See also:

• EOCENE (Gr. *In, dawn, icauvos, recent)

EOCENE (Gr. *In, See also:

• DAWN (the 16th-century form of the earlier " Jawing " or " dawning," from an old verb " daw," O. Eng. dagian, to become day; cf. Dutch dagen, and Ger. tagen)

dawn, icauvos, See also:

• RECENT

recent)  , in See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

geology, the name suggested by See also:

• SIR

Sir C . See also:

• LYELL, SIR CHARLES (1797-1875)

Lyell in 1833 for the See also:

• LOWER

lower subdivision of the rocks of the See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary Era . The See also:

• TERM

term was intended to convey the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea that this was the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period which saw the See also:

• DAWN (the 16th-century form of the earlier " Jawing " or " dawning," from an old verb " daw," O. Eng. dagian, to become day; cf. Dutch dagen, and Ger. tagen)

dawn of the See also:

• RECENT

recent or existing forms of See also:

• LIFE

life, because it was estimated that among the fossils of this period only 32 % of the See also:

• SPECIES

species are still living . Since Lyell's See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time much has been learned about the See also:

• FAUNA

fauna and See also:

• FLORA

flora of the period; and many palaeontologists doubt if any of the See also:

• EOCENE (Gr. *In, dawn, icauvos, recent)

Eocene species are still extant, unless it be some of the lowest forms of life . Nevertheless the name is a convenient one and is in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general use . The Eocene as originally defined was not See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• LEFT

left intact, for E . See also:

• BEYRICH, HEINRICH ERNST VON (1815—1896)

Beyrich in 1854 proposed the term " Oligocene " for the upper portion, and later, in 1874, K . Schirnper suggested " Paleocene " as a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate appellation for the lower portion . The Oligocene See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division has been generally accepted as a distinct period, but " Paleocene " is not so widely used . In See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-western See also:

• EUROPE

Europe the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the Cretaceous period was marked by an extensive emergence of the See also:

• LAND

land, accompanied, in many places, by considerable erosion of the Mesozoic rocks; a prolonged See also:

• INTERVAL

interval elapsed before a relative depression of the land set in and the first Eocene deposits were formed . The See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Eocene formations of the See also:

• LONDON

London-See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris-Belgian See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin were of fresh-See also:

• WATER

water and brackish origin; towards the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the period they had become marine, while later they reverted to the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original type . In See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern and eastern Europe changes of See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level were less pronounced in See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character; here the See also:

• LATE

late Cretaceous seas were followed without much modification by those of the Eocene period, so See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in foraminiferal life .

In many other regions, the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• GAP

gap which separates the Tertiary from the Mesozoic rocks in the neighbourhood of London and Paris does not exist, and the boundary See also:

• LINE

line is difficult to draw . Eocene strata succeed Cretaceous rocks without serious unconformity in the Libyan See also:

• AREA

area, parts of See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark, S.E . See also:

• ALPS

Alps, See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, New See also:

• ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand and central N . See also:

• AMERICA

America . The unconformity is marked in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, parts of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, on the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic coastal See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain and in the eastern gulf region of N . America, as well as in the marine Eocene of western See also:

• OREGON

Oregon . The clastic See also:

• FLYSCH

Flysch formation of the Carpathians and See also:

• NORTHERN

northern Alps appears to be of Eocene See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age in the upper and Cretaceous in the lower See also:

• PART

part . The Eocene sea covered at various times a See also:

• STRIP

strip of the Atlantic See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast from New See also:

• JERSEY
• JERSEY, EARLS OF

Jersey southward and sent a great See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue or See also:

• BAY

bay up the See also:

• MISSISSIPPI

Mississippi valley; similar epicontinental seas spread over parts of the Pacific border, but the plains of the interior with the mountains on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west were meanwhile being filled with terrestrial and lacustrine deposits which attained an enormous development . This great See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of non-marine formations in the Eocene of different countries has introduced difficulties in the way of exact correlation; it is safer, therefore, in the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of know-ledge, to make no See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to find in the Eocene strata of America and India, &c., the precise See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent of subdivisions that have been determined with more or less exactitude in the London-Paris-Belgian area . It is possible that in Eocene times there existed a greater continuity of the northern land masses than obtains to-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . Europe at that time was probably See also:

• UNITED

united with N . America through See also:

• ICELAND (Dan. Island)

Iceland and See also:

• GREENLAND (Danish, &c., Gronland)

Greenland; while on the other See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, America may have joined See also:

• ASIA

Asia by the way of See also:

• ALASKA

Alaska .

