Online Encyclopedia

form of ordaining and consecrating bishops, priests and deacons, with the exception of the services for certain days which were abrogated in 1859; from the XXXIX Articles (see See also:

CREEDS (Lat. credo, I believe), or CONFESSIONS OF FAITH

CREEDS), published with royal authority in 1571; and from the First and Second Books of Homilies of 1549 and 1562 respectively, which are declared in See also:

ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

Article See also:

XXXV

XXXV. to contain See also:

sound doctrine . Precursors.—See also:

CHRISTIANITY

Christianity reached See also:

BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain during the 3rd century, and perhaps earlier, probably from See also:

Gaul . An See also:

early Christi- tradition records the See also:

DEATH

death of a See also:

MARTYR (Gr. pimp or µaprvs)

martyr See also:

ALBAN, SAINT

Alban at anityin See also:

VERULAMIUM

Verulamium, the See also:

PRESENT

present St Albans . A fully grown See also:

ROMAN

Roman See also:

BRITISH

British Church existed in the 4th century: bishops Britain. of See also:

LONDON

London, See also:

York and See also:

Lincoln attended the council of See also:

Arles in 314; the church assented to the council of See also:

Nicaea in 325, and some of its bishops were present at the council of See also:

RIMINI

Rimini in 359 . The church held the Catholic faith . Britons made pilgrimages, to See also:

Rome and to See also:

PALESTINE

Palestine, and some joined the monks who gathered See also:

ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round St See also:

Martin, See also:

bishop of See also:

TOURS

Tours .

Among these was See also:

NINIAN, ST

Ninian, who preached to the See also:

SOUTHERN

southern Picts, and about 400 built a church of See also:

stone on Wigton See also:

Bay; its whiteness struck the people and their name for it is commemorated in the See also:

MODERN

modern name See also:

WHITHORN

Whithorn . From See also:

NORTHERN

northern Britain, St See also:

Patrick (see PATRICK, ST) went to accomplish his See also:

WORK

work as the apostle of See also:

Ireland . Early in the 5th century Britain was infected by the See also:

HERESY

heresy of See also:

Pelagius, himself a Briton by See also:

BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth, but in 429 Germanus, bishop of See also:

AUXERRE

Auxerre, and See also:

Lupus, bishop of See also:

TROYES

Troyes, recalled the church to orthodoxy and, according to tradition, led their converts to victory, the " Hallelujah victory," over the Picts and Scots . When the Britons were hard pressed by Saxon invaders large bodies of them found shelter in western See also:

ARMORICA (AREMORICA)

Armorica, in a lesser Britain, which gave its name to See also:

BRITTANY

Brittany . A British Church was founded there, and bishops, scholars and recluses of either Britain seem constantly to have visited. the other . The Saxon invasion cut off Britain from communication with Rome; and the British Church having no See also:

SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the See also:

pro- gressive See also:

LIFE

life of the Roman Church, See also:

DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences gradually arose between them . The organization of the British Church was monastic, its bishops being members, usually abbots, of monasteries, and not strictly diocesan, for the monasteries to which the See also:

clergy were attached had a tribal See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . The monastic communities were large, See also:

Bangor numbered 2000 monks . From See also:

GILDAS, or GILDUS (c. 516–J70)

Gildas, a British See also:

monk, who wrote about 550, we gather that the bishops were See also:

rich and powerful and claimed See also:

APOSTOLICAL

apostolical See also:

SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession; that though governed by synods the church lacked discipline; that See also:

SIMONY

simony was rife, and that bishops and clergy were neglectful . He evidently draws too dark a picture, for religious activity was not See also:

EXTINCT

extinct . Gildas himself and others preached in Ireland, and from them the Scots, the dominant people of Ireland, received a ritual . The organization of the Scotic Church in Ireland was similar to that of the British Church .

