers . He was brought up in an See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere of hard See also:

• WORK

work, of moral discipline, and (after his father's See also:

• DEATH

death in 1811) of that wholesome self-See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice which is a See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of life for those who are poor in See also:

• MONEY

money and rich in spirit . His aunt, See also:

• MISS

Miss See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary Moody Emerson, a brilliant old maid, an See also:

• ECCENTRIC (from Gr. F,c, out of, and Kivrpov, centre)

eccentric See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint, was a potent See also:

• FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor in his See also:

• EDUCATION

education . Loving him, believing in his powers, passionately desiring for him a successful career, but clinging with both hands to the old forms of faith from which he floated away, this solitary, intense woman did as much as any one to form, by See also:

• ACTION

action and reaction, the mind and character of the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young Emerson .

In 1817 he entered Harvard See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, and graduated in 1821 . In scholarship he ranked about the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of his class . In literature and See also:

• ORATORY (Lat. oratorio, sc. ors; from orare, to speak or pray)

oratory he was more distinguished, receiving a Boylston See also:

• PRIZE, or PRIZE OF WAR (Fr. prise, from prendre, to take)

prize for declamation, and two See also:

• BOWDOIN, JAMES (1726—1790)

Bowdoin prizes for See also:

• DISSERTATIONS

dissertations, the first See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay being on " The Character of See also:

• SOCRATES

Socrates " and the second on " The See also:

• PRESENT

Present See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

State of Ethical See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

Philosophy "—both rather dull, formal, didactic productions . He was fond of See also:

• READING

reading and of See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse, and was chosen as the poet for class-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . His cheerful serenity of manner, his tranquil mirthfulness, and the steady See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm of his See also:

• PERSONALITY (from Lat. persona, originally an actor's mask, from personare,1 to sound through)

personality made him a favourite with his See also:

• FELLOWS, SIR CHARLES (1799-1860)

fellows, in spite of a certain reserve . His See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste was conventional, including the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard See also:

• BRITISH

British writers, with a preference for See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare among the poets, See also:

• BERKELEY
• BERKELEY, GEORGE (1685–1753)
• BERKELEY, MILES JOSEPH (1803-1889)
• BERKELEY, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1608-1677)

Berkeley among the philosophers, and See also:

• MONTAIGNE, MICHEL DE (1533-1592)

Montaigne (in See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

Cotton's See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation) among the essayists . His particular admiration among the college professors was the stately rhetorician, See also:

• EDWARD

Edward See also:

• EVERETT
• EVERETT, ALEXANDER HILL (1790-1847)
• EVERETT, CHARLES CARROLL (1829-1900)
• EVERETT, EDWARD (1794–1865)

Everett; and this predilection had much to do with his See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early ambition to be a See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• RHETORIC (Gr. psroperctj TEXvq, the art of the orator)

rhetoric and elocution . Immediately after See also:

• GRADUATION (see also GRADUATE)

graduation he became an assistant in his See also:

• BROTHER

brother William's school for young ladies in Boston, and continued teaching, with much inward reluctance and discomfort, for three years . The routine was distasteful; he despised the superficial details which claimed so much of his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . The bonds of conventionalism were silently dissolving in the rising glow of his poetic nature . See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

Independence, sincerity, reality, See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew more and more necessary to him . His aunt urged him to seek retirement, self, reliance, friendship with nature; to be no longer " the nursling of surrounding circumstances," but to prepare a See also:

• CELESTIAL, OR STELLAR

celestial See also:

• ABODE (from " abide," to dwell, properly " to wait for ," to bide)

abode for the muse .

The See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion for spiritual leadership stirred within him . The See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry seemed to offer the fairest See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field for its See also:

• SATISFACTION (Lat. salisfacerc, to satisfy)

satisfaction . In 1825 he entered the divinity school at See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, to prepare himself for the Unitarian See also:

• PULPIT (from Lat. pulpitum, a staging, platform: equivalents are Fr. chaire d'eglise, Ital. pulpito, Ger. Kanzel)

pulpit . His course was much interrupted by See also:

• ILL

ill-See also:

• HEALTH

health . His studies were irregular, and far more philosophical and literary than theological . In See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1826 he was " approbched to preach " by the See also:

• MIDDLESEX
• MIDDLESEX, LIONEL CRANFIELD, 1ST EARL OF (1575-1645)

Middlesex Association of Ministers . The same See also:

• YEAR

year a threatened See also:

• CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumere)

consumption compelled him to take a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south . Returning in 1827, he continued his studies, preached as a See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate in various churches, and improved in health . In 1829 he married a beautiful but delicate young woman, Miss Ellen See also:

• TUCKER, ABRAHAM (1705-1774)
• TUCKER, JOSIAH (1712-1799)

Tucker of Concord, and was installed as See also:

• ASSOCIATE (Lat. associates, from ad, to, and sociare to join)

associate minister of the Second Church (Unitarian) in Boston . The retirement of his See also:

• SENIOR, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864)

senior colleague soon See also:

• LEFT

left him the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole pastor . Emerson's early sermons were See also:

• SIMPLE

simple, See also:

• DIRECT

direct, unconventional . He dealt freely with the things of the spirit .

There was a homely eleva-tion in his discourses, a natural freshness in his piety, a quiet See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm in his manner, that charmed thoughtful hearers . Early in 1832 he lost his wife, a sorrow that deeply depressed him in health and See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits . Following his passion for independence and sincerity, he arrived at the conviction that the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord's Supper was not intended by See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ to be a permanent See also:

• SACRAMENT

sacrament . To him, at least, it had become an outgrown form . He was willing to continue the service only if the use of the elements should be dropped and the rite made simply an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of spiritual remembrance . Setting forth these views, candidly and calmly, in a See also:

• SERMON (Lat. sermo, a discourse)

sermon, he found his See also:

• CONGREGATION (Lat. congregatio, a gathering together, from cum, with, grex, gregis, a flock, herd)

congregation, not unnaturally, reluctant to agree with him, and therefore retired, not without some disappointment, from the See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office . He never again took See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of a See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish; but he continued to preach, as opportunity offered, until 1847 . In fact, he was always a preacher, though of a singular See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order . His supreme task was to befriend and See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

guide the inner life of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man . The strongest influences in his development kbout this time were the liberating philosophy of See also:

• COLERIDGE, HARTLEY (1796-1849)
• COLERIDGE, JOHN DUKE COLERIDGE, 1ST BARON
• COLERIDGE, SAMUEL TAYLOR (1772-1834)
• COLERIDGE, SARA (1802–1852)
• COLERIDGE, SIR JOHN TAYLOR (1790-1876)

Coleridge, the mystical visions of See also:

• SWEDENBORG (or SWEDBERG), EMANUEL (1688-1772)

Swedenborg, the intimate See also:

• POETRY

poetry of See also:

• WORDSWORTH, CHARLES (1806–1892)
• WORDSWORTH, CHRISTOPHER (1774–1846)
• WORDSWORTH, CHRISTOPHER (1807–1885)
• WORDSWORTH, DOROTHY (1771-1855)
• WORDSWORTH, WILLIAM (1770-185o)

Wordsworth, and the stimulating essays of See also:

• CARLYLE, ALEXANDER (1722-1805)
• CARLYLE, JOSEPH DACRE (1759-18o4)
• CARLYLE, THOMAS (1795-1881)

Carlyle . On See also:

• CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ)

Christmas Day 1832 he took passage in a sailing See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel for the Mediterranean . He travelled through See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, visited See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, spent two months in See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland and' England, and saw the four men whom he most desired to see—See also:

• LANDOR, WALTER SAVAGE (1775-1864)

Landor, Coleridge, Carlyle and Wordsworth .

" The comfort of See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting such men of See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius as these," he wrote, " is that they talk sincerely." But he adds that he found all four of them, in different degrees, deficient in insight into religious truth . His visit to Carlyle, in the lonely See also:

• FARM

farm-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house at Craigenputtock, was the memorable beginning of a lifelong friendship . Emerson published Carlyle's first books in See also:

• AMERICA

America . Carlyle introduced Emerson's Essays into England . The two men were See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound together by a mutual respect deeper than a sympathy of tastes, and a community of spirit stronger than a similarity of opinions . Emerson was a sweet-tempered Carlyle, living in the See also:

• SUNSHINE

sunshine . Carlyle was a militant Emerson, moving amid thunderclouds . The things that each most admired in the other were self-reliance, directness, moral courage . A passage in Emerson's See also:

• DIARY

Diary, written on his homeward voyage, strikes the keynote of his remaining life . "A man contains all that is needful to his See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government within himself . . . . All real See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good or evil that can befall him must be from himself .

. . . There is a See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence between the human soul and everything that exists in the See also:

• WORLD

world; more properly, everything that is known to man . Instead of studying things without, the principles of them all may be penetrated into within him . . . . The purpose of life seems to be to acquaint man with himself . . . . The highest See also:

• REVELATION, BOOK OF

revelation is that See also:

• GOD

God is in every man." Here is the essence of that intuitional philosophy, commonly called Transcendentalism . Emerson disclaimed See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance to that philosophy . He called it " the saturnalia, or excess of faith." His See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical See also:

• COMMON

common sense recoiled from the amazing conclusions which were See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from it by many of its more eccentric See also:

• ADVOCATES, FACULTY OF

advocates . His independence revolted against being bound to any See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme or See also:

• SYSTEM

system of See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine, however nebulous . He said: " I wish to say what I feel and think to-day, with the proviso that to-morrow perhaps I shall contradict it all." But this very wish commits him to the doctrine of the inner See also:

• LIGHT

light . All through his life he navigated the Transcendental See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, piloted by a clear moral sense, warned off the rocks by the saving See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace of See also:

• HUMOUR (Latin humor)

humour, and kept from capsizing by a good See also:

• BALLAST (O. Swed. barlast, perhaps from bar, bare or mere, and last, load)

ballast of New England prudence .