On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, the great central, mediterranean sea which stretched across the See also:

• EURASIAN

Eurasian continents sent an See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm northward somewhere just See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of the Ural mountains, and thus divided the northern land See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass in that region . S . America, See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia and perhaps See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa may have been connected more or less directly with the See also:

• ANTARCTIC
• ANTARCTIC (Gr. &vri, opposite, and apKTos, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

Antarctic See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent . Associated, no doubt, with the crustal movements which closed the Cretaceous and inaugurated the Eocene period, there were See also:

• LOCAL

local and intermittent manifestations of volcanic activity throughout the period . Diabases, gabbros, serpentines, soda-potash granites, &c., are found in the Eocene of the central and northern See also:

• APENNINES (Gr. 'A1T- vvLvos, Lat. Appenninus—in both cases used in the singular)

Apennines . Tuffs occur in the Veronese and Vicentin Alps—Ronca and Spelecco See also:

• SCHISTS (Gr. vxq'ecv, to split)

schists . Tuffs, basalts and other igneous rocks appear also in See also:

• MONTANA

Montana, See also:

• WYOMING

Wyoming, See also:

• CALIFORNIA
• CALIFORNIA, LOWER (Baja California)
• CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

California, Oregon, See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington, See also:

• IDAHO

Idaho, See also:

• COLORADO

Colorado; also') in Central America, the Antillean region and S . America . It has been very generally assumed by geologists, mainly upon the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of plant remains, that the Eocene period opened with a temperate See also:

• CLIMATE

climate in northern latitudes; later, as indicated by the London See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

Clay, See also:

• ALUM

Alum Bay and See also:

• BOURNEMOUTH

Bournemouth beds, &c., the temperature appears to have been at least subtropical . But it should be observed that the frequent admixture of temperate forms with what are now tropical species makes it difficult to speak with certainty as to the degree of warmth experienced . The occurrence of lignites in the Eocene of the Paris basin, See also:

• TIROL (or TYROL 1)

Tirol and N . America is worthy of See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration in this connexion .

On the other hand, the coarse See also:

• BOULDER
• BOULDER (short for " boulder-stone," of uncertain origin; cf. Swed. bullersten, a large stone which causes a noise of rippling water in a stream, from bullra, to make a loud noise)

boulder beds in the lower Flysch have been regarded as evidence of local glaciation; this would not be inconsistent with a period of widespread geniality of climate, as is indicated by the large See also:

• SIZE

size of the nummulites and the See also:

• DISPERSION
• DISPERSION (from Lat. dispergere, to scatter)

dispersion of the marine MolIusca, but the evidence for glaciation is not yet conclusive . Eocene Stratigraphy.—InBritain, with the exception of the Bovey beds (q.v.) and the See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf-bearing beds of See also:

• ANTRIM
• ANTRIM, RANDAL MACDONNELL, 1ST EARL OF (d. 1636)
• ANTRIM, RANDAL MACDONNELL, 1ST MARQUESS OF (1609-1683)

Antrim and See also:

• MULL

Mull, Eocene rocks are confined to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-eastern portion of England . They See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie in the two well-marked synclinal basins of London and See also:

• HAMPSHIRE (or COUNTY OF SOUTHAMPTON, abbreviated HANTS)

Hampshire which are conterminous in the western area (Hampshire, See also:

• BERKSHIRE [abbreviated Berks, pronounced Berkshire]
• BERKSHIRE, THOMAS HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF (1587–1669)

Berkshire), but are separated towards the east by the denuded anticline of the See also:

• WEALD, THE

Weald . The strata in these two basins have been grouped in the following manner: . London Basin . Hampshire Basin . Upper Upper Bagshot Sands . Headon See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill and See also:

• BARTON, BENJAMIN SMITH (1766-1815)
• BARTON, BERNARD (1784–1849)
• BARTON, CLARA (1821– )
• BARTON, ELIZABETH (c. 1506–1534)

Barton Sands . Middle Bagshot Beds and Bracklesham Beds and leaf Middle - part of Lower Bagshot beds of Bournemouth and 1 . Beds . Alum Bay . 'Part of Lower Bagshot Beds, London Clay, See also:

• BLACKHEATH

Blackheath and Old-haven Beds, See also:

• WOOLWICH

Woolwich and ReadingBeds,See also:

• THANET, ISLE OF

Thanet Sands .