Its monastic settlements or See also:

SCHOOLS

schools were many and large, and were the abodes of learning . Bishops dwelt in them and were reverenced for their See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, but each was subject to the direction of the See also:

abbot and See also:

CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent . In 565 (?) St See also:

COLUMBA, SAINT (Irish, Colum)

Columba, the founder and See also:

head of several Scotic monasteries, See also:

LEFT

left Ireland and founded a monastery in See also:

Hii or See also:

IONA

Iona, which afforded See also:

GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

gospel teaching to the Scots of See also:

DALRIADA

Dalriada and the northern Picts, and later did a See also:

GREAT

great work in evangelizing many of the See also:

Teutonic conquerors of Britain . By 602 the British Church, in common with the Irish Scots; followed practices which differed from the Roman use as it then was; it kept See also:

EASTER

Easter at a different date; its clergy wore a different See also:

TONSURE (Lat. tonsura, from tondere, to shave)

tonsure, and there was some defect in its baptismal rite . The conquerors of Britain—See also:

SAXONS

Saxons, Angles and See also:

JUTES

Jutes—were heathens; the Britons gradually retreated before them to See also:

WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales, and to western and northern districts, or dwelt among them either as slaves or as outlaws hiding in swamps and forests, and they made no attempts to evangelize the conquering See also:

RACE

race . About 587 a Roman abbot, See also:

Gregory, afterwards See also:

Pope Gregory the Great, is said to have seen some English boys exposed for See also:

sale in Rome and asked of what people they were, of what See also:

KINGDOM

kingdom and who was their See also:

king . They were " See also:

ANGLI, ANGLII

Angli," he wastold, of See also:

DEIRA

Deira, the modern See also:

YORKSHIRE

Yorkshire, and their king was IElle . " Not ` Angli,' " said he; struck with the beauty of the See also:

FAIR

fair-haired boys, " but ` angeli' (angels), fleeing from wrath Founda (de ira), and'Elle's people must sing Alleluia." He See also:

Lion of the wished himself to go as a missionary to the English, English but was prevented . After he became pope he sent church . a See also:

MISSION

mission to England headed by See also:

Augustine . The way was prepared, for fEthelberht, king of See also:

Kent, had married a See also:

Christian, a Frankish princess Berhta, and allowed her to See also:

WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship the true See also:

God . She brought with her a bishop who ministered to her in St Martin's church outside See also:

Canterbury, but evidently made no effort to spread the faith .

Augustine and his See also:

BAND

band landed probably at Ebbsfleet in 597 . They were well received by IEthelberht, who was converted and baptized . On the 16th of See also:

NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November Augustine was consecrated by the See also:

ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of Arles to be the archbishop of the English, and by See also:

CHRISTMAS (i.e. the Mass of Christ)

Christmas had baptized ic,000 Kentish men . Thus the fathers of the English Church were Pope Gregory and St Augustine . Augustine restored a church of the Roman times at Canterbury to be the church of his see . The mission was reinforced from Rome; and Gregory sent directions for the See also:

RULE

rule of the See also:

INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant church . There were to be two archbishops, at London and York; London, however, was not fully Christianized for some years, and the primatial see remained at Canterbury . Augustine held two conferences with British bishops; he bade them give up their See also:

PECULIAR

peculiar usages, conform to the Roman ritual, and join him in evangelizing the English . His haughtiness is said to have offended them; they refused, and the English Church owes nothing to its British predecessor . The mission prospered, and bishops were consecrated for See also:

Rochester, and for London for the See also:

East Saxons . After Augustine and i thelberht died a See also:

SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short religious reaction took See also:

PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in Kent, and the East Saxons apostatized . In 627 See also:

Edwin, king of See also:

NORTHUMBRIA (regnum Northanhymbrorum)

Northumbria, who had married a daughter of fEthelberht, was converted and baptized with his nobles by See also:

Paulinus, who became the first bishop of York .

