See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the See also:

• LAT

Lat. imperator)  , a See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title formerly See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne by the sovereigns of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

empire (see EMPIRE), and since their See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, partly by derivation, partly by See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation, used by a variety of other sovereigns . Under the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic, the See also:

• TERM

term imperator applied in theory to any See also:

• MAGISTRATE (Lat. magistratus, from magister, master, properly a public office, hence the person holding such an office)

magistrate vested with imperium; but in practice it was only used of a magistrate who was acting abroad (militiae) and was thus in command of troops . The term imperator was the natural and See also:

• REGULAR

regular designation employed by his troops in addressing such a magistrate; but it was more particularly and specially employed by them to salute him after a victory; and when he had been thus saluted he could use the title of imperator in public till the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day of his See also:

• TRIUMPH (triumphus)

triumph at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, after which it would See also:

• LAPSE (Lat. lapses, a slip or departure)

lapse along with his imperium . The See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate itself might, in the later Republic, invite a victorious See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general to assume the title; and in these two customs—the salutation of the troops, and the invitation of the senate—we see in the germ the two methods by which under the Empire the princeps was designated; while in the military See also:

• CONNOTATION

connotation attaching to the name even under the Republic we can detect in advance the military See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character by which the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor and the Empire were afterwards distinguished . See also:

• JULIUS

Julius See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar was the first who used the title continuously (from 58 B.C. to his See also:

• DEATH

death in 44 B.c.), as well dorm as militiae; and his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus took a further step when he made the term imperator a praenomen, a practice which after the time of See also:

• NERO (37-68)

Nero becomes regular . But apart from this amalgamation of the term with his regular name, and the private right to its use which that bestowed, every emperor had an additional and See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double right to the title on public grounds, possessed as he was of an imperium infinitum majus, and commanding as he did all the troops of the Empire . From the latter point of view—as generalissimo of the forces of Rome, he had the right to the insignia of the See also:

• COMMANDER

commander (the See also:

• LAUREL

laurel See also:

• WREATH (O. Eng. wry, from wriian, to twist)

wreath and the See also:

• FASCES

fasces), and to the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of a bodyguard, the praetoriani . This public title of imperator was normally conferred by the senate; and an emperor normally See also:

• DATES

dates his reign from the day of his salutation by the senate . But the troops were also regarded as still retaining the right of saluting an imperator; and there were emperors who regarded themselves as created by such salutation and dated their reigns accordingly . The military associations of the term thus resulted, only too often, in making the emperor the nominee of a turbulent soldiery . Augustus had been designated (not indeed officially, but none the less regularly) as princeps—the first See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen or foremost See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . The designation suited the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early years of the Empire, in which a dyarchy of princeps and senate had been maintained .

But by the and See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the dyarchy is passing into a See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy: the title of princeps recedes, and the title of imperator comes into prominence to designate not merely the possessor of a certain imperium, or the general of troops, but the See also:

• SIMPLE

simple monarch in the fulness of his See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power as See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the state . From the days of See also:

• DIOCLETIAN (GAIUs AURELIUS VALERIUS DIOCLETIANUS) (A.D. 245–313)
• DIOCLETIAN, EDICT OF (De Pretiis rerum venalium)

Diocletian one finds occasionally two emperors, but not, at any See also:

• RATE

rate in theory, two Empires; the two emperors are the dual sovereigns of a single See also:

• REALM

realm . But from the time of See also:

• ARCADIUS
• ARCADIUS (378–408)

Arcadius and See also:

• HONORIUS
• HONORIUS, FLAVIUS (384-423)

Honorius (A.D . 395) there are in reality (though not in theory) two Empires as well as two emperors, one of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East and one of the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West . When See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek became the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of the East Roman Empire, imperator was rendered sometimes by (3ao Xeiis and sometimes by See also:

• AIN

ain-oKpartop, the former word being the usual designation of a See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign, the latter specially denoting that despotic power which the imperator held, and being in fact the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of imperator . Justinian uses aiiracparwp as his formal title, and /3avtXeis as the popular term . On the revival of the Roman empire in the West by See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne in 800, the title (at first in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form imperator, or imperator Augustus, afterwards Romanorum imperator Augustus) was taken by him and by his Frankish, See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian and See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German successors, heads of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Roman Empire, down to the See also:

• ABDICATION (Lat. abdicatio, disowning, renouncing, from ab, from, and dicare, to declare, to proclaim as not belonging to one)

abdication of the emperor See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis II. in 18o6 . The See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine had, however, grown up in the earlier See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages (about the time of the emperor See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry II., 1002–1024) that although the emperor was chosen in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany (at first by the nation, afterwards by a small See also:

• BODY

body of See also:

• ELECTORS (Ger. Kurfursten, from Kilren, O.H.G. kiosan, choose, elect, and Furst, prince)

electors), and entitled from the moment of his See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election to be crowned in Rome by the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope, he could not use the title of emperor until that See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation had actually taken See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . The German sovereign, therefore, though he exercised, as soon aschosen, full imperial See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers both in Germany and See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, called himself merely " See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans " (Romanorum rex See also:

• SEMPER, GOTTFRIED (1803–1879)

semper Augustus) until he had received the sacred See also:

• CROWN

crown in the sacred See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . In 15o8 See also:

• MAXIMILIAN
• MAXIMILIAN (1832—1867)

Maximilian I., being refused a passage to Rome by the Venetians, obtained from Pope Julius II. a See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull permitting him to See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style himself emperor elect (imperator electus, erwahlter Kaiser) . This title was taken by See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand I . (1558) and all succeeding emperors, immediately upon their coronation in Germany; and it was until 18o6 their strict legal designation, and was always employed by them in proclamations and other official documents .