The Thanet sands have not been recognized in the Hampshire basin; they are usually See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale yellow and greenish sands 'with streaks of clay and at the See also:

• BASE

base; resting on an evenly denuded See also:

• SURFACE

surface of See also:

• CHALK

chalk is a very See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant layer of See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green-coated, well-rounded chalk See also:

• FLINT
• FLINT, AUSTIN (1812-1886)
• FLINT, or FLTNTSHTRE (sir Gallestr)
• FLINT, ROBERT (1838- )
• FLINT, TIMOTHY (1780-1840)

flint pebbles . It is a marine formation, but fossils are scarce except in E . See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent, where it attains its most See also:

• COMPLETE

complete development . The Woolwich and See also:

• READING

Reading beds (see READING BEDS) contain both marine and estuarine fossils . In western Kent, between the Woolwich beds and the London Clay are the Oldhaven beds or Blackheath pebbles, 20 to 40 ft., made up almost entirely of well-rounded flint pebbles set in See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand; the fossils are marine and estuarine . The London Clay, 500 ft. thick, is a marine See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit consisting of See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue or See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown clay with sandy layers and septarian nodules; its equivalent in the Hampshire area is sometimes called the See also:

• BOGNOR

Bognor Clay, well exposed on the coast of See also:

• SUSSEX
• SUSSEX, EARLS OF
• SUSSEX, KINGDOM OF (SO Seaxe, i.e. the South Saxons)
• SUSSEX, THOMAS RADCLYFFE [or RATCLYFFE], 3RD EARL OF (c. 1525-1583)

Sussex . The Bagshot, Bracklesham and Barton beds will be found briefly described under those heads . See also:

• CROSSING

Crossing the See also:

• ENGLISH

English Channel, we find in northern See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of deposits identified in their general characters with those of England . The anticlinal See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge of the English Weald is prolonged south-eastwards on to the continent, and separates the Belgian from the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Eocene areas much as it separates the areas of London and Hampshire; and it is clear that at the time of deposition all four regions were intimately related and subject to similar See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations of marine and estuarine conditions . With a series of strata so variable from point to point it is natural that many purely local phases should have received distinctive names; in the Upper Eocene of the Paris basin the more important formations are the highly fossiliferous marine sands known as the " Sands of See also:

• BEAUCHAMP
• BEAUCHAMP, ALPHONSE DE

Beauchamp " and the local fresh-water See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone, the "Calcaire de St Ouen." The Middle Eocene is represented by the well-known Calcaire grossier," about qo ft. thick . The beds in this series vary a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• DEAL

deal lithologically, some being sandy, others marly or glauconitic; fossils are abundant . The Upper Calcaire grossier or " Caillasses " is a fresh-water formation; the middle division is marine; while the lower one is partly marine, partly of fresh-water origin .

The numerous quarries and mines for See also:

• BUILDING

building See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone in the neighbourhood of Paris have made it possible to acquire a very precise knowledge of this division, and many of the beds have received See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade names, such as " Rochette," " See also:

• ROCHE, SIR BOYLE, BART

Roche," " Banc See also:

• FRANC

franc," " Banc vert," " Cliquart," " See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint Nom;" the two last named are dolomitic . Below these limestones are the nummulitic sands of Cuise and See also:

• SOISSONS

Soissons . The Lower Eocene contains the lignitic plastic clay (argile plaslique) of Soissons and elsewhere; the limestones of Rilly and Sezanne and the greenish glauconitic sands of Bracheux . The relative position of the above formations with respect to those of Belgium and England will be seen from the table of Eocene strata . The Eocene deposits of southern Europe differ in a marked manner from those of the Anglo-Parisian basin . The most important feature is the great development of nummulitic limestone with thin marls and nummulitic sandstones . The sea in which the nummulitic limestones were formed occupied the site of an enlarged Mediterranean communicating with similar See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters right See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the See also:

• WORLD

world, for these rocks are found not only in southern Europe, including all the Alpine tracts, See also:

• GREECE

Greece and See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey and southern See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, but they are well See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed in northern Africa, Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor, See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine, and they may be followed through See also:

• PERSIA

Persia, See also:

• BALUCHISTAN

Baluchistan, India, into See also:

• CHINA

China, See also:

• TIBET, or THIBET

Tibet, See also:

• JAPAN

Japan, See also:

• SUMATRA

Sumatra, See also:

• BORNEO

Borneo and the Philippines . The nummulitic limestones are frequently hard and crystalline, especially where they have been subjected to See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation and See also:

• COMPRESSION

compression as in the Alpine region, Io,000 ft. above the sea, or from 16,000, to 20,000 ft., in the central Asian See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau . Besides being a wide-spread formation the nummulitic limestone is locally several thousand feet thick . While the foraminiferal limestones were being formed over most of southern Europe, a series of clastic beds were in course of formation in the Carpathians and the northern Alpine region, viz. the Flysch and the See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone . Some portions of this Alpine Eocene are coarsely conglomeratic, and in places there are boulders of Areas in which Middie Eocene Roche we found Non-marine Eocene deposits of N.Amerioa Eocene Rocks absent or unknown —Suggested limits oftand de See also:

• SECT

Sect about See also:

• MID

Mid . Eocene time See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

Distribution of Eocene Rocks (Mid .

Eocene, Lutetian) See also:

• STAR

star de Lapq,ent Lower London Clay and the equivalent Bognor Beds, Woolwich and Reading Beds . non-local rocks of enormous dimensions included in the argillaceous or sandy See also:

• MATRIX

matrix . The occurrence of these large boulders together with the scarceness of fossils has suggested a glacial origin for the formation; but the evidence hitherto collected is not conclusive . C . W. von See also:

• GUMBEL, KARL WILHELM VON, BARON (1823-1898)

Gumbel has classified the Eocene of the northern Alps (See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria, &c.) as follows: Upper Eocene Flysch and Vienna sandstone, with younger num- mulitic beds and Haring See also:

• GROUP

group . Middle „ Kressenberg Beds, with older nummulitic beds . Lower Burberg Beds, Greensands with small nummulites . The Haring group of northern Tirol contains See also:

• LIGNITE (Lat. lignum, wood)

lignite beds of some importance: In the southern and S.E . Alps the following divisions are recognized . Upper Eocene Macigno or Tassello—Vienna Sandstone, conglomerates, marls and shales . Middle „ Nummulitic limestones, three subdivisions . Liburnian See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage (or Proteocene), foraminiferal limestones with fresh-water intercalations at the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top and bottom, the Cosina beds, fresh-water in the middle of the series .

In the central and northern Apennines the Eocene strata have been subdivided by Prof . F . Sacco into an upper Bartonian, a middle Parisian and a lower Suessonian series . In the middle member are the representatives of the Flysch and the Macigno . These Eocene strata are upwards of 5500 ft. thick . In northern Africa the nummulitic limestones and sandstones are widely spread; the lower portions comprise the Libyan group and the shales of Esneh on the See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile (Flandrien), the Alveolina beds of See also:

• SOKOTRA (also spelt Socotra and formerly Socotora)

Sokotra and others; the Mokattam stage of Egypt is a representative of the later Eocene . Much of the N . See also:

• AFRICAN

African Eocene contains phosphatic beds . In India strata of Eocene age are extensively developed ; in See also:

• SIND

Sind the marine Ranikot beds, 1500 to 2000 ft., consisting of See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays with See also:

• GYPSUM

gypsum and lignite, shales and sandstones; these beds have, side by side with Eocene nummulites, a few fossils of Cretaceous See also:

• AFFINITIES

affinities . Above the Ranikot beds are the massive nummulitic limestones and sand-stones of the Kirthar group; these are succeeded by the nummulitic limestones and shales at the base of the Nari group . In the southern Himalayan region the nummulitic phase of Eocene deposit is well developed, but there are difficulties in fixing the line of demarcation between this and the younger formations . The lower part of the See also:

• SIRMUR, or SARMOR (also called NAHAN, after the chief town)

Sirmur series of the See also:

• SIMLA

Simla See also:

• DISTRICT

district may belong to this period ; it is subdivided into the Kasauli group and the Dagshai group with the Subathu group at the base .