As Edwin's kingdom extended from the See also:

HUMBER

Humber to the Forth and included the See also:

Trent valley, while he exercised superiority over all the other English kingdoms, except Kent, his See also:

CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion promised well for the church, but he was slain and his kingdom overrun by See also:

PENDA

Penda, the See also:

HEATHEN

heathen king of See also:

MERCIA

Mercia, the central part of England . Penda's victories endangered the cause of Christianity . The Roman mission was dying out . Kent and East Anglia, which was evangelized by See also:

Felix, a Burgundian bishop sent from Canterbury, were settled in the faith . Though See also:

BERNICIA

Bernicia, the northern part of Northumbria, was little affected by the gospel, and after Edwin's death heathenism became dominant in his kingdom, Christianity did not See also:

die out in Northumbria . The East Saxons had heard the gospel, and in 634 the conversion of the See also:

West Saxons was begun by Birinus, an See also:

ITALIAN

Italian missionary . Central England and the See also:

South Saxons, however, were wholly untouched by Christianity . The work of the See also:

Romans was taken up by Scotic missionaries . See also:

Oswald, under whom the Northumbrian See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power revived, had lived as an See also:

EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile among the Scots, and asked them for a bishop to See also:

TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach his people . See also:

Aidan was sent to him by the monks of Iona in 635, and fixed his see in Lindisfarne, or See also:

HOLY

Holy See also:

ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island, where he founded a monastery . Saintly, zealous and supported by Oswald's See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, he brought Northumbria generally to accept the gospel . The conversion of the See also:

MIDDLE

Middle Angles and Mercians, and the reconversion of the East Saxons, were also achieved by Scots or by disciples of the Scotic mission .

After Aidan's death in 651 the differences between the Roman and Scotic usages, and specially that concerning the date of Easter, led to See also:

BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter feelings, were inconvenient in practice, and must have hindered the church in its warfare against heathenism . See also:

OSWIO (c. 612-670)

Oswio, who reigned over both the Northumbrian kingdoms, was, like his See also:

BROTHER

brother Oswald, a See also:

DISCIPLE

disciple of the Scots, his son and his See also:

queen, the daughter of Edwin, held to the Roman usages, and these usages were maintained by See also:

WILFRID (c. 634-709)

Wilfrid, who on his return from Rome in 658 was appointed abbot of See also:

Ripon . By Oswio's command a See also:

CONFERENCE

conference between the two parties was held at the present See also:

WHITBY

Whitby in 664 . Oswio decided in favour of the Roman usages . This was the end of the Scotic The British church . mission . The Scots left Lindisfarne, and their disciples generally adopted the Roman usages . The Scots were admirable missionaries, holy and self-devoted, and See also:

BUILDING

building partly on Roman See also:

FOUNDATIONS

foundations and elsewhere breaking new ground, they and their English disciples, as Ceadda (St See also:

Chad), bishop of the Mercians, and See also:

CUTHBERT, SAINT (d. 687)

Cuthbert, bishop of Lindisfarne, who were by no means inferior to their teachers, almost completed the conversion of the See also:

COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . But they practised an excessive See also:

ASCETICISM

asceticism and were See also:

apt to abandon their work in See also:

order to live as hermits . Great as were the benefits which the English derived from their teaching, its cessation was not altogether a loss, for the church was passing beyond the See also:

STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of mission teaching and needed organization, and that it could not have received from the Scots . Its organization like its See also:

FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation came from Rome . An archbishop-designate who was sent to Rome for See also:

CONSECRATION (Lat. consecrallo, from con and sacrare, " to make sacred ")

consecration organtza- having died there, Pope Vitalian in 668 consecrated tion on the See also:

Theodore of See also:

TARSUS (mod. Tersous)

Tarsus as archbishop of Canterbury .

