See also:

• EPHOR (Gr. i4opos)

EPHOR (Gr. i4opos)  , the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of the highest magistrates of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Spartan See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . It is uncertain when the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office was created and what was its See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . That it owed its institution to See also:

• LYCURGUS
• LYCURGUS (c. 396–325 B.C.)
• LYCURGUS (Gr. AvKofpyor)

Lycurgus (See also:

• HEROD
• HEROD (surnamed THE GREAT)

Herod. i . 65; cf . Xen . Respub . Lacedaem. viii . 3) is very improbable, and, we may either regard it as an immemorial Dorian institution (with C . O . See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller, H . See also:

• GABRIEL (Heb. SKns, man of God)

Gabriel, H . K .

See also:

• STEIN, CHARLOTTE VON (1742-1827)
• STEIN, HEINRICH FRIEDRICH KARL, BARON VOM

Stein, Ed . See also:

• MEYER, CHRISTIAN ERICH HERMANN VON (18or-1869)
• MEYER, HEINRICH AUGUST WILHELM (1800-1873)
• MEYER, JULIUS LOTHAR (183o-1895)
• MEYER, KONRAD FERDINAND (1825-1898)
• MEYER, VICTOR (1848-1897)
• MEYER, [MARIE] PAUL HYACINTHE (184o- )

Meyer and others), or accept the tradition that it was founded during the first Messenian See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, which necessitated a prolonged See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence from See also:

• SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

Sparta on the See also:

• PART

part of both See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings (See also:

• PLATO

Plato, See also:

• LAWS

Laws, iii . 692 A; See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle, Politics, v . 9. r =p . 1313 a 26; Plut . Cleomenes, io; so G . Dum; G . See also:

• GILBERT
• GILBERT (KINGSMILL) ISLANDS
• GILBERT (or GYLBERDE), WILLIAM (1544-1603)
• GILBERT, ALFRED (1854– )
• GILBERT, ANN (1821-1904)
• GILBERT, GROVE KARL (1843– )
• GILBERT, J
• GILBERT, JOHN (1810-1889)
• GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA [" LOLA MONTEZ "] (1818-1861)
• GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT (1751–1780)
• GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY (c. 1539-1583)
• GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY (1817-1901)
• GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836– )

Gilbert, A . H . J . Greenidge) . There is no See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence for the theory that originally the ephors were See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market inspectors; they seem rather to have had from the outset judicial or See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police functions .

Gradually they extended their See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, aided by the See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy between the royal houses, which made it almost impossible for the two kings to co-operate heartily, and from the 5th to the 3rd See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century they exercised a growing despotism which Plato justly calls a tyrannis (Laws, 692) . Cleomenes III. restored the royal See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power by murdering four of the ephors and abolishing the office, and though it was revived by Antigonus Doson after the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Sellasia, and existed at least down to See also:

• HADRIAN (PUBLICS AELIUS HADRIANUS)

Hadrian's reign (Sparta Museum See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

Catalogue, Introd. p. ro), it never regained its former power . In See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical times the ephors were five in number, the first of them giving his name to the See also:

• YEAR

year, like the See also:

• EPONYMOUS

eponymous See also:

• ARCHON (apywv, ruler)

archon at See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens . Where opinions were divided the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority prevailed . The ephors were elected annually, originally no doubt by the kings, later by the See also:

• PEOPLE

people; their See also:

• TERM

term of office began with the new See also:

• MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. µlip, Sans. ma's, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word i
• MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1ST BARONET (1814-1899)

moon after the autumnal See also:

• EQUINOX (from the Lat. aequus, equal, and nox, night)

equinox, and they had an See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence (E4opeZov) in the See also:

• AGORA

Agora . Every full See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen was eligible and no See also:

• PROPERTY

property qualification was required . The ephors summoned and presided over meetings of the See also:

• GEROUSIA (Gr. yepovo'ia, Doric yepwta)

Gerousia and See also:

• APELLA

Apella, and formed the executive See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee responsible for carrying out decrees . In their dealings with the kings they represented the supremacy of the people . There was a monthly See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange of oaths, the kings See also:

• SWEARING (O. Eng. swerian, to swear, originally to speak aloud, cf. andswerian, to answer, Ger. schworen, Dan. svaerge, &c., all from root sorer-, to make a sound, cf. " swarm," properly the buzzing of bees, Lat. susurrus)

swearing to See also:

• RULE

rule according, to the laws, the ephors undertaking on this See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition to maintain the royal authority (Xen . See also:

• RESP

Resp . Laced . 15 .