Beneath the thick nummulitic Eocene limestone of the See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

Salt Range are shales and marls with a few See also:

• COAL

coal seams . The marine Eocene rocks of N . America are most extensively developed round the coast of the Gulf of See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico, whence they spread into the valley of the Mississippi and, as a comparatively narrow strip, along the Atlantic coastal plain to New Jersey . The series in See also:

• ALABAMA

Alabama, which may be taken as typical of the Gulf coast Eocene, is as follows: Upper Jacksonian, See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White limestone of Alabama (and See also:

• VICKSBURG

Vicksburg?) . Middle Claibornian Claiborne series . Buhrstone series . Lower Chickasawan Sands and lignites . Midwayan or See also:

• CLAYTON, JOHN MIDDLETON (1796–1856)

Clayton formation, limestones . The above See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession is not fully represented in the Atlantic coast states . On the Pacific coast marine formations are found in California and Oregon; such are the Tejon series with lignite and oil; the Escondido series of S . California (7000 ft.), part of the Pascadero series of the See also:

• SANTA

Santa Cruz Mountains; the See also:

• PULASKI, CASIMIR, COUNT (1748-1779)

Pulaski, Tyee, See also:

• ARAGO, DOMINIQUE FRANCOIS JEAN (1786-1853)

Arago and Coaledo beds—with coals—in Oregon . In the See also:

• PUGET, PIERRE (1622-1694)

Puget formation of Washington we have a great series of sediments, largely of brackish water origin, and in parts coal-bearing .

The See also:

• TOTAL

total thickness of this formation has been estimated at 20,000 ft . (it may prove to be less than this), but it is probable that only the lower portion is of Eocene age . The most interesting of the N . See also:

• AMERICAN

American Eocene deposits are those of the Rocky Mountains and the adjacent western plains, in Wyoming, See also:

• NEVADA
• NEVADA (a Spanish word meaning " snow-clad " or " snowy land," originally applied to a snow-capped mountain range on the Pacific slope)

Nevada, See also:

• NEBRASKA

Nebraska, Colorado, &c.; they are of terrestrial, lacustrine or aeolian origin, and on this See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account and because they were not strictly synchronous, there is considerable difficulty in placing them in their true position in the time-See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main divisions or See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups are generally recognized as follows: Mammalian Zonal Forms . Diplacodon . l Telmatotherium . Middle 2 Bridger Group, 2000 ft . ( ? = Clai- bornian) . . . . Uintatherium .

a See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

Wind See also:

• RIVER

River Group, 800 ft . Bathyopsis . Lower " Wasatch Group, 2000 ft . ( ? = Chicka- sawan) Coryphodon . Basal i 5 Torrejon Group, 300 ft . Pantolambda . Puerco Group, 500 to 1000 ft . . Polymastodon . ' South of the Uinta Mts. in See also:

• UTAH

Utah . 2 Fort Bridger Basin . 2 Wind river in Wyoming .

" Wasatch Mts. in Utah . Torrejon in New Mexico . 6 Puerco river New Mexico.663 The Fort See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union beds of See also:

• CANADA

Canada and parts of Montana and N . Dakota are probably the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest Eocene strata of the Western Interior; they are some 2000 ft. thick and possibly are equivalent to the Midwayan group . But in these beds, as in those known as Arapahoe, See also:

• LIVINGSTON, EDWARD (1764–1836)
• LIVINGSTON, ROBERT R
• LIVINGSTON, WILLIAM (1723-1790)

Livingston, See also:

• DENVER

Denver, See also:

• OHIO

Ohio and See also:

• RUBY (Lat. rubeus, red)

Ruby, which are now often classed as belonging to the upper See also:

• LARAMIE

Laramie formation, it is safer to regard them as a transitional series between the Mesozoic and Tertiary systems . There is, however, a marked unconformity between the Eocene Telluride or See also:

• SAN

San See also:

• MIGUEL, MARIA EVARIST (1802–1866)

Miguel and See also:

• POISON

Poison See also:

• CANYON (Anglicized form of Span. canon, a tube, pipe or cannon; the Spanish form being also frequently written)

Canyon formations of Colorado and the underlying Laramie rocks . Many local aspects of Eocene rocks have received See also:

• SPECIAL

special names, but too little is known about them to enable them to be correctly placed in the Eocene series . Such are the Clarno formation (late Eocene) of the See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Day basin, Oregon, the Pinyon See also:

• CONGLOMERATE (from the Lat. conglomerare, to form into a ball, glomus, glomeris; so also the general term " conglomeration " for a miscellaneous collection of things, gathered together in a mass)

conglomerate of Yellowstone See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