The English Scots had no diocesan See also:

SYSTEM

system, and the English Church. bishoprics were vast in extent, followed the lines of the kingdoms and varied with their fortunes . The church had no system of government nor means of legislation . Theodore united it in obedience to himself, instituted national synods and sub-divided the over-large bishoprics . At his death, in 69o, the English dominions were divided into fourteen dioceses . Wilfrid, who had become bishop of Northumbria, resisted the See also:

DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of his See also:

DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese and appealed to the pope . He was imprisoned by the Northumbrian king and was exiled . While in exile he converted the South Saxons, and their conversion led to that of the Isle of See also:

WIGHT, ISLE OF

Wight, then subject to them, in 686, which completed the evangelization of the English . After See also:

long strife Wilfrid, who was supported by Rome, regained a part of his former diocese . Theodore also gave the church learning by establishing a school at Canterbury, where many gained knowledge of the Scriptures, of Latin and See also:

Greek, and other religious and secular subjects . In the See also:

north learning was promoted by See also:

Benedict Biscop in the See also:

SISTER

sister monasteries which he founded at Wearmouth and See also:

JARROW

Jarrow . There See also:

Bede (q.v.) received the learning which he imparted to others . In the See also:

YEAR

year of Bede's death, 735, one of his disciples, See also:

Ecgbert, bishop of York, became the first archbishop of York, Gregory III. giving him the See also:

GALLIUM (symbol Ga; atomic weight 69.9)

gallium, a vestment which conferred archiepiscopal authority .

He established a school or university at York, to which scholars came from the See also:

CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent . His work as a teacher was carried on by See also:

ALCUIN (Marmara)

Alcuin, who later brought learning to the See also:

court and Frankish dominions of See also:

Charlemagne . The infant church, following the example of the Irish Scots showed much missionary zeal, and English missionaries founded an organized church in Frisia and laboured on the See also:

LOWER

lower See also:

RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine; two who attempted to preach in the old Saxon land were martyred . Most famous of all, Winfrid, or St See also:

Boniface, the apostle- of See also:

Germany, preached to the See also:

FRISIANS (Lat. Frisii; in Med. Lat. Frisones, Frisiones, Fresones; in their own tongue Frsasa, FrPsen)

Frisians, Hessians and Thuringians, founded bishoprics and monasteries, became the first archbishop of See also:

MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz, and in 754 was martyred in Frisia . He had many English helpers, some became bishops, and some were ladies, as See also:

THECLA, ST

Thecla, See also:

ABBESS (Lat. abbatissa, fem. form of abbas, abbot)

abbess of See also:

KITZINGEN

Kitzingen, and Lioba, abbess of Bischofsheim . After his death, Willehad laboured in Frisia, and later, at the bidding of Charlemagne, among the Saxons, and became the first bishop of See also:

BREMEN

Bremen . See also:

Religion, learning, arts, such as transcription and See also:

ILLUMINATION

illumination, flourished in English monasteries . Yet heathen customs and beliefs lingered on among the people, and in Bede's See also:

time there were many pseudo-monasteries where men and See also:

WOMEN

women made See also:

MONASTICISM (Gr. p.ovacrnabs, living alone, µ6vos)

monasticism a cloak for idleness and See also:

VICE

vice . In the latter part of the 8th century Mercia became the predominant kingdom under See also:

Offa, and he determined to have an archbishop of his own . By his contrivance two legates from See also:

Adrian I. held a council at See also:

CHELSEA

Chelsea in 787 in which See also:

LICHFIELD

Lichfield was declared an archbishopric, and seven of the twelve See also:

SUFFRAGAN (Med. Lat. suffraganeus suffragator, one who assists, from suffragari, to vote in favour of, to support)

suffragan bishoprics of Canterbury were apportioned to it . In 802, however, See also:

Leo III. restored Canterbury to its rights and the Lichfield archbishopric was abolished . The rise of Wessex to power seems to have been aided by a See also:

GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good understanding between Ecgbert and the church, and his successors employed bishops as their ministers .

'See also:

ETHELRED

Ethelred, who was specially under ecclesiastical influence, went on a pilgrimageto Rome, and before his departure made large grants for pious uses . His donation, though hot the origin of See also:

TITHES

tithes in England, illustrates the See also:

IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of the sacredness of Later the tenth of income on which See also:

LAWS

laws enforcing the Angie- See also:

PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of tithes were founded . His See also:

PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

pilgrimage Saxon was probably undertaken in the See also:

hope of averting times. the attacks of the See also:

pagan Danes . Their invasions See also:

fell heavily on the church; priests were slaughtered and churches sacked and burnt . Learning disappeared in Northumbria, and things were little better in the south . Bishops fought and fell in See also:

BATTLE

battle, the clergy lived as laymen, the monasteries were held by married canons, heathen superstitions and immorality prevailed among the laity . Besides bringing the Danish settlers in East Anglia to profess Christianity in 878, See also:

ALFRED

Alfred set himself to improve the religious and intellectual See also:

CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of his own people (see ALFRED) . The See also:

GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual reconquest of middle and northern England by his successors was accompanied by the conversion of the Danish See also:

POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population . A revival of religion was effected by churchmen inspired by the reformed monasticism of See also:

France and See also:

FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders, by See also:

ODE (Gr. uiSri, from aei&ew, to sing)

Ode, See also:

arch-bishop of Canterbury, Oswald, archbishop of York, and See also:

DUNSTAN, SAINT (924 or 925-g88)

Dunstan (see DUNSTAN), who introduced from abroad the strict life of the hew Benedictinism . King See also:

Edgar promoted the monastic reform, and by his authority Bishop 'Ethelwold of See also:

Winchester turned canons out of the monasteries and `put monks in their place . Dunstan sought to reform the church by ecclesiastical and secular legislation, forbidding immorality among laymen, insisting on the duties of the clergy, and compelling the payment of tithes and other church dues . After Edgar's death an See also:

ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-monastic See also:

MOVEMENT

movement, chiefly in Mercia, nearly ended in See also:

CIVIL

civil See also:

war .

In this strife, which was connected with politics, the victory on the whole See also:

lay with the monks' party, and in many See also:

CATHEDRAL

cathedral churches the chapters remained monastic . The renewed See also:

ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy of the church was manifested by See also:

COUNCILS

councils, canonical legislation and books of sermons . In the homilies of Abbot See also:

IELFRIC

iElfric, written for Archbishop Sigeric, stress is laid on the purely spiritual presence of See also:

Christ in the See also:

EUCHARIST (Gr. evXapurria, thanksgiving)

Eucharist, but his words do not indicate, as some have believed, that the English Church was not in See also:

ACCORD (from Fr. accorder, to agree)

accord with Rome . The ecclesiastical revival was short-lived . Renewed Danish invasions, in the course of which Archbishop See also:

ALPHEGE [zELFHEAH], SAINT (954-1023)

Alphege was martyred in rot 2, and a decline in national character, injuriously affected the church and, though in the reign of Canute it was outwardly prosperous, spirituality and learning decreased . Bishoprics and abbacies were rewards of service to the king, the bishops were worldly-minded, See also:

PLURALITY (0. Fr. pluralitd, Late Lat. pluralitas, plural number)

plurality was frequent, and simony not unknown . See also:

EDWARD

Edward the See also:

CONFESSOR

Confessor promoted See also:

FOREIGN

foreign ecclesiastics; the connexion with Rome was strengthened, and in to62 the first legates since the days of Offa were sent to England by See also:

Alexander II . A See also:

POLITICAL

political conflict led to the banishment of See also:

Robert, the See also:

Norman archbishop of Canterbury . An Englishman See also:

STIGAND (d. 1072)

Stigand received his see, but was excommunicated at Rome, and was regarded even in England as schismatical . When See also:

William of See also:

NORMANDY

Normandy planned his invasion of England, Alexander II., by the See also:

ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice of See also:

HILDEBRAND, LAY OF (Deis Hildebrandslied)

Hildebrand, afterwards Gregory VII., moved doubtless by this See also:

SCHISM

schism and by the See also:

DESIRE

desire to bring the English Church under the influence of the Cluniac revival and into closer relation with Rome, gave the See also:

DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke a consecrated banner, and the Norman invasion had something of the character of a holy war . Before the Norman See also:

CONQUEST

Conquest the church had relapsed into deadness: English bishops were political partisans, the clergy were married, and discipline and asceticism, then the recognized condition of holiness, were extinct . The flmes .