7) . They alone might remain seated in a See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king's presence, and had power to try and even to imprison a king, who must appear before them at the third See also:

• SUMMONS (Fr. semonce, from semonner or semondre, Lat. summonere, summonitio)

summons . Two of them accompanied the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army in the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field, not interfering with the king's conduct of the See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign, but prepared, if need be, to bring him to trial on his return . The ephors, again, exercised a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general guardianship of See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law and See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom and superintended the training of the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young . They shared the criminal See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction of the Gerousia and decided See also:

• CIVIL

civil suits . The See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation, the See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of See also:

• BOOTY (apparently influenced by " boot," O. Eng. bot, ad-vantage or profit, through an adaptation from an earlier form cognate with Ger. Beute and Fr. butin)

booty, and the regulation of the See also:

• CALENDAR

calendar also devolved upon them . They could actually put See also:

• PERIOECI (IrEpi00KOI, those who dwell around, in the neighbourhood)

perioeci to See also:

• DEATH

death without trial, if we may believe Isocrates (xii . 181), and were responsible for protecting the state against the See also:

• HELOTS (Gr. eYAwres or eiXiorat)

helots, against whom they formally declared war on entering office, so as to be able to kill any whom they regarded as dangerous without violating religious scruples . Finally; the ephors were supreme in questions of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign policy . They enforced, when necessary, the See also:

• ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

alien acts (%evllXavia), negotiated with foreign ambassadors, instructed generals, sent out expeditions and were the guiding See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits of the Spartan confederacy . See the constitutional histories of G . Gilbert (Eng. trans.), pp .

16, 52-59; G . Busolt, p . 84 if., V . Thumser, p . 241 IT., G . F . See also:

• SCHOMANN, GEORG FRIEDRICH (1793—1879)

Schomann (Eng. trans.), p . 236 if., A . H . J . Greenidge, p . 102 ff.; Szanto's See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article " Ephoroi " in Pauly-Wissowa, Realencyclopadie, v .

286o ff . ; Ed . Meyer, Forschungen zur See also:

• ALTEN, SIR CHARLES [Karl] (1764–1840)

alten Geschichte, i . 244 ff.; C . 0 . Muller, See also:

• DORIANS

Dorians, bk. iii. ch. vii . ; G . See also:

• GROTE, GEORGE (1794–1871)

Grote, See also:

• HISTORY

History of See also:

• GREECE

Greece, pt. ii. ch. vi.; G . Busolt, Griechische Geschichte, i.' 555 ff.; B . Niese, Historische Zeitschrift, Ixii . 58 if . Of the many monographs dealing with this subject the following are specially useful: G .

Dum, Entstehung and Entwicklung See also:

• DES

des spartan . Ephorats (See also:

• INNSBRUCK

Innsbruck, 1878) ; H . K . Stein, Das Spartan . Ephorat bis auf Cheilon (See also:

• PADERBORN (Lat. Paderae Fontes, i.e. the springs of the Pader)

Paderborn, 1870) ; K . Kuchtner, Entstehung and urspriingliche Bedeutung des spartan . Ephorats (See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich, 1897); C . Frick, De ephoris Spartanis (See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen, 1872) ; A . Schaefer, De ephoris Lacedaemoniis (Greifswald, 1863) ; E. von Stern, Zur Entstehung and ursprunglichen Bedeutung des Ephorats in Sparta (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1894) . (M . N .