Park, the See also:

• SPHINX (Gr. Q¢lyyea', to draw tight, squeeze)

Sphinx conglomerate of Montana, the Whitetail conglomerate of See also:

• ARIZONA (from the Spanish-Indian Arizonac, of unknown meaning,—possibly " few springs,"-the name of an 18th-century mining camp in the Santa Cruz valley, just S. of the present border of Arizona)

Arizona, the Manti shales of Utah, the Mojave formation of S . California and the Amyzon formation of Nevada . Of the Eocene of other countries little is known in detail . Strata of this age occur in Central and S . America (See also:

• PATAGONIA

Patagonia-Megellanian series—See also:

• BRAZIL
• BRAZIL, or BRASIL

Brazil, See also:

• CHILE, or CHILI (derived, it is said, from the Quichua chin , cold, or tchili, snow)

Chile, See also:

• ARGENTINA

Argentina), in S .

Australia (and in the Great Australian See also:

• BIGHT (O. Eng. bight, bend; cf. Ger. Bucht, a bay, and beugen, to bend)

Bight), New Zealand, in See also:

• SEYMOUR
• SEYMOUR, HORATIO (1810-1886)
• SEYMOUR, or ST MAUR
• SEYMOUR, THOMAS

Seymour See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island near See also:

• GRAHAM, SIR GERALD (1831–1899)
• GRAHAM, SIR JAMES ROBERT GEORGE
• GRAHAM, SYLVESTER (1794-1851)
• GRAHAM, THOMAS (1805-1869)

Graham Land in the Antarctic Regions, Japan, See also:

• JAVA

Java, Borneo, New See also:

• GUINEA

Guinea, See also:

• MOLUCCAS, or SPICE ISLANDS

Moluccas, Philippines, New See also:

• CALEDONIA

Caledonia, also in Greenland, See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

Bear Island, Spitzbergen and See also:

• SIBERIA

Siberia . Organic Life of the Eocene Period.—As it has been observed above, the name Eocene was given to this period on the ground that in its fauna only a small percentage of living species were present; this estimation was founded upon the assemblage of invertebrate remains in which, from the commencement of this period until the present day, there has been comparatively little See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change . The real biological See also:

• INTEREST

interest of the period centres around the higher vertebrate types . In the marine See also:

• MOLLUSCA

mollusca the most noteworthy change is the entire See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of ammonoids, the group which throughout the Mesozoic era had taken so prominent a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, but disappeared completely with the close of the Cretaceous . Nautiloids were more abundant than they are at present, but as a whole the Cephalopods took a more subordinate part than they had done in previous periods . On the other hand, Gasteropods and Pelecypods found in the numerous shallow seas a very suitable environment and flourished exceedingly, and their shells are often preserved in a state of great perfection and in enormous See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers . Of the Gasteropod genera Cerithium with its estuarine and lagoonal forms Potamides, Potamidopsis, &c., is very characteristic; Rostellaria, Voluta, Fusus, Pleurotoma, Conus, Typhis, may also be cited . Cardium, Venericardia, Crassatella, Corbulomya, Cytherea, See also:

• LUCINA

Lucina, Anomia, Ostrea are a few of the many Pelecypod genera . Echinoderms were represented by abundant sea-urchins, Echinolampas, Linthia, Conoclypeus, &c . See also:

• CORALS (KoRAis), ADAMANTIOS [in French, DIAMANT CORAY] (1748–1833)

Corals flourished on the numerous reefs and approximated to See also:

• MODERN

modern forms (Trochosmilia, Dendrophyllia) . But by far the most abundant marine organisms were the See also:

• FORAMINIFERA

foraminifera which flourished in the warm seas in countless myriads . Foremost among these are the Nummulites, which by their extraordinary numerical development and great size, as well as by their wide distribution, demand special recognition .