After his return from England in 1833 he went to live with his See also:

• MOTHER

mother at the old See also:

• MANSE (Med. Lat. manse, manses or mansum, from manere, to dwell, remain)

manse in Concord, Mass., and began his career as a lecturer in Boston . His first discourses were delivered before the Society of Natural See also:

• HISTORY

History and the See also:

• MECHANICS

Mechanics' See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute . They were chiefly on scientific subjects, approached in a poetic spirit . In the autumn of 1835 he married Miss See also:

• LYDIA

Lydia See also:

• JACKSON
• JACKSON, ANDREW (1767-1845)
• JACKSON, CYRIL (1746-1819)
• JACKSON, FREDERICK GEORGE (186o– )
• JACKSON, HELEN MARIA (1831–1885)
• JACKSON, MASON (c. 1820-1903)
• JACKSON, THOMAS (1579-1640)
• JACKSON, THOMAS JONATHAN (1824-1863)
• JACKSON, WILLIAM (1730-1803)

Jackson of See also:

• PLYMOUTH
• PLYMOUTH, EARLS OF

Plymouth, having previously See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased a spacious old house and See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden at Concord . There he spent the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of his life, a devoted See also:

• HUSBAND

husband, a See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise and See also:

• TENDER

tender father, a careful house-holder, a virtuous villager, a friendly See also:

• NEIGHBOUR (O. Eng. neahgebiir, from Walt, " nigh," " near ")

neighbour, and, spite of all his disclaimers, the central and luminous figure among the Transcendentalists . The doctrine which in others seemed to produce all sorts of extravagances—communistic experiments at See also:

• BROOK

Brook Farm and Fruitlands, weird schemes of See also:

• POLITICAL

political reform, long See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair on men and See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short hair on See also:

• WOMEN

women—in his sane, well-balanced nature served only to lend an ideal charm to the See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar outline of a See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, orderly New England life . Some mild departures from established routine he tranquilly tested and as tranquilly abandoned . He tried See also:

• VEGETARIANISM

vegetarianism for a while, but gave it up when he found that it did him no particular good . An See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to illustrate See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household equality by having the servants sit at table with the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the family was frustrated by the dislike of his two sensible domestics for such an inconvenient arrangement . His theory that See also:

• MANUAL

manual labour should form See also:

• PART

part of the scholar's life was checked by the See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery that hard labour in the See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields meant poor work in the study . " The writer shall not dig," was his practical conclusion . Intellectual independence was what he chiefly desired; and this, he found, could'be attained in a manner of living not outwardly different from that of the See also:

• AVERAGE

average college professor or See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country minister .

And yet it was to this See also:

• PROPERTY

property-holding, See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt-paying, See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law-abiding, well-dressed, courteous-mannered See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen of Concord that the ardent and enthusiastic turned as the See also:

• PROPHET (Irpo4i ri7s)

prophet of the 'new See also:

• IDEALISM (from Gr. i5Ea, archetype or model, through been urged of the truth of its point of view is the persistency Fr. idealisme)

idealism . The See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of other Transcendental teachers, Dr Hedge, Dr See also:

• RIPLEY
• RIPLEY, GEORGE (1802-1880)

Ripley, Bronson See also:

• ALCOTT, AMOS BRONSON (1799-1888)
• ALCOTT, LOUISA MAY (1832-1888)

Alcott, See also:

• ORESTES

Orestes See also:

• BROWNSON, ORESTES AUGUSTUS (1803-1876)

Brownson, See also:

• THEODORE
• THEODORE (602-690)
• THEODORE (Fedor) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1741–1796)
• THEODORE (Rus. Fedor, or Feodor)

Theodore See also:

• PARKER, JOHN HENRY (1806-1884)
• PARKER, JOSEPH (183o-1902)
• PARKER, MARTIN (c. 1600-c. 1656)
• PARKER, MATTHEW (1504-1575)
• PARKER, SAMUEL (164o-1688)
• PARKER, SIR GILBERT (1862— )
• PARKER, SIR HYDE, BART
• PARKER, THEODORE (1810-186o)

Parker, See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret See also:

• FULLER, ANDREW (1954-1815)
• FULLER, GEORGE (1822—1884)
• FULLER, M
• FULLER, MARGARET, MARCHIONESS
• FULLER, MELVILLE WESTON (1833-1910)
• FULLER, THOMAS (16o8-1661)
• FULLER, WILLIAM (1670--c. 1717)

Fuller, See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• THOREAU, HENRY DAVID (1817-1862)

Thoreau, See also:

• JONES
• JONES, ALFRED GILPIN (1824-1906)
• JONES, EBENEZER (182o-186o)
• JONES, ERNEST CHARLES (1819-1869)
• JONES, HENRY (1831-1899)
• JONES, HENRY ARTHUR (1851- )
• JONES, INIGO (1573-1651)
• JONES, JOHN (c. 1800-1882)
• JONES, MICHAEL (d. 1649)
• JONES, OWEN (1741-1814)
• JONES, OWEN (1809-1874)
• JONES, RICHARD (179o-1855)
• JONES, SIR ALFRED LEWIS (1845-1909)
• JONES, SIR WILLIAM (1746-1794)
• JONES, THOMAS RUPERT (1819– )
• JONES, WILLIAM (1726-1800)

Jones Very, was narrow and parochial compared with that of Emerson . Something in his imperturbable, kindly presence, his angelic look, his musical See also:

• VOICE (Fr. voix, from Lat. vox)

voice, his commanding See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of thought and speech, announced him as the possessor of the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret which many were seeking—the secret of a freer, deeper, more harmonious life . More and more, as his fame spread, those who " would live in the spirit" came to listen to the voice, and to sit at the feet, of the See also:

• SAGE, RUSSELL (1816-1906)

Sage of Concord . It was on the lecture-See also:

• PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

platform that he found his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power and won his fame . The courses of lectures that he delivered at the Masonic See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Temple in Boston, during the winters of 1835 and 1836, on " Great Men," " See also:

• ENGLISH

English Literature," and " The Philosophy of History," were well attended and admired . They were followed by two discourses which commanded for him immediate recognition, part friendly and part hostile, as a new and potent personality . His Phi Beta Kappa oration at Harvard College in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1837, on " The American Scholar," was an eloquent See also:

• APPEAL

appeal for independence, sincerity, See also:

• REALISM (from Low Lat. realis, appertaining to res, things, as opposed to ideas and imaginations)

realism, in the intellectual life of America . His address before the graduating class of the divinity school at Cambridge, in 1838, was an impassioned protest against what he called " the defects of See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity " (its undue reliance upon the personal authority of Jesus, and its failure to explore the moral nature of man as the See also:

• FOUNTAIN (Late Lat. fontana, from ions, a spring)

fountain of established teaching), and a daring plea for See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute selfreliance,and a new See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration of See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion . " In the soul," he said, " let redemption be sought . Wherever a man comes, there comes revolution . The old is for slaves .

Go alone . Refuse the good See also:

• MODELS

models, even those which are sacred in the See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination of men . See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

Cast conformity behind you, and acquaint men at first See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand with Deity." In this address Emerson laid his hand on the sensitive point of See also:

• UNITARIANISM

Unitarianism, which rejected the divinity of Jesus, but held fast to his supreme authority . A See also:

• BLAZE (A.-S. blaese, a torch)

blaze of controversy sprang up at once . Conservatives attacked him; Radicals defended him . Emerson made no reply . But amid this somewhat fierce See also:

• ILLUMINATION

illumination he went forward steadily as a public lecturer . It was not his negations that made him popular; it was the eloquence with which ..he presented the See also:

• POSITIVE (or PORTABLE) ORGAN

positive See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of his doctrine . Whatever the titles of his discourses, "Literary See also:

• ETHICS
• ETHICS, SHAFTESBURY, HOBBES

Ethics," " Man the Reformer," The Present See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

Age," " The Method of Nature," " Representative Men," " The Conduct of Life," their theme was always the same, namely, " the infinitude of the private man." Those who thought him astray on the'subject of religion listened to him with delight when he poetized the commonplaces of See also:

• ART

art, politics, literature or the household . His utterance was Delphic, inspirational . There was magic in his elocution . The simplicity and symmetry of his sentences, the modulations of his thrilling voice, the radianceof his See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face, even his slight hesitations and pauses over his See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript, See also:

• LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

lent a See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange charm to his speech .

