See also:

• EPICTETUS (born c. A.D. 6o)

EPICTETUS (See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born c. A.D. 6o)  , See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek philosopher, was probably a native of See also:

• HIERAPOLIS

Hierapolis in See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• PHRYGIA

Phrygia . The name See also:

• EPICTETUS (born c. A.D. 6o)

Epictetus is merely the Greek for " acquired " (from rLer&vOa1); his See also:

• ORIGINAL

original name is not known . As a boy he was a slave in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of Epaphroditus, a freedman and courtier of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• NERO (37-68)

Nero . He managed, however, to attend the lectures of the Stoic Musonius See also:

• RUFUS, GAIUS VALGIUS
• RUFUS, LUCIUS VARIUS (c 74—14 B.c.)

Rufus, and subsequently became a freedman . He was lame and of weakly See also:

• HEALTH

health . In 90 he was expelled with the other philosophers by See also:

• DOMITIAN (Thus FLAVIUS DOMITIANUS)

Domitian, who was irritated by the support and encouragement which the opposition to his tyranny found amongst the adherents of Stoicism . For the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of his See also:

• LIFE

life he settled at See also:

• NICOPOLIS, or ACTIA NICOPOLIS

Nicopolis, in See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• EPIRUS, or EPEIRUS

Epirus, not far from the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• ACTIUM (mod. Punta)

Actium . There for several years he lived, and taught by See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close See also:

• EARNEST (probably a corruption of the obsolete arles or erles, adapted from Lat. equivalent arrha, due to a confusion with the adjective " earnest," serious, O. Eng. eornust, cognate with Ger. ernst)

earnest See also:

• PERSONAL

personal address and conversation . According to some authorities he lived into the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of See also:

• HADRIAN (PUBLICS AELIUS HADRIANUS)

Hadrian; he himself mentions the coinage of the emperor See also:

• TRAJAN [MARCUS ULPIUS TRAJANUS] (A. D. 53-117)

Trajan . His contemporaries and the next See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation held his See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and teaching in high See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour . According to See also:

• LUCIAN (d. 312)
• LUCIAN [Aowaavos] (c. A.D. 120-180)

Lucian, the earthenware See also:

• LAMP (from Gr. Xag ras, a torch, Xaµaav, to shine)

lamp which had belonged to the See also:

• SAGE, RUSSELL (1816-1906)

sage was bought by an antiquarian for 3000 drachmas . He was never married .

He wrote nothing; but much of his teaching was taken down with affectionate care by his See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil Flavius Arrianus, the historian of See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander the See also:

• GREAT

Great, and is preserved in two See also:

• TREATISES

treatises, of the larger of which, called the Discourses of Epictetus ('ETrucrirrou Atm. py3ai), four books are still extant . The other See also:

• TREATISE

treatise is a shorter and more popular See also:

• WORK

work, the Encheiridion (" See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

Hand-See also:

• BOOK

book ") . It contains in an aphoristic See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main doctrines of the longer work . . The See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy of Epictetus is intensely See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical, and exhibits a high idealistic type of morality . He is an earnest, sometimes stern and sometimes pathetic, preacher of righteousness, who despises the See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere See also:

• GRACES, THE, (Gr. X&panes, Lat. Gratiae)

graces of See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style and the subtleties of an abstruse See also:

• LOGIC (Xoy1K7, sc. rixvrt, the art of reasoning)

logic . He has no See also:

• PATIENCE

patience with mere antiquarian study of the Stoical writers . The problem of how life is to be carried out well is the one question which throws all other inquiries into the shade . True See also:

• EDUCATION

education lies in learning to wish things to be as they actually are; it lies in learning to distinguish what is our own from what does not belong to us . But there is only one thing which is fully our own,—that is, our will or purpose . See also:

• GOD

God, acting as a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king and a true See also:

• FATHER

father, has given us a will which cannot be restrained, compelled or thwarted . Nothing See also:

• EXTERNAL

external, neither See also:

• DEATH

death nor See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile nor See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain nor any such thing, can ever force us to See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act against our will; if we are conquered, it is because we have willed to be conquered . And thus, although we are not responsible for the ideas that See also:

• PRESENT

present themselves to our consciousness, we are absolutely and without any modification responsible for the way in which we use them .

Nothing is ours besides our will . The divine See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law .which bids us keep fast what is our own forbids us to make any claim to what is not ours; and while enjoining us to make use of whatever is given to us, it bids us not See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long after what has not been given . " Two See also:

• MAXIMS, LEGAL

maxims," he says, " we must ever See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear in mind—that apart from the will there is nothing either good or See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad, and that we must not try to anticipate or See also:

• DIRECT

direct events, but merely accept them with intelligence." We must, in See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short, resign ourselves to whatever See also:

• FATE

fate and See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune bring to us, believing, as the first See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article of our creed, that there is a god, whose thought directs the universe, and that not merely in our acts, but even in our thoughts and plans, we cannot See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape his See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye . In the See also:

• WORLD

world the true position of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man is that of member of a great See also:

• SYSTEM

system, which comprehends God and men . Each human being is in the first instance a See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen of his own nation or See also:

• COMMONWEALTH

commonwealth; but he is also a member of the great See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of gods and men, whereof the city See also:

• POLITICAL

political is only a copy in See also:

• MINIATURE

miniature . All men are the sons of God, and kindred in nature with the divinity . For man, though a member in the system of the world, has also within him a principle which can See also:

• GUIDE (in Mid. Eng. gyde, from the Fr. guide; the earlier French form was guie, English " guy," the d was due to the Italian form guida; the ultimate origin is probably Teutonic, the word being connected with the base seen in O. Eng. witan, to know)

guide and understand the See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement of all the members; he can enter into the method of divine See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration, and thus can learn—and it is the See also:

• ACME (Gr. 6.Kµii, point)

acme of his learning—the will of God, which is the will of nature . Man, said the Stoic, is a rational See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal; and in virtue of that rationality he is neither less nor worse than the gods, for the magnitude of See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason is estimated not by length nor by height but by its judgments . Each man has within him a See also:

• GUARDIAN

guardian spirit, a god within him, who never sleeps; so that even in darkness and solitude we are never alone, because God is within, our guardian spirit . The See also:

• BODY

body which accompanies us is not strictly speaking ours; it is a poor dead thing, which belongs to the things outside us . But by reason we are the masters of those ideas and appearances which present themselves from without; we can combine them, and systematize, and can set up in ourselves an See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of ideas corresponding with the order of nature . The natural See also:

• INSTINCT

instinct of animated life, to which man also is originally subject, is self-preservation and self-See also:

• INTEREST

interest .

But men are so ordered and constituted that the individual cannot secure his own interests unless he contribute to the See also:

• COMMON

common welfare . We are See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound up by the law of nature with the whole fabric of the,world . The aim of the philosopher therefore is to reach the position of a mind which embraces the whole world in its view,—to grow into the mind of God and to make the will of nature our own . Such a sage agrees in his thought with God; he no longer blames either God or man; he fails of nothing which he purposes and falls in with no misfortune unprepared; he indulges in neither anger nor envy nor See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy; he is leaving manhood for godhead, and in his dead body his thoughts are concerned about his fellowship with God . The See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical See also:

• MODELS

models to which Epictetus reverts are See also:

• DIOGENES

Diogenes and See also:

• SOCRATES

Socrates . But he frequently describes an ideal character of a missionary sage, the perfect Stoic—or, as he calls him, the <'vnic . This missionary has neither See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country nor See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home nor landnor slave; his See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed is the ground; he is without wife or See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child; his only See also:

• MANSION (through O. Fr. mansion, mod. maison, from Lat. mansio, dwelling-place, stage on a journey; manere, to remain)

mansion is the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth and See also:

• SKY (M. Eng. skie, cloud; O. Eng. skua, shade; connected with an Indo-European root sku, cover, whence " scum," Lat. obscurus, dark, &c.)

sky and a shabby cloak . He must suffer stripes, and must love those who See also:

• BEAT (a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages; it is connected with the similar Romanic words derived from the Late Lat. battere)

beat him as if he were a father or a See also:

• BROTHER

brother . He must be perfectly unembarrassed in the service of God, not See also:

• HOUND

hound by the common ties of life, nor entangled by relationships, which if he transgresses he will lose the character of a man of honour, while if he upholds them he will cease to be the messenger, watchman and See also:

• HERALD (O. Fr. heraut, herault; the origin is uncertain, but O.H.G. heren, to call, or hariwald, leader of an army, have been proposed; the Gr. equivalent is Kddpvi : Lat. praeco, caduceator, fetialis)

herald of the gods . The perfect man thus described will not be angry with the wrong-doer; he will only pity his erring brother; for anger in such a See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case would only betray that he too thought the wrong-doer gained a substantial blessing by his wrongful act, instead of being, as he is, utterly ruined . The best See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of the See also:

• WORKS

works of Epictetus are by J . See also:

• SCHWEIGHAUSER, JOHANN (1742–1830)

Schweighauser (6 vols., See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1799–1800) and H .

Schenk ! (Leipzig, 1894, 1898) . See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations by See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth See also:

• CARTER, ELIZABETH (1717-1806)

Carter (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1758) ; G . Long (London, 1848, ed . 1877, 1892, 1897) ; T . W . See also:

• HIGGINSON, THOMAS WENTWORTH (1823—1911)

Higginson (See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston, 1865, new ed . 189o) ; of the Encheiridion alone by H . See also:

• TALBOT (FAMILY)
• TALBOT, MARY ANNE (1778-1808)
• TALBOT, WILLIAM HENRY FOX (1800–1877)

Talbot (London, 1881); T . W . H . Rolleston (London, 1881) .

See A . Bonhoffer, Epiktet and See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die See also:

• STOA

Stoa (See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 1890) and Die Ethik See also:

• DES

des Stoikers Epiktet (1894); E . M . Schranka, Der Stoiker Epiktet and See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

seine Philosophie (See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort, 1885) ; T . Zahn, Der Stoiker Epiktet and sein Verhdltnis zum Christentum (2nd ed . See also:

• ERLANGEN

Erlangen, 1895) . See also See also:

• STOICS

STOICS and works quoted . (W .