Many other genera of almost equal importance as See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock builders, lived at the same time: Orthophragma, Operculina, Assilina, Orbitolites, Miliola, Alveolina . Crus' acea were fairly abundant (Xanthopsis, See also:

• PORTUNUS, or PORTUMNUS

Portunus), and most of the Orders and many families of modern See also:

• INSECTS

insects were represented . When we turn to the higher forms of life, the See also:

• REPTILES (Lat. Reptilia, creeping things, from reptilis; ref ere, to creep; Gr. Ep7rety, whence the term " herpetology," for the science dealing with them)

reptiles and mammals, we find a remarkable contrast between the fauna of the Eocene and those periods which preceded and succeeded it . The great group of Saurian reptiles, whose members had held dominion on land and sea during most of the Mesozoic time, had completely disappeared by the beginning of the Eocene; in their place placental mammals made their See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance and rapidly became the dominant group . Among the early Eocene mammals no trace can be found of the numerous and clearly-marked orders with which we are See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar to-day; instead we find obscurely differentiated forms, which cannot be fitted without violence into any of the modern orders . The early placental mammals were generalized types (with certain non'-placental characters) with potentialities for rapid divergence and development in the direction of the more specialized modern orders . Thus, the See also:

• CREODONTA

Creodonta foreshadowed the See also:

• CARNIVORA

Carnivora, the Lower Upper 1 Uinta Group, 800 ft . ( ? = Jacksonian) . Stages . Paris Basin . England .

Belgian Basin . Mediterranean Flysch North America . regions and Phase . Great Central sea . Bartonien.' Limestone of Saint-Ouen . Barton beds . Uinta Group and Sands of Mortefontaine . Sands of Lede . Jacksonian . Sands of Beauchamp . Upper Bagshot sands . Sands of Auvers .

a a o - , Bracklesham and See also:

• BOURNE (southern form of burn, Teutonic born, bran, burna)
• BOURNE, or BOURN
• BOURNE, VINCENT (1695-1747)

Bourne- Laekenien . Lutetien . Calcaire grossier. mouth beds . Bruxellien . a Bridger Group and Lower Bagshot sands . Paniselien . Claibornian . Ypresien . Nummulitic sands of Alum Bay leaf beds . Sands of See also:

• MONS (Flemish Bergen)

Mons en d a Wind River Group . Wasatch Group Soissons and Sands of Pevele. o c and Cuise and Aizy . See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders Clay. a a: a a a c E N a' London Clay .

m m Oldhaven beds . Upper Landenien a El' a [ Plastic Clay and lignite sands . El ~ Chickasawan . V a beds . Woolwich and Reading beds . o .b.c u7 Sands of Ostri- a a° , Limestones of Rilly and Thanet sands. See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court . E a. o Torrejon Group Sezanne . a ~- a and Z d Sands of Rill y and Bra- Landenien See also:

• TUFF (Ital. tufo)

tuff- a . Midwayan . cheux . eau . a F Marls of Gelinden .

Puerco Group . Condylarthra presaged the herbivorous groups; but before the close of this period, so favourable were the conditions of life to a rapid See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution of types, that most of the great orders had been clearly defined, though none of the Eocene genera are still extant . Among the early carnivores were Arctocyon,Palaeonictis, Amblyclonus, Hyaenodon, Cynodon, Provivera, Patriofelis . The See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive See also:

• DOG

dog-like forms did not appear until late in the period, in Europe; and true See also:

• CATS, JACOB (1577-1660)

cats did not arrive until later, though they were represented by Eusmilus in the Upper Eocene of France . The primitive ungulates (Condylarths) were generalized forms with five effective toes, exemplified in See also:

• PHENACODUS

Phenacodus . The See also:

• GROSS

gross See also:

• AMBLYPODA

Amblypoda, with five-toed stumpy feet (Coryphodon), were prominent in the early Eocene; particularly striking forms were the Dinoceratidae, Dinoceras, with three pairs of horns or protuberances on its massive See also:

• SKULL

skull and a pair of huge canine See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth projecting downwards; Tinoceras, Ulntatherium, Loxophodon, &c.; these elephantine creatures, whose remains are so abundant in the Eocene deposits of western America, died out before the close of the period . The divergence of the hcofed mammals into the two prominent divisions, the See also:

• ODD (in middle English odde, from old Norwegian oddi, an angle of a triangle; the old Norwegian oddamann is used of the third man who gives a casting vote in a dispute)

odd-toed and even-toed, began in this period, but the former did not get beyond the three-toed stage . The least differentiated of the odd-toed group were the Lophiodonts: tapirs were foreshadowed by Systemodon and similar forms (See also:

• PALAEOTHERIUM (i.e. ancient animal)

Palaeotherium, Paloplotherium); the See also:

• PECCARY

peccary-like Hyracotherium was a forerunner of the See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse, Hyrochinus was a primitive See also:

• RHINOCEROS

rhinoceros . The evolution of the horse through such forms as Hyracotherium, Pachynolophus, Eohippus, &c., appears to have proceeded along parallel lines in Eurasia and America, but the true horse did not arrive until later . Ancestral See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer were represented by Dichobune, Amphitragulus and others, while many small hog-like forms existed (Diplopus, Eohyus, Hyopotamus, Homacodon) . The primitive stock of the See also:

• CAMEL (from the Arabic Djemal or the Heb. Gamal)

camel group developed in N . America in late Eocene time and sent branches into S .

America and Eurasia . The edentates were very generalized forms at this period (Gan- ' Bartonien from Barton, England . Lutetien „ Lutetia = Paris . Ypresien „ See also:

• YPRES (Flemish Yperen)

Ypres, Flanders . Landenien „ See also:

• LANDEN
• LANDEN, JOHN (1719–1790)

Landen, Belgium . Thanetien „ The Isle of Thanet . Sparnacien „ Sparnacum = See also:

• EPERNAY

Epernay . Laekenien „ Laeken, Belgium . Bruxellien ., See also:

• BRUSSELS (Fr. Bruxelles, Flem. Brussel)

Brussels . Panisehen Mont Panieel, near Mons . Other names that have been applied to subdivisions of the Eocene not included in the table are Parisien and Suessonien (Soissons) ; Ludien (Ludes in the Paris basin) and Priabonien (Priabona in the Vicentine Alps) ; Heersien (Heer near See also:

• MAASTRICHT, or MAESTRICI3T

Maastricht) and Wemmelien :Wemmel, Belgium); very many more might be mentioned,odonta); the rodents (See also:

• TILLODONTIA

Tillodontia) attained a large size for members of this group, e.g . Tillotherium .

The Insectivores had Eocene forerunners, and the Lemuroids—probable ancestors of the apes—were forms of great interest, Anaptomorphus; Microsyops, Heterohyus, Microchaerus, Coenopithecus; even the Cetaceans were well represented by Zeuglodon and others . The non-placental mammals although abundant were taking a secondary place; Didelphys, the primitive See also:

• OPOSSUM
• OPOSSUM, AUSTRALIAN
• OPOSSUM, RINGTAILED
• OPOSSUM, TASMANIAN (grey and black)

opossum, is See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note-worthy on account of its wide See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical range . Among the birds, the large flightless forms, Eupterornis, Gastornis, were prominent, and many others were present, such as the ancestral forms of our modern gulls, albatrosses, herons, buzzards, eagles, owls, quails, plovers . Reptiles were poorly represented, with the exception of crocodilians, tortoises, turtles and some large See also:

• SNAKES

snakes . The flora of the Eocene period, although full of interest, does not convey the impression of newness that is afforded by the fauna of the period . The See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason for this difference is this: the newer flora had been introduced and had developed to a considerable extent in the Cretaceous period, and there is no See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp break between the flora of the earlier and that of the later period; in both we find a mixed assemblage—what we should now regard as tropical palms, growing side by side with mild-temperate trees . Early Eocene See also:

• PLANTS

plants in N . Europe, oaks, willows, chestnuts (Castanea), laurels, indicate a more temperate climate than existed in Middle Eocene when in the Isle of See also:

• WIGHT, ISLE OF

Wight, Hampshire and the adjacent portions of the continent, palms, See also:

• FIGS

figs, See also:

• CINNAMON

cinnamon flourished along with the See also:

• CACTUS

cactus, See also:

• MAGNOLIA

magnolia, See also:

• SEQUOIA

sequoia, See also:

• CYPRESS (Cupressus)

cypress and ferns . The late Eocene flora of Europe was very similar to its descendant in modern See also:

• AUSTRALASIA

Australasia . See A. de See also:

• LAPPARENT, ALBERT AUGUSTE COCHON DE (1839–19o8)

Lapparent, Traite de geologie, vol. iii . (5th ed., 1906), which contains a good general account of the period, with numerous references to original papers . Also R .

B . See also:

• NEWTON
• NEWTON, ALFRED (1829–1907)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1725-1807)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1823-1895)
• NEWTON, SIR CHARLES THOMAS (1816-1894)
• NEWTON, SIR ISAAC (1642-1727)

Newton, Systematic, See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

List of the See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. fr