The term " elect " was, however, omitted even in formal documents when the sovereign was addressed or was spoken of in the third See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person . In See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval times the emperor, conceived as vicegerent of See also:

• GOD

God and co-See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent with the pope in See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• PEOPLE

people committed to his See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge, might almost be regarded as an ecclesiastical officer . Not only was his See also:

• FUNCTION

function regarded as consisting in the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence and See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of true See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion; he was himself arrayed in ecclesiastical See also:

• VESTMENTS

vestments at his coronation; he was ordained a subdeacon; and assisting the pope in the celebration of the See also:

• EUCHARIST (Gr. evXapurria, thanksgiving)

Eucharist, he communicated in both kinds as a clerk . The same sort of ecclesiastical character came also to be attached to the tsars' of See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, who—especially in their relations with the Orthodox Eastern See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church—may vindicate for themselves (though the sultans of See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey have disputed the claim) the See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to the East Roman emperors (see EMPIRE) . But the title of emperor was also used in the middle ages, and is still used, in a loose and vague sense, without any ecclesiastical connotation or hint of connexion with Rome (the two attributes,* which should properly distinguish an emperor), and merely in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to designate a non-See also:

• EUROPEAN

European ruler with a large extent of territory . It was thus applied, and is still applied, to the rulers of See also:

• CHINA

China and See also:

• JAPAN

Japan; it was attributed to the See also:

• MOGUL, MOCHAL, or MIGHAL

Mogul sovereigns of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India; and since 1876 it has been used by See also:

• BRITISH

British monarchs in their capacity of sovereigns of India (Kaiser-i-See also:

• HIND

Hind) 2 Since the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Revolution and during the course of the 19th century the term emperor has had an eventful See also:

• HISTORY

history . In 1804 See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon took the title of " Emperor of the French," and posed as the reviver of the Empire of Charlemagne . Afraid that Napoleon would next proceed to deprive him of his title of Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II. first took the step, in 1804, of investing himself with a new title, that of " Hereditary Emperor of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria," and then, in 18o6, proceeded to the further step of abdicating his old See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical title and dissolving the Holy Roman Empire . Thus the old and true sense of the term emperor—the sense in which it was connected with the church in the See also:

• PRESENT

present and with Rome in the past—finally perished.; and the term became partly an apanage of Bonapartism (See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis Napoleon resuscitated it as Napoleon III. in 1853), and partly a See also:

• PERSONAL

personal title of the Habsburgs as rulers of their various See also:

• FAMILY

family territories . In x87o, however, a new and most important use of the title was begun, when the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of Germany was achieved, and the Prussian king, who became the head of See also:

• UNITED

united Germany, received in that capacity the title of German Emperor . Here the title of emperor designates the See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of a federal state; and here the Holy Roman emperor of the x7th and 18th centuries, the president of a loose See also:

• CONFEDERATION (Fr. confederation, Lat. confoederatio, from foedus, a league, foederare, to form a league)

confederation of German states, may be said to have found his successor . But the term has been widely and i The word See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

Tsar, like the German Kaiser, is derived from Caesar (see TsAR) .

See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter the See also:

• GREAT

Great introduced the use of the style " Imperator," and the official designation is now " Emperor of all the Russias, Tsar of See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland, and See also:

• GRAND

Grand See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

Duke of See also:

• FINLAND (Finnish, Suomi or Suomenmaa)

Finland," though the term tsar is still popularly used in Russia . 2 For the titles of $asaX imperator Augustus, &c., applied in the loth century to the Anglo-Saxon See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings, see EneiRE (See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note) . The claim to the style of emperor, as a badge of equal See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank, played a considerable See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic relations between the See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

Sultan and certain European sovereigns . Thus, at a time when this style (See also:

• PADISHAH

Padishah) was refused by the Sultan to the tsars of Russia, and even to the Holy Roman Emperor himself, it was allowed to the French kings, who in diplomatic See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence and See also:

• TREATIES

treaties with Turkey called themselves " emperor of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France " (empereur de France).— [ED.] . loosely used in the course of the 19th century . It was the style from 1821 to 1889 of the princes of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• BRAGANZA (Braganca)

Braganza who ruled in See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil; it has been assumed by usurpers in See also:

• HAITI [HAITI, HAYTI, SAN DOMINGO, Or HISPANIOLA]

Haiti, and in See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico it was borne by Augustin See also:

• ITURBIDE (or YTURBIDE), AUGUSTIN DE (1783-1824)

Iturbide in 1822 and 1823, and by the See also:

• ILL

ill-fated See also:

• ARCHDUKE (Lat. archidux, Ger. Erzherzog)

Archduke Maximilian of Austria from 1864 to . 1867 . It can hardly, therefore, be said to have any definite descriptive force at the present time, such as it had in the middle ages . So far as it has any such force in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, it may be said partly to be connected with Bonapartism, and to denote a popular but military dictatorship, partly to be connected with the federal See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea, and to denote a See also:

• PRECEDENCE (from Lat. praecedere, to go before, precede)

precedence over other kings possessed by a ruler See also:

• STANDING

standing at the head of a composite state which may embrace kings among its members . It is in this latter sense that it is used of Germany, and of See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain in respect of India; it is in something approaching this latter sense that it may be said to be used of Austria . See J . See also:

• SELDEN, JOHN (1584–1654)

Selden, Titles of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

Honour (1672); J .

See also:

• BRYCE, JAMES (1838- )

Bryce, Holy Roman Empire (See also:

• LONDON

London, 19o4); and See also:

• SIR

Sir E . See also:

• COLEBROOKE, HENRY THOMAS (1765-1837)

Colebrooke, " On Imperial and Other Titles " in the See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of the Royal See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic Society (1877) . See also the articles on' Imperator " and " Princeps " in See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith's See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (189o) . (E .