See also:

• EMMANUEL, or IMMANUEL

EMMANUEL PHILIBERT (1528–1580)  , See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy, son of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles III. and See also:

• BEATRICE

Beatrice of See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal, one of the most renowned princes of the later See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 8th of See also:

• JULY

July 1528 . Charles, after trying in vain to remain neutral in the See also:

• WARS

wars between See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor Charles V., had been forced to See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side with the latter, whereupon his duchy was overrun with See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign soldiery and became the battlefield of the See also:

• RIVAL

rival armies . See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• EMMANUEL, or IMMANUEL

Emmanuel took service with the emperor in 1545 and distinguished himself in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . France and the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low Countries . On the See also:

• DEATH

death of his See also:

• FATHER

father in 1553 he succeeded to the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title, little more than an empty one, and continued in the emperor's service . Having been refused the command of the imperial troops in See also:

• PIEDMONT (Ital. Piemonte; Low Lat. Pedemons and Pedemontium)

Piedmont, he tried in vain to negotiate a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace with France; but in 1556 France and See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain concluded a five years' truce, by which each was to retain what it then occupied . This would have been the end of Savoy, but within a See also:

• YEAR

year the two See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers were again at See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief events of the See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign were the successful resistance of See also:

• CUNEO (Fr. Coni)

Cuneo, held for the duke by See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Luserna, and the victory of St Quentin (1557), won by Emmanuel Philibert himself against the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French . At last in 1558 the powers agreed to an See also:

• ARMISTICE (from Lat. arma, arms, and sistere, to stop)

armistice, and in 1559 the peace of Cateau-Cambresis was made, by which Emmanuel regained his duchy, but on onerous terms, for France was to occupy several Piedmontese fortresses, including See also:

• TURIN

Turin and See also:

• PINEROLO

Pinerolo, for not more than three years, and a See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage was arranged between the duke and 1VIargaret, duchess of See also:

• BERRY, CHARLES ALBERT (1852-1899)
• BERRY, CHARLES FERDINAND
• BERRY, JOHN, DUKE OF (1340-1416)
• BERRY, or BERRI

Berry, See also:

• SISTER

sister of the French See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king; while Spain was to See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison See also:

• ASTI (anc. Hasta)

Asti and See also:

• VERCELLI (anc. Vercellae)

Vercelli (afterwards exchanged for Santhia) until France evacuated the above-mentioned fortresses . The duke's marriage took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris a few months later; and after the French evacuation he re-entered his dominions amidst the rejoicings of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people . The See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of Piedmont at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time was deplorable; for wars, the exactions and devastations of the foreign soldiery, and religious antagonism between Catholics and Protestants had wrought terrible havoc . " Uncultivated," wrote the Venetian See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador, quoted by E .

Ricotti, " no citizens in the cities, neither See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man nor beast in the See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields, all the See also:

• LAND

land See also:

• FOREST

forest-clad and See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild; one See also:

• SEES

sees no houses, for most of them are burnt, and of nearly all the castles only the walls are visible; of the inhabitants, once so numerous, some have died of the See also:

• PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague or of See also:

• HUNGER

hunger, some by the See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword, and some have fled elsewhere preferring to beg their See also:

• BREAD

bread abroad rather than support misery at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home which is worse than death." There was no See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration was chaotic, and the finances were in a hopeless See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . The duke set to See also:

• WORK

work to put his See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, and inaugurated a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of useful reforms, ably assisted by his See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister, Niccolo See also:

• BALBO, CESARE, COUNT (1789–1853)

Balbo . But progress was slow, and was accompanied by See also:

• MEASURES

measures which abolished the states See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, the last survival of feudal liberties . Savoy, following the tendency of the other states of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe at that time, became thenceforth an See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy, but without that transformation the achievement of See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence from foreign powers would have been impossible . One of the first questions with which he had to See also:

• DEAL

deal was the religious difficulty . The inhabitants of the Pellice and Chisone valleys had See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long professed a See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity which the orthodox regarded as heretical, and had been subject to numerous persecutions in consequence (see WALDENSES) . At the time of the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation they had gone over to See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant-ism, and during the wars of the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the new See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion made See also:

• GREAT

great progress in Piedmont . The duke as a devout See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic desired to purge the state of See also:

• HERESY

heresy, and initiated repressive measures against the Waldenses, but after some severe and not very successful fighting he ended by allowing them a measure of religious See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty in those valleys (1561) . At the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope's instigation he recommenced persecution some years later, but his duchess and some See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German princes pleaded successfully in favour of the Protestants . He next turned his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to getting rid of the French garrisons; the negotiations proved long and troublesome, but in See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1562 the French departed on See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of 100,000 scudi, retaining only Pinerolo and See also:

• SAVIGLIANO

Savigliano, and Turin became the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital once more . There remained the Bernese, who had occupied some of the duke's territories in Savoy and See also:

• VAUD (Ger. Waadt)

Vaud., and in See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva, over which he claimed certain rights . With See also:

• BERN (Fr. Berne)

Bern he made a See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise, regaining See also:

• GEX

Gex, the Chablais, and the Genevois, on condition that Protestantism should be tolerated there, but he renounced Vaud and some other districts (1566) .

Disagreements with the See also:

• VALAIS (Ger. Wallis, Ital. Vallese)

Valais were settled in a similar way in 1569; but the Genevans refused to recognize Savoyard See also:

• SUZERAINTY

suzerainty . Emmanuel reformed the currency, reorganized See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice, prepared the way for the emancipation of the See also:

• SERFS, SERROS

serfs, raised the See also:

• STANDING

standing army to 25,000 men, and fortified the frontiers, ostensibly against Huguenot raids, but in reality from fear of France . On the death of Charles IX. of France in 1574 the new king, See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry III., passed through Piedmont on his way from See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland; Emmanuel gave him a magnificent reception, and obtained from him a promise that Pinerolo and Savigliano should be evacuated, which was carried out at the end of the year . See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip of Spain was likewise induced to evacuate Asti and Santhia in 1595 . Thus, after being more or less under foreign occupation for 39 years, the duchy was at last See also:

• FREE

free . The duke rounded off his dominions by the See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase of Tenda and Oneglia, which increased his seaboard, and the last years of his See also:

• LIFE

life were spent in fruitless negotiations to obtain Monferrato, held by the Gonzagas under See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• PROTECTION

protection, and See also:

• SALUZZO

Saluzzo, which was a French See also:

• FIEF

fief . He died on the 3oth of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 158o, and was succeeded by his son Charles Emmanuel I . As a statesman Emmanuel Philibert was able, business-like and energetic; but he has been criticized for his duplicity, although in this respect he was no worse than most other See also:

• EUROPEAN

European princes, whose ends were far more questionable . He was autocratic, but just and very patriotic . During his reign the duchy, which had been more than See also:

• HALF

half French, became predominantly See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian . By See also:

• DIPLOMACY (Fr. diplomatic)

diplomacy, which, although he was a capable and brave soldier, he preferred to war, he succeeded in freeing his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, and converting it from a ruined and divided land into a respect-able See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the second See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank, and, after See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice, the best-governed state in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . The most accurate See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography of Emmanuel Philibert is contained in E .

Ricotti's Storia della monarchia Piemontese, vol. ii . (See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, 1861), which is well done and based on documents; cf . Claretta's La Successione di Emanuele Filiberto (Turin, 1884) .