See also:

• EPHEBI (Gr. i ri, and On, i.e. " those who have reached puberty ")

EPHEBI (Gr. i ri, and On, i.e. " those who have reached See also:

• PUBERTY (Lat. pubertas, from pubes, puber, mature, adult)

puberty ")  , a name specially given, in See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens and other See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek towns, to a class of See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young men from eighteen to twenty years of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, who formed a sort of See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college under See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control . On the completion of his seventeenth See also:

• YEAR

year the Athenian youth attained his See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority, and, provided he belonged to the first three See also:

• PROPERTY

property classes and passed the See also:

• SCRUTINY (Fr. scrutin, Late Lat. scrulinium, from scrutari, to search or examine thoroughly)

scrutiny (boarpavia) as to age, civic descent and See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical capability, was enrolled on the See also:

• REGISTER

register of his deme (X, apxucov ypaµµareiov) . He thereby at once became liable to the military training and duties, which, at least in the earliest times, were the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• OBJECT

object of the Ephebia . In the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle the names of the enrolled See also:

• EPHEBI (Gr. i ri, and On, i.e. " those who have reached puberty ")

ephebi were engraved on a See also:

• BRONZE

bronze See also:

• PILLAR (0. Fr. piler, Mod. pilier, Late Lat. pilare, from pila, column)

pillar (formerly on wooden tablets) in front of the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council-chamber . After See also:

• ADMISSION

admission to the college, the ephebus took the See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath of See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance, recorded in See also:

• POLLUX, JULIUS
• POLLUX, or POLLUCITE

Pollux and See also:

• STOBAEUS, JOANNES

Stobaeus (but not in Aristotle), in the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of Aglaurus, and was sent to Munychia or Acte to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form one of the See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison . At the end of the first year of training, the ephebi were reviewed, and, if their performance was satisfactory, were provided by the state with a See also:

• SPEAR (O. Eng. spere, O. H. Ger. sper, mod. Ger. speer, &c., cf. Lat. sparrs; probably related to " spar, " a beam)

spear and a See also:

• SHIELD (0. Eng. scild, cf. Du. and Ger. Schild, Dan. Skjold; the origin is doubtful, but may be referred to the root seen in " shell " or " scale "; another suggestion connects it with Icel. skjalla, to clash, rattle; it is not connected with the Indo-Ger
• SHIELD, WILLIAM (1748—1829)

shield, which, together with the chlamys (cloak) and petasus (broad-brimmed See also:

• HAT

hat), made up their equipment . In their second year they were transferred to other garrisons in See also:

• ATTICA

Attica, patrolled the frontiers, and on occasion took an active See also:

• PART

part in See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . During these two years they were See also:

• FREE

free from See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation, and were not allowed (except in certain cases) to appear in the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law courts as plaintiffs or defendants . The ephebi took part in some of the most important Athenian festivals . Thus during the Eleusinia they were told off to fetch the sacred See also:

• OBJECTS

objects from See also:

• ELEUSIS

Eleusis and to escort the See also:

• IMAGE (Lat. imago, perhaps from the same root as imitari, copy, imitate)

image of Iacchus on the sacred way . They also performed See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty at the meetings of the See also:

• ECCLESIA (Gr. EKKX ria, from Lc, out, and Ka)teiv, to call)

ecclesia . After the end of the 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C. the institution underwent a See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

radical See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change .

Enrolment ceased to be obligatory, lasted only for a year, and the limit of age was dispensed with . See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

Inscriptions attest a continually decreasing number of ephebi, and with the admission of foreigners the college lost its representative See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . This was mainly due to the weakening of the military spirit and the progress of intellectual culture . The military See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element was no longer all-important, and the ephebia became a sort of university for well-to-do young men of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• FAMILY

family, whose social position has been compared with that of the Athenian "knights " of earlier times . The institution lasted till the end of the 3rd century A.D . It is probable that the ephebia was in existence in the 5th century B.C., and controlled by the See also:

• AREOPAGUS ("Apews Ilayos)

Areopagus and See also:

• STRATEGUS (oTparfyos)

strategus as its moral and military supervisors . In the 4th century their See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place was taken by ten sophronistae (one for each tribe), who, as the name implies, took See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the morals of those under them, their military training being in the hands of experts, of whom the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief were the hoplomachus, the acontistes, the toxotes and the aphetes (instructors respectively in the use of arms, See also:

• JAVELIN

javelin-throwing, See also:

• ARCHERY

archery and the use of See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery engines) . Later, the sophronistae were superseded by a single See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official called cosmeles, elected for a year by the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, who appointed the instructors . When the ephebia instead of a military college became a university, the military instructors were replaced by philosophers, rhetoricians, grammarians and artists . In See also:

• ROMAN

Roman imperial times several new officials were introduced, one of special importance being the director of the Diogeneion, where youths under age were trained for the ephebia . At this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period the college of ephebi was a See also:

• MINIATURE

miniature See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city; its members called themselves citizens," and it possessed an See also:

• ARCHON (apywv, ruler)

archon, strategus, See also:

• HERALD (O. Fr. heraut, herault; the origin is uncertain, but O.H.G. heren, to call, or hariwald, leader of an army, have been proposed; the Gr. equivalent is Kddpvi : Lat. praeco, caduceator, fetialis)

herald and other officials, after the See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model of See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Athens . There is an extensive class of inscriptions, ranging from the 3rd century B.c. to the 3rd century A.D., containing decrees See also:

• RELATING

relating to the ephebi, their See also:

• OFFICERS

officers and instructors, and lists of the same, and a whole See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter (42) of the Aristotelian Constitution of Athens is devoted to the subject .

The most important See also:

• TREATISES

treatises on the subject are: W . Dittenberger, De ephebis Atticis (See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen, 1863) ; A . See also:

• DUMONT
• DUMONT, ANDRE HUBERT (1809-1857)
• DUMONT, FRANCOIS (1751-1831)
• DUMONT, JEAN (d. 1726)
• DUMONT, PIERRE ETIENNE LOUIS (1759-1829)

Dumont, Essai sur l'iphibie attique (1875–1876) ; . L . Grasberger, Erziehung and Unterricht See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im klassichen Altertum, iii . (See also:

• WURZBURG

Wurzburg, 1881); J . P . See also:

• MAHAFFY, JOHN PENTLAND (1839- )

Mahaffy, Old Greek See also:

• EDUCATION

Education (1881); P . See also:

• GIRARD, JEAN BAPTISTE [known as " Le Pere Girard " or" Le Pere Gregoire "] (1765-185o)
• GIRARD, PHILIPPE HENRI DE (1775-1845)
• GIRARD, STEPHEN (1750-1831)

Girard, L'Education athenienne an Ve et IV, siecle avant J.-C . (2nd ed., 1891), and See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article in Daremberg and Saglio's Dictionnaire See also:

• DES

des antiquitis which contains further See also:

• BIBLIOGRAPHICAL

bibliographical references; G . See also:

• GILBERT
• GILBERT (KINGSMILL) ISLANDS
• GILBERT (or GYLBERDE), WILLIAM (1544-1603)
• GILBERT, ALFRED (1854– )
• GILBERT, ANN (1821-1904)
• GILBERT, GROVE KARL (1843– )
• GILBERT, J
• GILBERT, JOHN (1810-1889)
• GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA [" LOLA MONTEZ "] (1818-1861)
• GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT (1751–1780)
• GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY (c. 1539-1583)
• GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY (1817-1901)
• GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836– )

Gilbert, The Constitutional Antiquities of Athens (Eng. tr., 1895); G . Busolt, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die griechischen Staats- and Rechtsaltertumer (1892) ; T .

Thalheim and J . Ohler in Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopadie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, v. pt . 2 (1905) ; W . W . Capes, University See also:

• LIFE

Life in Ancient Athens (1877) .