See also:

• EPAMINONDAS (c. 418-362)

EPAMINONDAS (c. 418-362)  , Theban See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general and statesman, See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born about 418 B.C. of a See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble but impoverished See also:

• FAMILY

family . For his See also:

• EDUCATION

education he was chiefly indebted to Lysis of See also:

• TARENTUM
• TARENTUM (Gr. rapas)

Tarentum, a See also:

• PYTHAGOREAN

Pythagorean See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile who had found See also:

• REFUGE

refuge with his See also:

• FATHER

father Polymnis . He first comes into See also:

• NOTICE

notice in the attack upon See also:

• MANTINEIA, or MANTINEA

Mantineia in 385, when he fought on the Spartan See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side and saved the See also:

• LIFE

life of his future colleague See also:

• PELOPIDAS (d. 364 B.C.)

Pelopidas . In his youth See also:

• EPAMINONDAS (c. 418-362)

Epaminondas took little See also:

• PART

part in public affairs; he held aloof from the See also:

• POLITICAL

political assassinations which preceded the Theban insurrection of 379 . But in the following See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns against See also:

• SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

Sparta he rendered See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good service in organizing the Theban See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence . In 371 he represented See also:

• THEBES (anciently &Oat, Thebae, or in poetry sometimes Oif3a, in modern Greek Phiva, or, according to the corrected pronunciation, Thivae)
• THEBES (e 3a1)
• THEBES, ROMANCE OF

Thebes at the See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

congress in Sparta, and by his refusal to surrender the Boeotian cities under Theban See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control prevented the conclusion of a general See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace . In the ensuing See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign he commanded the Boeotian See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army which met the Peloponnesian See also:

• LEVY (Fr. levee, from lever, Lat. levare, to lift, raise)
• LEVY, AMY (1861–1889)
• LEVY, AUGUSTE MICHEL (1844– )

levy at See also:

• LEUCTRA

Leuctra, and by a brilliant victory on this site, due mainly to his daring innovations in the See also:

• TACTICS (Gr. TaeTOc*, sc. TEXvnI, from TavQecv, to arrange in order of battle)

tactics of the heavy See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry, established at once the predominance of Thebes among the See also:

• LAND

land-See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of See also:

• GREECE

Greece and his own fame as the greatest and most See also:

• ORIGINAL

original of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek generals . At the instigation of the Peloponnesian states which armed .against Sparta in consequence of this See also:

• BATTLE

battle, Epaminondas in 370 led a large See also:

• HOST

host into See also:

• LACONIA
• LACONIA (Gr. AaKWVLK1])

Laconia; though unable to See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture Sparta he ravaged its territory and dealt a lasting See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow at Sparta's predominance in See also:

• PELOPONNESUS (" Island of Pelops ")

Peloponnesus by liberating the Messenians and rebuilding their See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital at See also:

• MESSENE

Messene . Accused on his return to Thebes of having exceeded the See also:

• TERM

term of his command, he made good his defence and was re-elected boeotarch . In 369 he forced the See also:

• ISTHMUS (Gr.io0pbs, neck)

Isthmus lines and secured See also:

• SICYON, or SECYON (the latter being the older form used by the natives)

Sicyon for Thebes, but gained no considerable successes . In the following See also:

• YEAR

year he served as a See also:

• COMMON

common soldier in See also:

• THESSALY

Thessaly, and upon being reinstated in command contrived the safe See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat of the Theban army from a difficult position . Returning to Thessaly next year at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of an army he procured the liberation of Pelopidas from the See also:

• TYRANT (Gr. r6pavvos, master, ruler)

tyrant See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander of Pherae without striking a blow .

In his third expedition (366) to Peloponnesus, Epaminondas again eluded the Isthmus See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison and won over the See also:

• ACHAEANS ('AXaioi, Lat. Achivi)

Achaeans to the Theban See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance . Turning his See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the growing maritime See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens, Epaminondas next equipped a See also:

• FLEET

fleet of too triremes, and during a cruise to the Propontis detached several states from the Athenian confederacy . When subsequent complications threatened the position of Thebes in Peloponnesus he again mustered a large army in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to crush the newly formed Spartan See also:

• LEAGUE

league (362) . After some masterly operations between Sparta and Mantineia, by which he nearly captured both these towns, he engaged in a decisive battle on the latter site, and by his vigorous See also:

• SHOCK, or COLLAPSE

shock tactics gained a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete victory over his opponents (see MANTINETA) . Epaminondas himself received a severe See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound during the combat, and died soon after the issue was decided . His See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title to fame rests mainly on his brilliant qualities both as a strategist and as a tactician; his See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence on military See also:

• ART

art in Greece was of the greatest . For the purity and uprightness of his See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character he likewise stood in high repute; his culture and eloquence equalled the highest See also:

• ATTIC (i.e. "in the Attic style ")

Attic See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard . In politics his See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief achievement was the final overthrow of Sparta's predominance in the Peloponnese; as a constructive statesman he displayed no See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• TALENT (Lat. talentum, adaptation of Gr. TaXavrov, balance, ! Recollections of a First Visit to the Alps (1841); Vacation Rambles weight, from root raX-, to lift, as in rXi vac, to bear, 1-aXas, and Thoughts, comprising recollections of three Continental

talent, and the lofty See also:

• PAN (" pasturer ")
• PAN (common in various forms to many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Pfanne; it is generally taken to be an early adaptation in a shortened form of Lat. patina, shallow bowl or dish, from patere, to lie open)

pan-Hellenic ambitions which are imputed to him at any See also:

• RATE

rate never found a See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical expression . See also:

• CORNELIUS
• CORNELIUS, CARL AUGUST PETER (1824-1874)
• CORNELIUS, PETER VON (1784–1867)

Cornelius See also:

• NEPOS, CORNELIUS (c. 99–24 B.C.)
• NEPOS, JULIUS

Nepos, Vita Epaminondae; Diodorus xv . 52-88; See also:

• XENOPHON

Xenophon, Hellenica, vii . ; L . Pomtow, Das Leben See also:

• DES

des Epaminondas (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1870) ; von See also:

• STEIN, CHARLOTTE VON (1742-1827)
• STEIN, HEINRICH FRIEDRICH KARL, BARON VOM

Stein, Geschichte der spartanischen and thebanischen Hegemonie (Dorpat, 1884), pp .

123 sqq . ; H . Swoboda in Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopeidie, v. pt . 2 (See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 1905), pp . 2674-2707; also ARMY: See also:

• HISTORY

History, § 6 . (M . O . B .