For more than a See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation he went about the country lecturing in cities, towns and villages, before learned See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies, rustic lyceums and colleges; and there was no man on the platform in America who excelled him in distinction, in authority, or in stimulating eloquence . In 1847 Emerson visited Great-See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain for the second time, was welcomed by Carlyle, lectured to appreciative audiences in See also:

• MANCHESTER
• MANCHESTER (popularly Manchester-by-the-Sea)
• MANCHESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Manchester, See also:

• LIVERPOOL
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS OF

Liverpool, See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh and See also:

• LONDON

London, made many new See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends among the best English See also:

• PEOPLE

people, paid a brief visit to Paris, and returned See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home in See also:

• JULY

July 1848 . " I leave England," he wrote, " with increased respect for the Englishman . His stuff or substance seems to be the best in the world . I forgive him all his See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride . My respect is the more generous that I have no sympathy with him, only an admiration." The impressions of this journey were embodied in a See also:

• BOOK

book called English Trails, published in 1856 . It might be called " English Traits and American Confessions," for nowhere does Emerson's American-ism come out more strongly . But the America that he loved and admired was the ideal, the potential America . For the actual conditions of social and political life in his own time he had a fine scorn . He was an intellectual Brahmin . His principles were democratic, his tastes aristocratic . He did not like crowds, streets, hotels—" the people who fill them oppress me with their excessive civility." Humanity was his See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero .

He loved man, but he was not fond of men . He had See also:

• GRAVE

grave doubts about universal See also:

• SUFFRAGE (Lat. suffragium)

suffrage . He took a sincere See also:

• INTEREST

interest in social and political reform, but towards specific "reforms" his attitude was somewhat remote and visionary . On the subject of See also:

• TEMPERANCE

temperance he held aloof from the intemperate methods of the violent prohibitionists . He was a believer in woman's rights, but he was lukewarm towards conventions in favour of woman suffrage . Even in regard to See also:

• SLAVERY

slavery he had serious hesitations about the ways of the abolitionists, and for a long time refused to be identified with them . But as the irrepressible conflict See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew to a See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head Emerson's hesitation vanished . He said in 1856, " I think we must get rid of slavery, or we must get rid of freedom." With the outbreak of the See also:

• CIVIL

Civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War he became an ardent and powerful See also:

• ADVOCATE (Lat. advocatus, from advocare, to summon, especially in law to call in the aid of a counsel or witness, and so generally to summon to one's assistance)

advocate of the cause of the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union . See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• RUSSELL (FAMILY)
• RUSSELL, ISRAEL COOK (1852- )
• RUSSELL, JOHN (1745-1806)
• RUSSELL, JOHN (d. 1494)
• RUSSELL, JOHN RUSSELL, 1ST EARL (1792-1878)
• RUSSELL, JOHN SCOTT (1808–1882)
• RUSSELL, LORD WILLIAM (1639–1683)
• RUSSELL, SIR WILLIAM HOWARD
• RUSSELL, THOMAS (1762-1788)
• RUSSELL, WILLIAM CLARK (1844– )

Russell See also:

• LOWELL
• LOWELL, ABBOTT LAWRENCE (1856— )
• LOWELL, CHARLES RUSSELL (1835-1864)
• LOWELL, JAMES RUSSELL (1819-1891)
• LOWELL, JOHN (1743-1802)

Lowell said, " To him more than to all other causes did the young martyrs of our Civil War owe the sustaining strength of thoughtful heroism that is so touching in every See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of their lives." , Emerson the essayist was a condensation of Emerson the lecturer . His See also:

• PROSE

prose See also:

• WORKS

works, with the exception of the slender See also:

• VOLUME

volume entitled Nature (1836), were collected and arranged from the See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts of his lectures . His method of writing was characteristic . He planted a subject in his mind, and waited for thoughts and illustrations to come to it, as birds or See also:

• INSECTS

insects to a plant or See also:

• FLOWER (Lat. flos, floris; Fr. fleur)
• FLOWER, SIB

flower .

When an See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea appeared, he followed it, " as a boy might See also:

• HUNT, ALFRED WILLIAM (183o-1896)
• HUNT, HENRY (1i73-1835)
• HUNT, HENRY JACKSON (1819-1889)
• HUNT, JAMES HENRY LEIGH (1784-1859)
• HUNT, ROBERT (1807-1887)
• HUNT, THOMAS STERRY (1826-1892)
• HUNT, WILLIAM HENRY (1790—1864)
• HUNT, WILLIAM HOLMAN (1827-1910)
• HUNT, WILLIAM MORRIS (1824-1879)

hunt a butterfly"; when it was captured he pinned it in his " Thought-book." The writings of other men he used more for stimulus than for guidance . He said that books were for the scholar's idle times . " I value them," he said, " to make my See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top spin." His favourite reading was poetry and mystical philosophy: Shakespeare, See also:

• DANTE

Dante, See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• HERBERT (FAMILY)
• HERBERT, GEORGE (1593-1633)
• HERBERT, HENRY WILLIAM
• HERBERT, SIR THOMAS (1606-1682)

Herbert, See also:

• GOETHE, JOHANN WOLFGANG VON (1749-1832)

Goethe, Berkeley, Coleridge, Swedenborg, See also:

• JAKOB, LUDWIG HEINRICH VON (1759—1827)

