See also:

• EMPHYSEMA (Gr. Eµ / vuav to inflate)

EMPHYSEMA (Gr. Eµ / vuav to inflate)  is a word vaguely meaning the abnormal presence of See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air in certain parts of the See also:

• BODY

body . At the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, however, there are two conditions to which it refers, " pulmonary See also:

• EMPHYSEMA (Gr. Eµ / vuav to inflate)

emphysema " (and the word pulmonary is often omitted) and " surgical emphysema." Of pulmonary emphysema there are two forms, true vesicular and interstitial (or interlobular) . Vesicular emphysema signifies that there is an enlargement of air-vesicles, resulting either from their excessive distension, from destruction of the septa, or from both causes combined (see See also:

• RESPIRATORY

RESPIRATORY See also:

• SYSTEM

SYSTEM) . In interstitial emphysema the air is infiltrated into the connective See also:

• TISSUE (Fr. tissu, tissue, participle of tisser, Lat. texere, to weave)

tissue beneath the pleura and between the pulmonary air-cells . The former variety is by far the more See also:

• COMMON

common, and appears to be capable of being produced by various causes, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of which are the following: . 1 . Where a portion of the See also:

• LUNG

lung has become wasted, or its vesicular structure permanently obliterated by disease, without corresponding falling in of the See also:

• CHEST (Gr. Kiarl, Lat. cista, O. Eng. cist, test, &c.)

chest See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall, the neighbouring air-vesicles or some of them undergo See also:

• DILATATION (from Lat. dis-, distributive, and lotus, wide)

dilatation to fill the vacuum (vicarious emphysema) . 2 . In some cases of See also:

• BRONCHITIS

bronchitis, where See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of the smaller bronchial tubes become obstructed, the air in the pulmonary vesicles remains imprisoned, the force of expiration being insufficient to expel it; while, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, the stronger force of See also:

• INSPIRATION (Lat. inspirare, breathe upon or into)

inspiration being adequate to overcome the resistance, the air-cells tend to become more and more distended, and permanent alterations in their structure, including emphysema, are the result (inspiratory theory) . 3 . Emphysema also arises from exertion involving violent expiratory efforts, during which the glottis is constricted, as in paroxysms of coughing, in straining, and in lifting heavy weights (expiratory theory) . Whooping-cough is well known as the exciting cause of emphysema in many persons .

4 . Another view, known as the nutritive theory, maintains that emphysema depends essentially on a See also:

• PRIMARY

primary nutritive See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in the walls of the air-vesicles . Thus these are impaired in their resisting See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, and are far more likely to become distended by any force acting on them from within . 5 . Again in certain cases the cartilages of the chest become hypertrophied and rigid, thus causing a primary chronic enlargement, and the lungs become emphysematous in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to fill up the increased space (See also:

• FREUND, WILHELM (1806—1894)

Freund's theory) . In whatever manner produced, this disease gives rise to important morbid changes in the affected portions of the lungs, especially the loss of the natural See also:

• ELASTICITY

elasticity of the air-cells, and likewise the destruction of many of the pulmonary capillary See also:

• BLOOD

blood-vessels, and the diminution of aerating See also:

• SURFACE

surface for the blood . As a consequence an increased See also:

• STRAIN (through O. Fr. straindre, estraindre, mod. i treindre, from Lat. stringere, to draw tight, related to stress, stretch, string, &c.)

strain is thrown on the right ventricle with a consequent dilatation leading on to See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart failure and all its attendant troubles . The chief symptom in this complaint is shortness of breath, more or less See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant but347 greatly aggravated by exertion, and by attacks of bronchitis, to which persons suffering from emphysema appear to be specially liable . The respiration is of similar See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character to that already described in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of See also:

• ASTHMA (Gr. avBµa, gasping, whence lio-Ogaivw, I gasp for breath)

asthma . In severe forms of the disease; the patient comes to acquire a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar puffy or bloated appear ance, and the configuration of the chest is altered, assuming the character known as the See also:

• BARREL (a word of uncertain origin common to Romance languages; the Celtic forms, as in the Gaelic baraill, are derived from the English)

barrel-shaped or emphysematous chest . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element in the treatment cf emphysema consists in See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the See also:

• HEALTH

health, and in the avoidance of all causes likely to aggravate the disease or induce its complications . Compressed air See also:

• BATHS

baths and expiration into rarefied air may be useful .

During attacks of urgent dyspnoea and lividity, with engorgement of See also:

• VEINS

veins, the patient should be repeatedly bled until See also:

• RELIEF

relief is obtained . Interstitial emphysema arising from the rupture of air-cells in the immediate See also:

• NEIGHBOUR (O. Eng. neahgebiir, from Walt, " nigh," " near ")

neighbour-See also:

• HOOD,
• HOOD, JOHN BELL (1831–1879)
• HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, VISCOUNT (1724–1816)
• HOOD, SIR SAMUEL (1762-1814)
• HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845)
• HOOD, TOM (1835–1874)

hood of the pleura may occur as a complication of the vesicular See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, or separately as the result of some sudden expulsive effort, such as a See also:

• FIT

fit of coughing, or, as has frequently happened, in parturition . See also:

• GANGRENE (from Gr. y&yypawa, an eating sore, from ypaivewv, to gnaw)

Gangrene or See also:

• POST

post-mortem decomposition may See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead to the presence of air in the interstitial tissue of the lung . Occasionally the air infiltrates the cellular tissue of the posterior mediastinum, and thence comes to distend the integument of the whole surface of the body (surgical emphysema) . Surgical emphysema signifies the effusion of air into the general connective tissues of the body . The commonest causes are a See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound, of some air-passage, or a penetrating wound of the chest wall without injury to the lung . It may, however, occur in any situation of the body and in many other ways . Its severity varies from very slight cases where only a little crepitation may be See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt under the skin, to extreme cases where the whole body is blown up and See also:

• DEATH

death is imminent from impeded respiration and failure of the See also:

• ACTION

action of the heart . In the milder cases no treatment is necessary as the air gradually becomes absorbed, but in the more severe cases incisions must be made in the swollen cellular tissues to allow the air to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape .