ENCYCLOPAEDIA  . The Greeks seem to have understood by encyclopaedia (i'yKvKXovraLSeia, or E')(KUK)LOS irauusia) in- struction in the whole circle (iv KvKXO or See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• SYSTEM

system of learning—See also:

• EDUCATION

education in arts and sciences . Thus See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny, in the See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface to his Natural See also:

• HISTORY

History, says that his See also:

• BOOK

book treated of all the subjects of the encyclopaedia of the Greeks, " Jam omnia attingenda quae Graeci 'Tis iyKvsXo1ra15eias vocant." See also:

• QUINTILIAN [MARCUS FABIUS QUINTILIANUS] (C. A.D. 35-95)

Quintilian (Inst . Orat. i. ro) directs that before boys are placed under the rhetorician they should be instructed in the other arts, " ut efficiatur orbis ille doctrinae quam Graeci iyKvKhoaa1Seiav vocant." See also:

• GALEN (or GALENUS), CLAUDIUS
• GALEN, CHRISTOPH BERNHARD, FREIHERR VON (16o6-1678)

Galen (De victus ratione in morbis acutis, c . I1) speaks of those who are not educated iv T?j EyKVKXoiraLSeia . In these passages of Pliny and Quintilian, however, from one or both of which the See also:

• MODERN

modern use of the word seems to have been taken, EyKUKXLOS ircu&La is now read, and this seems to have been the usual expression . See also:

• VITRUVIUS (MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLLIO)

Vitruvius (See also:

• LIB

lib. vi. praef.) calls the encyclios or EyKUKXLOS rai&eia of the Greeks "doctrinarum omnium disciplina," instruction in all branches of learning . See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo (lib. iv. cap . 1o) speaks of See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy Kai Ti)v aXX17v irau&eiav Ey,UKALOV . See also:

• TZETZES, JOHN

Tzetzes (Chiliades, xi . 527), quoting from See also:

• PORPHYRY (IlopcPisptos) (A.D. 233-c. 304)

Porphyry's Lives of the Philosophers, says that EyKUaLa µaOi7paTa was the circle of See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar, See also:

• RHETORIC (Gr. psroperctj TEXvq, the art of the orator)

rhetoric, philosophy and the four arts under it, See also:

• ARITHMETIC (Gr. apeOµ7run7, sc. TEXVn, the art of counting, from (ipLBµos, number)

arithmetic, See also:

• MUSIC

music, See also:

• GEOMETRY

geometry and See also:

• ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

astronomy . See also:

• ZONARAS, JOANNES (JOHN)

Zonaras explains it as grammar, See also:

• POETRY

poetry, rhetoric, philosophy, See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics and simply every See also:

• ART

art and See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science (a rXwr ar&ra TEXv17 Kai E1rLar?77Lf), because See also:

• SOPHISTS (from Gr. codtoris, literally, man of wisdom)

sophists go through them as through a circle .

The See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea seems to be a complete course of instruction in all parts of knowledge . An epic poem was called cyclic when it contained the whole See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology; and among physicians KuKXy Osparsbecv, cyclo curare (See also:

• VEGETIUS (FLAvjUS VEGETIUS RENATUS)

Vegetius, De arte veterinaria, ii . 5, 6), meant a cure effected by a See also:

• REGULAR

regular and prescribed course of See also:

• DIET

diet and See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine (see Wower, De polymathia, c . 24, § 14) . The word encyclopaedia was probably first used in See also:

• ENGLISH

English by See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• ELYOT, SIR THOMAS (c. 1490-1546)

Elyot . " In an oratour is required to be a heape of all maner of lernyng: whiche of some is called the worlde of science, of other the circle of See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine, whiche is in one worde of greke Encyclopedia " (The Governour, bk. i. See also:

• CHAP

chap. xiii.) . In his Latin See also:

• DICTIONARY

dictionary, 1538, he explains " Encyclios et Encyclia, the cykle or course of all doctrines," and " Encyclopedia, that lernynge whiche comprehendeth all lyberall science and studies." The See also:

• TERM

term does not seem to have been used as the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of a book by the ancients or in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages . The edition of the See also:

• WORKS

works of Joachimus Fortius Ringelbergius, printed at See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel in 1541, is called on the title-See also:

• PAGE
• PAGE, THOMAS NELSON (1853- )
• PAGE, WILLIAM (1811-1885)

page Lucubrationes vel polius absolutissima KvKXo7rat&eca . See also:

• PAULUS
• PAULUS (older form PAur.Lus), LUCIUS AEMILIUS
• PAULUS, HEINRICH

Paulus Scalichius de Lika, an Hungarian See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count, wrote Encyclopaediae seu orbis disciplinarum epistemon (Basileae, 1599, 4to) . See also:

• ALSTED, JOHANN HEINRICH (1588—1638)

Alsted published in 16o8 Encyclopaedia cursus philosophici, and afterwards See also:

• EXPANDED

expanded this into his See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• WORK

work, noticed below, calling it without any See also:

• LIMITATION, STATUTES OF

limitation Encyclopaedia, because it treats of everything that can be learned by See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man in this See also:

• LIFE

life . This is now the most usual sense in which the word encyclopaedia is used—a book treating of all the various kinds of knowledge . The See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form "cyclopaedia " is not merely without any See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of classical authority, but is etymologically less definite, complete and correct .

For as Cyropaedia means " the instruction of See also:

• CYRUS
• CYRUS (Gr. KDpos; Pers. Kuru-sh; Babyl. Kurash; Hebr. Koresh)

Cyrus," so cyclopaedia may mean " instruction of a circle." See also:

• VOSSIUS [Voss], GERHARD JOHANN (1577–1649)

Vossius says, " Cyclopaedia is some-times found, but the best writers say encyclopaedia " (De vitiis sermonis, 1645, p . 402) . See also:

• GESNER
• GESNER, ABRAHAM (1797-1864)
• GESNER, JOHANN MATTHIAS (1691—1761)

Gesner says, " KUKXOS est circulus, quae figura est simplicissima et perfectissima simul: nam incipi potest ubicunque in ilia et ubicunque cohaeret . Cyclopaedia itaque significat omnem doctrinarum scientiam inter se cohaerere; Encyclopaedia est institutio in illo circulo." (Isagoge, 1774, i . 40) . In a more restricted sense, encyclopaedia means a system or See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification of the various branches of knowledge, a subject on which many books have been published, especially in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, as Schmid's Allgemeine Encyklopadie and Methodologie der Wissenschaften (See also:

• JENA

Jena, 181o, 4to, 241 pages) . In this sense the Novum Organum of See also:

• BACON
• BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
• BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
• BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
• BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
• BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
• BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)

Bacon has often been called an encyclopaedia . But it is " a grammar only of the sciences: a cyclopaedia is not a grammar, but a dictionary; and to confuse the meanings of grammar and dictionary is to lose the benefit of a distinction which it is fortunate that terms have been coined to convey " (Quarterly See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review, cxiii . 354) . Fortunius Licetus, an See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian physician, entitled several of his See also:

• DISSERTATIONS

dissertations on See also:

• ROMAN

Roman altars and other antiquities encyclopaedias (as, for instance, Encyclopaedia ad . See also:

• ARAM, EUGENE (17o4-17J9)

Aram mysticam Nonarii, Pataviae, 1631, 4to), because in composing them he borrowed the aid of all the sciences . The Encyclopaedia moralis of See also:

• MARCELLINUS, ST

Marcellinus de Pise (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1646, fol., 4 vols.) is a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of sermons .

Encyclopaedia is often used to mean a book which is, or professes to be, a complete or very full collection or See also:

• TREATISE

treatise See also:

• RELATING

relating to some particular subject, as See also:

• BLAINE, JAMES GILLESPIE (1830-1893)

Blaine's work, The Encyclopaedia of Rural See also:

• SPORTS
• SPORTS, THE BOOK OF

Sports (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1852) ; The Encyclopaedia of Wit (London, 18(33); The Vocal Encyclopaedia (London, 1807, 16mo), a collection of songs, catches, &c . The word is frequently used ,for an alphabetical dictionary treating fully of some science or subject, as See also:

• MURRAY
• MURRAY (or MORAY), EARLS OF
• MURRAY (or MORAY), JAMES STUART, EARL OF (c. 1531-1570)
• MURRAY (or MORAY), SIR ROBERT (c. 1600-1673)
• MURRAY, ALEXANDER STUART (1841-1904)
• MURRAY, DAVID (1849– )
• MURRAY, EUSTACE CLARE GRENVILLE (1824–1881)
• MURRAY, JAMES (c. 1719-1794)
• MURRAY, JOHN
• MURRAY, JOHN (1778–1820)
• MURRAY, LINDLEY (1745–1826)
• MURRAY, LORD GEORGE (1694–1760)
• MURRAY, SIR JAMES AUGUSTUS HENRY (1837– )
• MURRAY, SIR JOHN (1841– )

Murray, Encyclopaedia of See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

Geography (London, 1834); See also:

• LEFEBVRE, PIERRE FRANCOIS JOSEPH
• LEFEBVRE, TANNEGUY (TANAQUILLUS FABER) (1615-1672)

Lefebvre Laboulaye, Encyclopedie technologique: Dictionnaire See also:

• DES

des arts et manufactures (Paris, 1845–1847) . Whether under the name of " dictionary " or " encyclopaedia " large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of this class of reference-work have been published . These are essentially encyclopaedic, being subject books and not word-books . The important books of this See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character are referred to in the articles dealing with the respective subjects, but the following may be mentioned here: the Jewish Encyclopedia, in 12 vols . (1901), a descriptive See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of the history, See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, literature and customs of the Jewish See also:

• PEOPLE

people from the earliest times; the Encyclopaedia of See also:

• SPORT (a contracted or shortened form of "disport," to amuse, divert oneself, O. Fr. se dis porter or deporter, to leave off work, hence to play, Lat. dis-, away, and portare, to carry; the origin of the meaning lies in the notion of turning away from ser

Sport, 2 vols . (1897–1898); See also:

• HOLTZENDORFF, JOACHIM WILHELM FRANZ PHILIPP VON (1829—1889)

Holtzendorff's Encyklopadie der Rechtswissenschaft (187o; an edition in 2 vols., 1904); the Dictionary of See also:

• POLITICAL

Political See also:

• ECONOMY

Economy, edited by R . H . See also:

• INGLIS, SIR JOHN EARDLEY WILMOT (1814-1862)
• INGLIS, SIR WILLIAM (1764-1835)

Inglis See also:

• PALGRAVE, FRANCIS TURNER (1824-1897)
• PALGRAVE, SIR FRANCIS (1788-1861)

Palgrave, 3 vols . (1894; reprinted 1901); the Encyclopaedia Biblica, edited by T . K . See also:

• CHEYNE, THOMAS KELLY (1841— )

Cheyne and J .

See also:

• SUTHERLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Sutherland See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black, 4 vols . (1899–1903); the Dictionary of the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible, edited by See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• HASTINGS
• HASTINGS, FRANCIS
• HASTINGS, FRANK ABNEY (1794-1828)
• HASTINGS, WARREN (1732-1818)

Hastings, 4 vols., with a supplementary See also:

• VOLUME

volume (1904); an interesting series is the Repertoire See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general du See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce, dealing with the See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, of which one See also:

• PART

part, the Encyclopaedia of Trade between the See also:

• UNITED

United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America and France, with a preface by M . See also:

• GABRIEL (Heb. SKns, man of God)

Gabriel See also:

• HANOTAUX, ALBERT AUGUSTE GABRIEL (1853– )

Hanotaux, appeared, in See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French and English, in 1904 . The great See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese encyclopaedias are referred to in the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article on CHINESE LITERATURE . It will be sufficient to mention here the Wen hien t'ung k'ao, compiled by Ma Twa-lin in the 14th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, the encyclopaedia ordered to be compiled by the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

Emperor Yung-loh in the 15th century, and the Ku See also:

• KIN (0. E. cyn, a word represented in nearly all Teutonic languages, cf. Du. kunne, Dan. and Swed. kon, Goth kuni, tribe; the Teutonic base is kunya; the equivalent Aryan root gan- to beget, produce, is seen in Gr. 'yEvos, Lat. genus, cf. "kind")

Kin t'u situ thi ch`eeng prepared for the Emperor K'ang-hi (d . 1721), in 5020 volumes . A copy of this enormous work, See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound in some 700 'volumes, is in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum . The most See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient encyclopaedia extant is Pliny's Natural History in 37 books (including the preface) and 2493 chapters, which may be thus described generally: book 1, preface; book 2, cosmography, astronomy and See also:

• METEOROLOGY (Gr. JerEwpa, and hb'yos, i.e. the science of things in the air)

meteorology; books 3 to 6, geography; books 7 to 11, See also:

• ZOOLOGY (from Gr. Nov, a living thing, and ?byos, theory)

zoology, including man, and the invention of the arts; books 12 to 19, See also:

• BOTANY (from Gr. l3or6v17, plant; ,66vicety, to graze)

botany; books 20 to 32, medicines, See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable and See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal remedies, medical authors and magic; books 33 to 37, metals, See also:

• FINE

fine arts, See also:

• MINERALOGY

mineralogy and See also:

• MINERAL

mineral remedies . Pliny, who died A.D . 79, was not a naturalist, a physician or an artist, and collected his work in his leisure intervals while engaged in public affairs . He says it contains 20,000 facts (too small a number by See also:

• HALF

half, says Lemaire), collected from 2000 books by too authors . See also:

• HARDOUIN, JEAN (1646-1729)

Hardouin has given a See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list Of 464 authors quoted by him .

His work was a very high authority in the middle ages, and 43 See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of it were printed before 1536 . Martianus Minneus See also:

• FELIX
• FELIX, ANTONIUS
• FELIX, LIA (1830– )

Felix See also:

• CAPELLA, MARTIANUS MINNEUS FELIX

Capella, an See also:

• AFRICAN

African, wrote (See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in the 5th cent.), in See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse and See also:

• PROSE

prose, a sort of encyclopaedia, which is important from having been regarded in the middle ages as a See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model storehouse of learning, and used in the See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, where the scholars had to learn the verses by See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart, as a See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text-book of high-class education in the arts . It is sometimes entitled Satyra, or Satyricon, but is usually known as De nuptiis Philologiae et Mercurii, though this title is sometimes confined to the first two books, a rather confused See also:

• ALLEGORY (iXXos, other, and ayopeuav, to speak)

allegory ending with the See also:

• APOTHEOSIS (Gr. aaoOeou)

apotheosis of Philologia and the celebration of her See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage in the milky way, where See also:

• APOLLO (Gr. 'A2r6XXwv,'Airkkhwv)

Apollo presents to her the seven liberal arts, who, in the succeeding seven books, describe their respective branches of knowledge, namely, grammar, dialectics (divided into See also:

• META

meta-physics and See also:

• LOGIC (Xoy1K7, sc. rixvrt, the art of reasoning)

logic), rhetoric, geometry (geography, with some single geometrical propositions), arithmetic (chiefly the properties of numbers), astronomy and music (including poetry) . The See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style is that of an African of the 5th century, full of grandiloquence, metaphors and See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange words . He seldom mentions his authorities, and sometimes quotes authors whom he does not even seem to have read . His work was frequently copied in the middle ages by ignorant transcribers, and was eight times printed from 1499 to 1599 . The best annotated edition is by See also:

• KOPP, HERMANN FRANZ MORITZ (1817-1892)

Kopp (See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort, 1836, 4to), and the most convenient and the best text is that of Eysserhardt (Lipsiae, 1866, 8vo) . Isidore, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• SEVILLE
• SEVILLE (Span. Sevilla, Lat. Ispalis or Hispalis, Moorish Ishbiliya)

Seville from 600 to 63o, wrote Etymologiarum libri XX . (often also entitled his Origines) at the See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request of his friend Braulio, bishop of See also:

• SARAGOSSA (Zaragoza)
• SARAGOSSA, COUNCILS OF (Concilia Caesarauguslana)

Saragossa, who after Isidore's See also:

• DEATH

death divided the work into books, as it was See also:

• LEFT

left unfinished, and divided only into titles . The tenth book is an See also:

• ALPHABET (see also WRITING)

alphabet of 625 Latin words, not belonging to his other subjects, with their explanations as known to him, and often with their etymologies, frequently very ,absurd . The other books contain 448 chapters, and are:—1, grammar (Latin); 2, rhetoric and dialectics; 3, the four mathematical disciplines—arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy; 4, medicine; See also:

• LAWS

laws and times (See also:

• CHRONOLOGY (Gr. xpovo?oyfa, computation of time, xp6vos)

chronology), with a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

chronicle ending in 627; 6, ecclesiastical books and offices; 7, See also:

• GOD

God, angels and the orders of the faithful; 8, the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church and sects; 9, See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages, society and relationships; If, man and portents; 12, animals, in eight classes, namely, See also:

• PECORA (plural of Lat. pecus, cattle)

pecora et jumenta, beasts, small animals (including See also:

• SPIDERS

spiders, crickets and ants), serpents, See also:

• WORMS

worms, fishes, birds and small winged creatures, chiefly See also:

• INSECTS

insects; 13, the See also:

• WORLD

world and its parts; 14, the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth and its parts, containing chapters on See also:

• ASIA

Asia, See also:

• EUROPE

Europe and See also:

• LIBYA

Libya, that is, See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa; 15, buildings, See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields and their See also:

• MEASURES

measures; 16, stones (of which one is See also:

• ECHO (Gr. I'Xw)

echo) and metals; 17, de See also:

• REBUS (Lat. rebus, " by things ")

rebus rusticis; 18, See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war and See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games; 19, See also:

• SHIPS

ships, buildings and garments; 20, provisions, domestic and rustic See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments . Isidore appears to have known See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew and See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek, and to have been See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar with the Latin classical poets, but he is a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere See also:

• COLLECTOR

collector, and his derivations given all through the work are not unfrequently absurd, and, unless when very obvious, will not See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism .

He seldom mentions his authorities except when he quotes the poets or historians . Yet his work was a great one for the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, and for many centuries was a much valued authority and a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich source of material for other works, and he had a high reputation for learning both in his own time and in subsequent ages . His Etymologies were often imitated, quoted and copied . See also:

• MSS

MSS. are very numerous:, See also:

• ANTONIO
• ANTONIO (1429—1498)
• ANTONIO, NICOLAS (1617-1684)

Antonio (whose editor, Bayer, saw nearly 40) says, " plures passimque reperiuntur in bibliothecarum angulis." This work was printed nine times before 1529 . Hrabanus Maurus, whose See also:

• FAMILY

family name was Magnentius, wa educated in the See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

abbey of See also:

• FULDA

Fulda, ordained See also:

• DEACON (Gr. S&& ovos, minister, servant)

deacon in 8o2 (" Annales Francorum " in Bouquet, Historiens de la France, v . 66), sent to the school of St See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin of See also:

• TOURS

Tours, then directed by See also:

• ALCUIN (Marmara)

Alcuin, where he seems to have learned Greek, and is said by See also:

• TRITHEMIUS, JOHANNES (1462–1516)

Trithemius to have been taught Hebrew, See also:

• SYRIAC

Syriac and See also:

• CHALDEE

Chaldee by See also:

• THEOPHILUS

Theophilus an Ephesian . In his Commentaries on See also:

• JOSHUA, BOOK OF

Joshua (lib. ii. c . 5) he speaks of having resided at See also:

• SIDON (Phoen. ins, Hebrew 1-rs, Assyr. Sidunnu, Egypt. Diduna)

Sidon . He returned to Fulda and taught the school there . He became See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot of Fulda in 822, resigned in See also:

• APRIL

April 842, was ordained See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz on the 26th of See also:

• JULY

July 847, and died on the 4th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 856 . He compiled an encyclopaedia De universo (also called in some MSS . De universali natura, De natura rerum, and De origine rerum) in 22 books and 325 chapters .

It is chiefly a rearrangement of Isidore's Etymologies, omitting the first four books, half of the fifth and the tenth (the seven liberal arts, See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, medicine and the alphabet of words), and copying the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, beginning with the seventh book, verbally, though with great omissions, and adding (according to See also:

• RITTER, HEINRICH (1791-1869)
• RITTER, KARL (1779–1859)

Ritter, Geschichte der Philosophie, vii . 193, from Alcuin, See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine or some other accessible source) the meanings given in the Bible to the subject See also:

• MATTER

matter of the See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter; while things not mentioned in Scripture, especially such as belong to classical antiquity, are omitted, so that his work seems to be formed of two alternating parts . His arrangement of beginning with God and the angels See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long prevailed in methodical encyclopaedias . His last six books follow very closely the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the last five of Isidore, from which they are taken . His omissions are characteristic of the diminished See also:

• LITERARY

literary activity and more contracted knowledge of his time . His work was presented to See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria, at See also:

• HERSFELD

Hersfeld in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 847, and was printed in 1473, fol., probably at See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice, and again at See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg by Mentelin about 1472-1475, fol., 334 pages . See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine See also:

• PSELLUS (Gr.'I' XXor)

Psellus, the younger, wrote & ao-KaXla 1rav-robairii, dedicated to the emperor Michael See also:

• DUCAS
• DUCAS (15th cent.)

Ducas, who reigned 1071-1078 . It was printed by See also:

• FABRICIUS, GAIUS LUSCINUS (i.e. " the one-eyed ")
• FABRICIUS, GEORG (1516-1571)
• FABRICIUS, HIERONYMUS
• FABRICIUS, JOHANN ALBERT (1668-1736)
• FABRICIUS, JOHANN CHRISTIAN (1745-18o8)

Fabricius in his Bibliotheca Graeca (1712), vol . V., in 186 pages 4to and 193 chapters, each containing a question and See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer . Beginning with divinity, it goes. on through natural history and astronomy, and ends with chapters on excessive See also:

• HUNGER

hunger, and why flesh hung from a fig-See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree becomes See also:

• TENDER

tender . As See also:

• COLLATION (Lat. collatio, from conferre, to bring together or compare)

collation with a See also:

• TURIN

Turin MS. showed that 35 chapters were wanting, Harles has omitted the text in his edition of Fabricius, and gives only the titles of the chapters (x . 84-88) .

The author of the most famous encyclopaedia of the middle ages was See also:

• VINCENT (or VINCENTIUS), ST
• VINCENT, GEORGE (1796-1831?)
• VINCENT, MARY ANN (1818-1887)

Vincent (q.v.) of See also:

• BEAUVAIS

Beauvais (c . 1190- c.1264), whose work Bibliotheca mundi or See also:

• SPECULUM

Speculum majus—divided, as we have it, into four parts, Speculum naturale, Speculum doctrinale, Speculum morale (this part should be ascribed to a later See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand), and Speculum historiale—was the great compendium of See also:

• MID

mid-13th century knowledge . Vincent of Beauvais preserved several works of the middle ages and gives extracts from many lost See also:

• CLASSICS

classics and valuable readings of others, and did more than any other See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval writer to awaken a See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste for classical literature . Fabricius (Bibl . Graeca, 1728, xiv. pp . 107-125) has given a list of 328 authors, Hebrew, Arabic; Greek and Latin, quoted in the Speculum naturale . To these should be added about See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo more for the doctrinale and historiale . As Vincent did not know Greek or Arabic, he used Latin See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations . This work is dealt with separately in the article on VINCENT OF BEAUVAIS . Brunetto See also:

• LATINI, BRUNETTO (c. 1210-C. 1294)

Latini of See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence (See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born 1230, died 1294), the See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of See also:

• DANTE

Dante and Guido See also:

• CAVALCANTI, GUIDO (c. 1250-1300)

Cavalcanti, while an See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile in France between 126o and 1267, wrote in French Li Livres dou Tresor, in 3 books and 413 chapters . Book i. contains the origin of the world, the history of the Bible and of the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of governments, astronomy, geography, and lastly natural history, taken from See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle, Pliny, and the old French Bestiaries . The first part of Book ii.,' on morality, is from the See also:

• ETHICS
• ETHICS, SHAFTESBURY, HOBBES

Ethics of Aristotle, which Brunetto had translated into Italian .

The second part is little more than a copy of the well-known collection of extracts from ancient and modern moralists, called the Moralities of the Philosophers, of which there are many MSS. in prose and verse . Book iii., on politics, begins with a treatise on rhetoric, chiefly from See also:

• CICERO

Cicero De inventione, with many extracts from other writers and Brunetto's remarks . The last part, the most See also:

• ORIGINAL

original and interesting of all, treats of the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of the Italian republics of the time . Like many of his contemporaries, Brunetto revised his work, so that there are two editions, the second made after his return from exile . MSS. are singularly numerous, and exist in all the dialects then used in France .. Others were written in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . It was translated into Italian in the latter part of the 13th century by Bono Giamboni, and was printed at Trevigi, 1474, fol., Venice, 1528 and 1J33 . The Tesoro of Brunetto must not be confounded with his Tesoretto, an Italian poem of 2937 short lines . See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon I. had intended to have the French text of the Tesoro printed with commentaries, and appointed a See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission for the purpose . It was at last published in the Collectiondes documents inedits (Paris, 1863, 4to, 772 pages), edited by Chabaille from 42 MSS . See also:

• BARTHOLOMEW, JOHN (1831-1893)
• BARTHOLOMEW, SAINT

Bartholomew de Glanville, an English Franciscan See also:

• FRIAR (from the Lat. (rater, through the Fr. frere)

friar, wrote about 1360 a most popular work, De proprietatibus rerum, in 19 books and 1230 chapters . Book relates to God; 2, angels; 3, the soul; 4, the substance of the See also:

• BODY

body; 5, See also:

• ANATOMY
• ANATOMY (Gr. avaroyil, from ava-silo c', to cut up)

anatomy; 6, ages; 7, diseases; 8, the heavens (astronomy and See also:

• ASTROLOGY

astrology); 9, time; to, matter and form; If, See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air; 12, birds (including insects, 38 names, See also:

• AQUILA
• AQUILA ('AxdXas), (1)
• AQUILA, CASPAR [KASPAR ADLER] (1488-1560)
• AQUILA, SERAFINO

Aquila to Vespertilio) ; 13, See also:

• WATER

water (with fishes) ; 14, the earth (42 mountains, Ararath to Ziph) ; 15, provinces (171 countries, Asia to Zeugia); 16, See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious stones (including See also:

• CORAL

coral, See also:

• PEARL
• PEARL, THE

pearl, See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt, 104 names, See also:

• ARENA (Lat. for " sand ")

Arena to Zinguttes) ; 17, trees and herbs (197, Arbor to Zucarum); 18, animals (114, See also:

• ARIES (" The Ram ")

Aries to Vipera) ; 19, See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours, scents, flavours and liquors, with a list of 36 eggs (Aspis to Vultur) .

Some editions add book 20, accidents of things, that is, numbers, measures, weights and sounds . The Paris edition of 1574 has a book on bees . There were 15 editions before 1500 . An English See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation was completed 11th February 1398 by See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Trevisa, and printed by Wynkyn de Worde, See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster, 1495 ? fol.; London, 1533, fol.; and with considerable additions by See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen Batman, a physician, London, 582, fol . It was translated into French by Jehan Corbichon at the command of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V. of France, and printed 14 times from 1482 to 1556 . A Dutch translation was printed in 1479, and again at See also:

• HAARLEM

Haarlem, 1485, fol.; and a See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish translation by Padre Vincente de See also:

• BURGOS

Burgos, Tholosa, 1494, fol . See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre Bersuire (Berchorius), a See also:

• BENEDICTINE

Benedictine, See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior of the abbey of St See also:

• ELOI [ELIGIus], SAINT (588-659)

Eloi in Paris, where he died in 1362, wrote a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of encyclopaedia, chiefly relating to divinity, in three parts:—Reductorium morale super tot am Bibliam, 428 moralitates in 34 books on the Bible from See also:

• GENESIS
• GENESIS (Gr. 'ybeo-es, becoming; the term being used in English as a synonym for origin or process of coming into being)

Genesis to See also:

• APOCALYPSE
• APOCALYPSE (Gr. aaoKaXvti/hr, disclosure)
• APOCALYPSE, KNIGHTS OF THE

Apocalypse; Reductorium morale de proprietatibus rerum, in 14 books and 958 chapters, a methodical encyclopaedia or system of nature on the See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of Bartholomew de Glanville, and chiefly taken from him(Berchorius places animals next after fishes in books 9 and ro, and adopts as natural classes volatilia, natatilia and gressibilia) ; Dictionarius, an alphabetical dictionary of 3514 words used in the Bible with moral expositions, occupying in the last edition 1558 See also:

• FOLIO (properly the ablative case of the Lat. folium, leaf, but also frequently an adaptation of the Ital. foglio)

folio pages . The first part was printed 11 times from 1474 to 1515, and the third 4 times . The three parts were printed together as Petri Berchorii See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

opera omnia (an incorrect title, for he wrote much besides), Moguntiae, 1609, fol., 3 vols., 2719 pages; Coloniae Agrippinae, 1631, fol., 3 vols.; ib . 1730-1731, fol., 6 vols., 2570 pages . A very popular small encyclopaedia, See also:

• MARGARITA

Margarita philosophica, in 12 books, divided into 26 tractates and 573 chapters, was written by Georg Reisch, a German, prior of the See also:

• CARTHUSIANS

Carthusians of See also:

• FREIBURG

Freiburg, and See also:

• CONFESSOR

confessor of the emperor See also:

• MAXIMILIAN
• MAXIMILIAN (1832—1867)

Maximilian I . Books 1-7 treat of the seven liberal arts; 8, 9, principles and origin of natural things; 1o, 11, the soul, vegetative, sensitive and intellectual; 12, moral philosophy .

The first edition, See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg, 1496, 4t0, was followed by 8 others to 1535 . An Italian translation by the astronomer Giovanno See also:

• PAOLO (GIROLAMO GASPARE)5 (1532-1600)

Paolo Gallucci was published at Venice in 1594, 1138 small See also:

• QUARTO

quarto pages, of which 343 consist of additional tracts appended by the translator . See also:

• RAPHAEL (Hebrew smm, " God heals ")

Raphael See also:

• MAFFEI, FRANCESCO SCIPIONE, MARCHESE DI (1675-1755)

Maffei, called Volaterranus, being a native of See also:

• VOLTERRA (anc. Volaterrae)

Volterra, where he was born in 1451 and died 5th See also:

• JANUARY

January 1522, wrote See also:

• COMMENTARII (Lat. = Gr. broµvijµara)

Commentarii Urbani (See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, 15o6, fol., in 38 books), so called because written at Rome . This encyclopaedia, printed eight times up to 1603, is remarkable for the great importance given to geography, and also to See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography, a subject not included in previous encyclopaedias . Indeed, the book is formed of three nearly equal parts,—geographia, 11 books; anthropologia (biography), 11 books; and philologia, 15 books . The books are not divided into short chapters in the ancient manner, like those of its predecessors . The edition of 1603 contains 814 folio pages . The first book consists of the table of contents and a classed See also:

• INDEX

index; books 2-12, geography; 13-23, lives of illustrious men, the popes occupying book 22, and the emperors book 23; 24-27, animals and See also:

• PLANTS

plants; 28, metals, gems, stones, houses and other inanimate things; 34, de scientiis cyclicis (grammar and rhetoric); 35, de scientiis mathematicis, arithmetic, geometry, optica, catoptrica, astronomy and astrology; 36-38, Aristotelica (on the works of Aristotle) . Giorgio See also:

• VALLA, LORENZO, or LAURENTIUS (c. 1406-1457)

Valla, born about 1430 at Placentia, and therefore called Placentinus, died at Venice in 1499 while lecturing on the See also:

• IMMORTALITY (Lat. in-, not, mortalis, mortal, from mors, death)

immortality of the soul . Aldus published his work, edited by his son Giovanni Pietro Valla, De expetendis et fugiendis rebus, Venetiis, 1501, fol . 2 vols . It contains 49 books and 2119 chapters .

Book 1 is See also:

• INTRODUCTORY

introductory, on knowledge, philosophy and mathematics, considered generally (he divides everything to be sought or avoided into three kinds—those which are in the mind, in the body by nature or See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit, and thirdly, See also:

• EXTERNAL

external, coming from without); books 2-4, arithmetic; 5-9, music; 10-15, geometry, including See also:

• EUCLID
• EUCLID [EucLEIDES]

Euclid and