Jakob See also:

• BOEHME (or BEHMEN), JAKOB (1575-1624)

Boehme, See also:

• PLATO

Plato, the new Platonists, and the religious books of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East (in translation) . Next to these he valued books of See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography and See also:

• ANECDOTE (from av-, privative, and isSLSwµu, to give out or publish)

anecdote: See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch, See also:

• GRIMM, FRIEDRICH MELCHIOR, I
• GRIMM, JACOB LUDWIG CARL (1785-1863)
• GRIMM, WILHELM CARL (1786-1859)

Grimm, St See also:

• SIMON, ABRAHAM (1622-1692)
• SIMON, JULES FRANCOIS (1814–1896)
• SIMON, RICHARD (1638–1712)
• SIMON, SIR JOHN (1816–1904)
• SIMON, THOMAS (c. 1623-1665)

Simon, Varnhagen von Ense . He had some See also:

• ODD (in middle English odde, from old Norwegian oddi, an angle of a triangle; the old Norwegian oddamann is used of the third man who gives a casting vote in a dispute)

odd dislikes, and could find nothing in See also:

• ARISTOPHANES
• ARISTOPHANES (c. 448–385 B.e.1)

Aristophanes, Cervantes, See also:

• SHELLEY, MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT (1797-1851)
• SHELLEY, PERCY BYSSHE (1792-1822)

Shelley, See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott, Miss See also:

• AUSTEN, JANE (1775-1817)

Austen, See also:

• DICKENS, CHARLES JOHN HUFFAM (1812-187o)

Dickens . Novels he seldom read . He was a follower of none, an See also:

• ORIGINAL

original borrower from all . His illustrations were drawn from near and far . The See also:

• ZODIAC (o i'w&arcds rvKcXor, from d,&ov, " a little animal ")

zodiac of Denderah; the Savoyards who carved their See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine-forests into toys; the naked Derar, horsed on an idea, charging a See also:

• TROOP (an adaptation of Fr. troupe, O. Fr. trope; cf. Ital. troppa, troppa; Med. Lat. truppus; the origin is doubtful; suggestions have been made that it represents a German conception of Latin turba, crowd, or is an adaptation of Norw. tarp, flock)

troop of See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry; the long, austere See also:

• PYTHAGOREAN

Pythagorean lustrum of silence; See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon on the See also:

• DECK

deck of the " See also:

• BELLEROPHON, or BELLEROPHONTES

Bellerophon," observing the See also:

• DRILL

drill of the English soldiers; the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian doctrine that every man has two pairs of eyes; See also:

• EMPEDOCLES (c. 490–430 B.C.)

Empedocles and his See also:

• SHOE (a word appearing in the Teutonic languages in various forms, as Ger. Schuh, Swed. and Dan. sko, sometimes supposed to come from an unknown root ska or sku, cover)

shoe; the See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal stratification of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth; a soft See also:

• MUSHROOM

mushroom pushing its way through the hard ground,—all these allusions and a thousand more are found in the same volume . On his pages, See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close beside the See also:

• PARTHENON (HapOevwv)

Parthenon, the See also:

• SPHINX (Gr. Q¢lyyea', to draw tight, squeeze)

Sphinx, St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul's, See also:

• ETNA
• ETNA (Gr. AZ-rvn, from aZOw, burn; Lat. Aetna)

Etna and See also:

• VESUVIUS (also Vesevus in ancient poets)

Vesuvius, you will find the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White Mountains, See also:

• MONADNOCK

Monadnock, Agiocochook, Katandin, the pickerel-See also:

• WEED, THURLOW (1797—1882)

weed in See also:

• BLOOM (from A.S. bloma, a flower)

bloom, the See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild geese honking through the See also:

• SKY (M. Eng. skie, cloud; O. Eng. skua, shade; connected with an Indo-European root sku, cover, whence " scum," Lat. obscurus, dark, &c.)

sky, the chick-a-See also:

• DEE
• DEE (Welsh, Dyfrdwy;, Lat.., and in Milton, Deva)

dee braving the See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow, See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

Wall See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street and State Street, cotton-See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills, railroads and See also:

• QUINCY
• QUINCY, JOSIAH (1744–1775)

Quincy See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite . For an abstract thinker he was strangely in love with the See also:

• CONCRETE
• CONCRETE (Lat. concretes, participle of concrescere, to grow together)

concrete facts of life . Idealism in him assumed the form of a vivid illumination of the real .

