See also:

• EMERY (Ger. Smirgel)

EMERY (Ger. Smirgel)  , an impure variety of See also:

• CORUNDUM

corundum, much used as an abrasive See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent . It was known to the Greeks under the name of vµbptr or vµipts, which is defined by Dioscorides as a See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone used in See also:

• GEM (Lat. gemma, a bud,—from the root gen, meaning " to produce,"—or precious stone; in the latter sense the Greek term is > d>os)
• GEM, ARTIFICIAL

gem-See also:

• ENGRAVING

engraving . The See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew word shamir (related to the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian asmir), where translated in our versions of the Old Testament " See also:

• ADAMANT (from Gr. aba,uas, untameable)

adamant " and " See also:

• DIAMOND

diamond," probably signified the See also:

• EMERY (Ger. Smirgel)

emery-stone or corundum . Emery occurs as a granular or massive, dark-coloured, dense substance, having much the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of an See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron-ore . Its specific gravity varies with its See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition from 3'7 to 4.3 . Under the See also:

• MICROSCOPE (Gr. µucp6s, small, asenreiv, to %view)

microscope, it is seen to be a See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical aggregate of corundum, usually in grains or See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute crystals of a bluish See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, with See also:

• MAGNETITE

magnetite, which also is granular and crystalline . Other iron oxides, like See also:

• HAEMATITE, or HEMATITE

haematite and See also:

• LIMONITE, or BROWN IRON ORE

limonite, may be See also:

• PRESENT

present as alteration-products of the magnetite . Some of the alumina and iron See also:

• OXIDE

oxide may occasionally be chemically combined, so as to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form an iron See also:

• SPINEL

spinel, or hercynite . In addition to these minerals emery sometimes contains See also:

• QUARTZ

quartz, See also:

• MICA

mica, See also:

• TOURMALINE

tourmaline, cassiterite, &c . Indeed emery may be regarded as a See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock rather than a definite See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• SPECIES

species . The hardness of emery is about 8, whereas that of pure corundum is 9 . The " abrasive See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power," or " effective hardness," of emery is by no means proportional to the amount of alumina which it contains, but seems rather to depend on its See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition .

Thus, taking the effective hardness of See also:

• SAPPHIRE

sapphire as Iota, Dr J . See also:

• LAWRENCE
• LAWRENCE (LAURENTIUS, LORENZO), ST
• LAWRENCE, AMOS (1786—1852)
• LAWRENCE, AMOS ADAMS (1814–1886)
• LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827–1876)
• LAWRENCE, JOHN LAIRD MAIR LAWRENCE, 1ST BARON (1811-1879)
• LAWRENCE, SIR HENRY MONTGOMERY (1806–1857)
• LAWRENCE, SIR THOMAS (1769–1830)
• LAWRENCE, STRINGER (1697–1775)

Lawrence See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith found that the emery of See also:

• SAMOS

Samos with 70.10% of alumina had a corresponding hardness of 56; that of See also:

• NAXOS

Naxos, with 68.53 of Al203, a hardness of 46; and that of Gumach with 77.82 of Al203, a hardness of 47 . Emery has been worked from a very remote See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period in the Isle of Naxos, one of the See also:

• CYCLADES

Cyclades, whence the stone was called naxium by See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny and other See also:

• ROMAN

Roman writers . The mineral occurs as loose blocks and as lenticular masses or irregular beds in granular See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone, associated with crystalline See also:

• SCHISTS (Gr. vxq'ecv, to split)

schists . The Naxos emery has been described by See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor G . Tschermak . From a chemical See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis of a See also:

• SAMPLE (through the O. Fr. essemple, from Lat. exemplum; a doublet of " example ")

sample it has been calculated that the emery contained 52.4% of corundum, 32.1 of magnetite, 11'5 of tourmaline, 2 of See also:

• MUSCOVITE

muscovite and 2 of margarite . Important deposits of corundum were discovered in See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor by J . Lawrence Smith, when investigating See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish mineral resources about 1847 . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• SOURCES

sources of emery there are Gumach Dagh, a See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain about 12 M . E. of See also:

• EPHESUS
• EPHESUS, COUNCIL OF

Ephesus; Kula, near See also:

• ALA

Ala-shehr; and the mines in the hills between Thyra and Cosbonnar, See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of See also:

• SMYRNA (Ismir)

Smyrna . The occurrence is similar to that in Naxos .

The emery is found as detached blocks in a reddish See also:

• SOIL

soil, and as rounded masses embedded in a crystalline limestone associated with mica-schist, See also:

• GNEISS

gneiss and See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite . The proportion of corundum in this emery is said to vary from 37 to 57% . Emery is worked at several localities in the See also:

• UNITED

United States, especially near See also:

• CHESTER
• CHESTER, EARLS OF

Chester, in See also:

• HAMPDEN, HENRY BOUVERIE WILLIAM BRAND, 1ST
• HAMPDEN, JOHN (c. 1595-1643)
• HAMPDEN, RENN DICKSON (1793-1868)

Hampden See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county, See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

Mass., where it is associated with peridotites . The corundum and magnetite are regarded by Dr J . H . See also:

• PRATT, ORSON (1811–1881)

Pratt as basic segregations from an igneous magma . The deposits were discovered by H . S . See also:

• LUCAS, CHARLES (1713–1771)
• LUCAS, JOHN SEYMOUR (1849– )
• LUCAS, SIR CHARLES (d. 1648)

Lucas in 1864 . The hardness and toughness of emery render it difficult to See also:

• WORK

work, but it may be extracted from the rock by See also:

• BLASTING

blasting in holes bored with diamond drills . In the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire-setting is employed . The emery after being broken up is carefully picked by See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, and then ground or stamped, and separated into grades by See also:

• WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire See also:

• SIEVES

sieves .

The higher grades are prepared by washing and eleutriation, the finest being known as " See also:

• FLOUR

flour of emery." A very See also:

• FINE

fine emery dust is collected in the stamping See also:

• ROOM

room, where it is deposited after floating in the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air . The fine See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder is used by lapidaries and See also:

• PLATE

plate-See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass manufacturers . Emery-wheels are made by consolidating the powdered mineral with an agglutinating See also:

• MEDIUM

medium like shellac or silicate of soda or vulcanized See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

india-See also:

• RUBBER, INDIARUBBER

rubber . Such wheels are not only used by dentists and lapidaries but are employed on a large See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale in mechanical workshops for grinding, shaping and polishing See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel . Emery-sticks, emery-See also:

• CLOTH

cloth and emery-See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper are made by coating the several materials with powdered emery mixed with See also:

• GLUE (from the O. Fr. glu, bird-lime, from the Late Lat. gluten, glus, glue)

glue, or other adhesive See also:

• MEDIA

media . (See CORUNDUM.) (F . W . R .