From the pages of his teeming See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note-books he took the material for his lectures, arranging and rearranging it under such titles as Nature, School, Home, Genius, Beauty and See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

Manners, Self-See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

Possession, See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

Duty, The Superlative, Truth, The Anglo-Saxon, The Young American . When the lectures had served their purpose he rearranged the material in essays and published them . Thus appeared in See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession the following volumes: Essays (First See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

Series) (1841); Essays (Second Series) (1844); Representative Men (185o); English Traits (1856); The Conduct of Life (186o); Society and Solitude (187o); Letters and Social Aims (1876) . Besides these, many other lectures were printed in See also:

• SEPARATE

separate form and in various combinations . Emerson's style is brilliant, epigrammatic, See also:

• GEM (Lat. gemma, a bud,—from the root gen, meaning " to produce,"—or precious stone; in the latter sense the Greek term is > d>os)
• GEM, ARTIFICIAL

gem-like; clear in sentences, obscure in paragraphs . He was a sporadic observer . He saw by flashes . He said, " I do not know what arguments mean in reference to any expression of a thought." The coherence of his writing lies in his personality . His work is fused by a steady glow of optimism . Yet he states this optimism moderately . " The genius which preserves and guides the human See also:

• RACE

race indicates itself by a small excess of good, a small See also:

• BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance in See also:

• BRUTE, SIMON WILLIAM GABRIEL (1779–1839)

brute facts always favourable to the side of See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason." His verse, though in form inferior to his prose, was perhaps a truer expression of his genius . He said, "I am born a poet"; and again, writing to Carlyle, he called himself "See also:

• HALF

half a See also:

• BARD

bard." He had "the See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

vision," but not "the See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty divine" which translates the vision into See also:

• MUSIC

music .

In his two volumes of verse (Poems, 1846; May Day and other Pieces, 1867) there are many passages of beautiful insight and profound feeling, some lines of surprising splendour, and a few poems, like " The Rhodora," " The Snowstormu ,o, See also:

• ODE (Gr. uiSri, from aei&ew, to sing)

Ode to Beauty," " See also:

• TERMINUS

Terminus," " The Concord Ode," and the marvellous " See also:

• THRENODY

Threnody " on the death of his first-born boy, of beauty unmarred and penetrating truth . But the See also:

• TOTAL

total value of his poetical work is discounted by the imperfection of metrical form, the presence of incongruous images, the pre-dominance of the intellectual over the emotional See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element, and the lack of flow . It is the material of poetry not thoroughly worked out . But .the genius from which it came—the See also:

• SWIFT
• SWIFT, JONATHAN (1667—1745)

swift faculty of See also:

• PERCEPTION (from Lat. percipere, to perceive)

perception, the lofty imagination, the idealizing spirit enamoured of reality—was the secret source of all Emerson's greatness as a See also:

• SPEAKER

speaker and as a writer . Whatever See also:

• VERDICT (O. Fr. verdit, Lat. vere dictum, truly said, used in Late Latin in one word with its present significance)

verdict time may pass upon the bulk of his poetry, Emerson himself must be recognized as an original and true poet of a high order . His latter years were passed in peaceful See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour at Concord . In 1866 Harvard College conferred upon him the degree of LL.D., and in 1867 he was elected an overseer . In 187o he delivered a course of lectures before the university on " The Natural History of the See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

Intellect." In 1872 his house was burned down, and was rebuilt by popular subscription . In the same year he went on his third See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign journey, going as far as See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt . About this time began a failure in his powers, especially in his memory . But his character remained serene and unshaken in dignity . Steadily, tranquilly, cheerfully, he finished the voyage of life .

" I See also:

• TRIM

trim myself to the See also:

• STORM (in O. Eng..storm, and so in Du. and Low Ger.; in O. H. Ger. and mod. Ger. Sturm; the root is probably that seen in " stir," to rouse, move, disturb, cf. Ger. storen)
• STORM, THEODOR WOLDSEN (1817-1888)

storm of time, I man the See also:

• RUDDER (O.E. Rather, i.e. rower)

rudder, See also:

• REEF (1)

reef the See also:

• SAIL

sail, Obey the voice at See also:

• EVE

eve obeyed at See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime: ' Lowly faithful, banish fear, Right onward drive unharmed; The See also:

• PORT

port, well See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth the cruise, is near, And every See also:

• WAVE

wave is charmed.' " Emerson died on the 27th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1882, and his See also:

• BODY

body was laid to rest in the peaceful See also:

• CEMETERY (Gr. Korrsnri7pwv, from Hoiµav, to sleep)

cemetery of Sleepy Hollow, in a See also:

• GROVE (O.E. graf, cf. O.E. gr(efa, brushwood, later" greave "; the word does not appear in any other Teutonic language, and the New English Dictionary finds no Indo-European root to which it can be referred; Skeat considers it connected with " grave," to
• GROVE, SIR GEORGE (182o-1900)
• GROVE, SIR WILLIAM ROBERT (1811-1896)

grove on the edge of the See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Concord . AuTxoRITIEs.—Emerson's See also:

• COMPLETE

Complete Works, See also:

• RIVERSIDE

Riverside edition, edited by J . E . See also:

• CABOT, GEORGE (1751–1823)
• CABOT, JOHN [GIOVANNI CABOTO] (1450-1498)

Cabot (If vols., Boston, 1883–1884) ; another edition (London, 5 vols., 1906), by G . See also:

• SAMPSON, WILLIAM THOMAS (1840–1902)

Sampson, in See also:

• BOHN, HENRY GEORGE (1796-1884)

Bohn's " See also:

• LIBRARIES

Libraries "; The Correspondence of See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas Carlyle and Ralph Waldo Emerson, edited by See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• ELIOT, CHARLES WILLIAM (1834– )
• ELIOT, GEORGE
• ELIOT, JOHN (1604-1690)
• ELIOT, SIR JOHN (1592-1632)

Eliot See also:

• NORTON, CAROLINE ELIZABETH SARAH (18o8–1877)
• NORTON, CHARLES BOWYER ADDERLEY, 1ST BARON (1814–1905)
• NORTON, CHARLES ELIOT (1827-1908)
• NORTON, THOMAS (1532–1584)

Norton (Boston, 1883); George See also:

• WILLIS, NATHANIEL PARKER (1806-1867)
• WILLIS, THOMAS (1621-1675)

Willis See also:

• COOKE, GEORGE FREDERICK (1756–1811)
• COOKE, JAY (1821–1905)
• COOKE, ROSE TERRY (1827-1892)

Cooke, Ralph Waldo Emerson: His Life, Writings and Philosophy (Boston, 1881) ; See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, Ralph Waldo Emerson: His Life, Genius and Writings (London, 1882) ; A . Bronson Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Philosopher and Seer (Boston, 1882) ; Moncure See also:

• DANIEL
• DANIEL (DANIL)
• DANIEL, BOOK
• DANIEL, GABRIEL (1649-1728)

Daniel See also:

• CONWAY (Conwy, or Aberconwy)
• CONWAY, HENRY SEYMOUR (1721-1795)
• CONWAY, HUGH
• CONWAY, MONCURE DANIEL (1832–1907)
• CONWAY, SIR WILLIAM MARTIN (1856– )

Conway, Emerson at Home and Abroad (Boston, 1882) ; See also:

• JOEL
• JOEL, MANUEL (1826–189o)

Joel See also:

• BENTON, THOMAS HART (1782-1858)

Benton, Emerson as a Poet (New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, 1883) ; F . B . Sanborn (editor), The Genius and Character of Emerson : Lectures at the Concord School of Philosophy (Boston, 1885); See also:

• OLIVER, ISAAC (c. 1566--1617)
• OLIVER, PETER (1594-1648)

Oliver Wendell See also:

• HOLMES, OLIVER WENDELL (18o9-1894)

Holmes, Ralph Waldo Emerson (" American Men of Letters " series) (Boston, 1885) ; James See also:

• ELLIOTT, EBENEZER (1781–1849)

Elliott Cabot, A Memoir of Ralph Waldo Emerson, 2 vols . (the authorized biography) (Boston, 1887) ; Edward Waldo Emerson, Emerson in Concord (Boston, 1889) ; See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard See also:

• GARNETT, RICHARD (1835–1906)

Garnett, Life of Ralph Waldo Emerson (London, 1888) ; G . E . Woodberry, Ralph Waldo Emerson (1907) . See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

Critical estimates are also to be found in See also:

• MATTHEW, GOSPEL OF ST
• MATTHEW, ST (MaOOaior or MarOaIos, probably a shortened form of the Hebrew equivalent to Theodorus)
• MATTHEW, TOBIAS

Matthew See also:

• ARNOLD
• ARNOLD, BENEDICT (1741-1801)
• ARNOLD, GOTTFRIED (1666-1714)
• ARNOLD, MATTHEW (1822-1888)
• ARNOLD, SAMUEL (1740--18o2)
• ARNOLD, SIR EDWIN (1832-1904)
• ARNOLD, THOMAS (1745-1842)

Arnold's Discourses in America, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• MORLEY
• MORLEY [oP BLACKBURN], JOHN MORLEY
• MORLEY, BARONS AND EARLS OF
• MORLEY, GEORGE (1597-1684)
• MORLEY, HENRY (1822-1894)
• MORLEY, SAMUEL (18o9–1886)

Morley's Critical Miscellanies, Henry James's Partial Portraits, Lowell's My Study Windows, See also:

• BIRRELL, AUGUSTINE (1850- )

Birrell's Obiter Dicta (2nd series), See also:

• STEDMAN, EDMUND CLARENCE (1833–1908)

Stedman's Poets of America, Whipple's American Literature, &c .

There is a Bibliography of Ralph Waldo Emerson, by G . W . Cooke (Boston, 1908) .