See also:

• EPILEPSY (Gr. &L, upon, and kaµ)3avew, to seize), or FALLING

EPILEPSY (Gr. &L, upon, and kaµ)3avew, to seize), or FALLING  SICKNESS; a See also:

• TERM

term applied generally to a See also:

• NERVOUS

nervous disorder, characterized by a See also:

• FIT

fit of sudden loss of consciousness, attended with See also:

• CONVULSIONS

convulsions . There may, however, exist manifestations of See also:

• EPILEPSY (Gr. &L, upon, and kaµ)3avew, to seize), or FALLING

epilepsy much less marked than this, yet equally characteristic of the disease; while, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, it is to be See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne in mind that many other attacks of a convulsive nature have the term " epileptic " or " epileptiform " applied to them . Epilepsy was well known in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient times, and was regarded as a See also:

• SPECIAL

special infliction of the gods, hence the names morbus sacer, morbus divus . It was also termed morbus Herculeus, from See also:

• HERCULES
• HERCULES (0. Lat. Hercoles, Hercles)

Hercules having been supposed to have been epileptic, and morbus comitialis, from the circumstance that when any member of the See also:

• FORUM (Lat. from foris, " out of doors ")

forum was seized with an epileptic fit the See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly was broken up . Morbus caducus, morbus lunaticus astralis, morbus demoniacus; morbus See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major, were all terms employed to designate epilepsy . There are three well-marked varieties of the epileptic seizure; to these the terms le See also:

• GRAND

grand mal, le See also:

• PETIT, SIR DINSHAW MANECKJI, BART

petit mal and Jacksonian epilepsy are usually applied . Any of these may exist alone, but the two former may be found to exist in the same individual . The first of these, if not the more See also:

• COMMON

common, is at least that which attracts the most See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention, being what is generally known as an epileptic fit . Although in most instances such an attack comes on suddenly, it is in many cases preceded by certain premonitory indications or warnings, which may be See also:

• PRESENT

present for a greater or less See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time previously . These are of very varied See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, and may be in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of some temporary See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in the disposition, such as unusual depression or See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits, or of some alteration in the look . Besides these See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general symptoms, there are frequently See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar sensations which immediately precede the onset of the fit, and to such the name of See also:

• AURA (from the Gr. for " breath " or " breeze ")

aura epileptica is applied . In its strict sense this term refers to a feeling of a breath of See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air blowing upon some See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• BODY

body, and passing upwards towards the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head .

This sensation, however, is not a common one, and the term has now come to be applied to any peculiar feeling which the patient experiences as a precursor of the attack . The so-called aura may be of See also:

• MENTAL

mental character, in the form of an agonizing feeling of momentary duration; of sensorial character, in the form of See also:

• PAIN (from Lat. poena, Gr. robin, penalty, that which must be paid: O. Fr. peine)
• PAIN, BARRY (1867– )

pain in a See also:

• LIMB

limb or in some See also:

• INTERNAL

internal See also:

• ORGAN

organ, such as the See also:

• STOMACH (Gr. vrbsaxos from arbga, a mouth)

stomach, or morbid feeling connected with the special senses; or, further, of motorial character, in the form of contractions or trembling in some of the muscles . When such sensations affect a limb, the employment of See also:

• FIRM

firm See also:

• COMPRESSION

compression by the hand or by a ligature occasionally succeeds in warding off an attack . The aura may be so distinct and of such duration as to enable the patient to See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie down, or seek a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of safety before the fit comes on . The seizure is usually preceded by a loud scream or cry, which is not to be ascribed, as was at one time supposed, to terror or pain, but is due to the convulsive See also:

• ACTION

action of the muscles of the larynx, and the See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion of a See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column of air through the narrowed glottis . If the patient is See also:

• STANDING

standing he immediately falls, and often sustains serious injury . Unconsciousness is See also:

• COMPLETE

complete, and the muscles generally are in a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of stiffness or tonic contraction, which will usually be found to affect those of one See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the body in particular . The head is turned by a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of jerks towards one or other See also:

• SHOULDER (in O.E. sculder, cognate with Ger. Schulter, Dutch schouder, Swed. skuldra, &c; the root is unknown)

shoulder, the breathing is for the moment arrested, the countenance first See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale then livid, the pupils dilated and the See also:

• PULSE

pulse rapid . This, the first See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of the fit, generally lasts for about See also:

• HALF

half a See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute, and is followed by the state of clonic (i.e. tumultuous) spasm of the muscles, in which the whole body is thrown into violent agitation, occasionally so See also:

• GREAT

great that bones may be fractured or dislocated . The eyes See also:

• ROLL (O. Fr. rolle, roulle, mod. role, Lat. rotulus, dim. of rota, wheel)
• ROLL, ALFRED PHILIPPE (1846– )

roll wildly, the See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth are gnashed together, and the See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue and cheeks are often severely bitten . The breathing is noisy and laborious, and foam (often tinged with See also:

• BLOOD

blood) issues from the mouth, while the contents of the bowels and See also:

• BLADDER (from A.S. blaeddre, connected with bl¢wan, to blow, cf. Ger. blase)

bladder are ejected . The aspect of the patient in this See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition is shocking to See also:

• WITNESS
• WITNESS (from O. Eng. witan, to know)

witness, and the sight has been known to induce a similar attack in an onlooker .

This stage lasts for a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period varying from a few seconds to several minutes, when the convulsive movements gradually subside, and relaxation of the muscles takes place, together with partial return of consciousness, the patient looking confusedly about him and attempting to speak . This, however, is soon followed by drowsiness and stupor, which may continue for several See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours, when he awakes either apparently quite recovered or fatigued and depressed, and occasionally in a state of excitement which sometimes assumes the form of See also:

• MANIA

mania . Epileptic fits of this sort succeed each other with varying degrees of frequency, and occasionally, though not frequently, with See also:

• REGULAR

regular periodicity . In some persons they only occur once in a lifetime, or once in the course of many years, while in others they return every See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week or two, or even are of daily occurrence, and occasionally there are numerous attacks each See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . According to See also:

• SIR

Sir J . R . See also:

• REYNOLDS, JOHN FULTON (182o-1863)
• REYNOLDS, SIR JOSHUA (1723-1792)
• REYNOLDS, WALTER (d. 1327)

Reynolds, there are four times as many epileptics who have their attacks more frequently than once a See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month as there are of those whose attacks recur at longer intervals . When the fit returns it is not uncommon for one seizure to be followed by another within a few hours or days . Occasionally there occurs a See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of attacks extending over many hours, and with such rapidity that the patient appears as if he had never come out of the one fit . The term status epilepticus is applied to this condition, which is sometimes followed with fatal results . In many epileptics the fits occur during the See also:

• NIGHT

night as well as during the day, but in some instances they are entirely nocturnal, and it is well known that in such cases the disease may See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long exist and yet remain unrecognized either by the patient or the physician . The second manifestation of epilepsy, to which the names epilepsia mitior or le petit mal are given, differs from that above described in the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of the convulsive spasms .

It is also termed by some authors epileptic vertigo (giddiness), and consists essentially in the sudden See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest of volition and consciousness, which is of but See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short duration, and may be accompanied with staggering or some alteration in position or See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion, or may simply exhibit itself in a look of absence or confusion. and should the patient happen to be engaged in conversation, by an abrupttermination of the See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act . In general it lasts but a few seconds, and the individual resumes his occupation without perhaps being aware of anything having been the See also:

• MATTER

matter . In some instances there is a degree of spasmodic action in certain muscles which may cause the patient to make some unexpected See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement, such as turning half See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round, or walking abruptly aside, or may show itself by some unusual expression of countenance, such as squinting or grinning . There may be some amount of aura preceding such attacks, and also of faintness following them . The petit mal most commonly co-exists with the grand mal, but has no necessary connexion with it, as each may exist alone . According to Armand Trousseau, the petit mal in general precedes the manifestation of the grand mal, but sometimes the See also:

• REVERSE

reverse is the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case . The third manifestation—Jacksonian epilepsy or partial ' epilepsy—is distinguished by the fact that consciousness is retained or lost See also:

• LATE

late . The patient is conscious throughout, and is able to See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch the See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march of the spasm . The attacks are usually the result of lesions in the motor See also:

• AREA

area of the See also:

• BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain, such being caused, in many instances, by depression of the vault of the See also:

• SKULL

skull, due to trauma . Epilepsy appears to exert no necessarily injurious effect upon the general See also:

• HEALTH

health, and even where it exists in an aggravated form is quite consistent with a high degree of bodily vigour . It is very different, however, with regard to its See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence upon the mind; and the question of the relation of epilepsy to See also:

• INSANITY (from Lat. in, not, and sanus, sound)

insanity is one of great and increasing importance . Allusion has already been made to the occasional occurrence of maniacal excitement as one of the results of the epileptic seizure .

Such attacks, to which the name of furor epilepticus is applied, are generally accompanied with violent acts on the part of the patient, rendering him dangerous, and demanding prompt See also:

• MEASURES

measures of See also:

• RESTRAINT (from " to restrain," Lat. restringere, to hold back, prevent)

restraint . These attacks are by no means limited to the more severe form of epilepsy, but appear to be even more frequently associated with the milder form—the epileptic vertigo—where they either replace altogether or immediately follow the short period of absence characteristic of this form of the disease . Numerous cases are on See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of persons known to be epileptic being suddenly seized, either after or without apparent spasmodic attack, with some sudden impulse, in which they have used dangerous violence to those beside them, irrespective altogether of malevolent intention, as appears from their retaining no recollection what-ever, after the short period of excitement, of anything that had occurred; and there is See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to believe that crimes of heinous character, for which the perpetrators have suffered See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment, have been committed in a state of mind such as that now described . The subject is obviously one of the greatest medico-legal See also:

• INTEREST

interest and importance in regard to the question of criminal responsibility . Apart, however, from such marked and comparatively rare instances• of what is termed epileptic insanity, the general mental condition of the epileptic is in a large proportion of cases unfavourably affected by the disease . There are doubtless examples (and their number according to See also:

• STATISTICS

statistics is estimated at less than one-third) where, even among those suffering from frequent and severe attacks, no departure from the normal condition of mental integrity can be recognized . But in general there exists some peculiarity, exhibiting itself either in the form of defective memory, or diminishing intelligence, or what is perhaps as frequent, in irregularities of See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper, the patient being irritable or perverse and See also:

• ECCENTRIC (from Gr. F,c, out of, and Kivrpov, centre)

eccentric . In not a few cases there is a steady mental decline, which ends in dementia or See also:

• IDIOCY (from Gr. iblwrrls, in its secondary meaning of a deprived person)

idiocy . It is stated by some high authorities that epileptic See also:

• WOMEN

women suffer in regard to their mental condition more than men . It also appears to be the case that the later in See also:

• LIFE

life the disease shows itself the more likely is the mind to suffer . Neither the frequency nor the severity of the seizures seem to have any necessary influence in the matter; and the general See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion appears to be that the milder form of the disease is that with which mental failure is more See also:

• APT

apt to be associated . (For a See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration of the conditions of the nervous See also:

• SYSTEM

system which result in epilepsy, see the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article See also:

• NEUROPATHOLOGY

NEUROPATHOLOGY.) The influence of hereditary predisposition in epilepsy is very marked .

It is necessary, however, to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear in mind the point so forcibly insisted on by Trousseau in relation to epilepsy,' that hereditary transmission may be either See also:

• DIRECT

direct or indirect, that is to say, that what is epilepsy in one See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation may be some other form of neurosis in the next, and conversely, nervous diseases being remarkable for their tendency to transformation in their descent in families . Where epilepsy is hereditary, it generally manifests itself at an unusually See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early period of life . A singular fact, which also bears to some .extent upon the See also:

• PATHOLOGY (from Gr. raBos, suffering)

pathology of this disease, was brought to See also:

• LIGHT

light by Dr See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

Brown Sequard in his experiments, namely, that the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young of animals which had been artifically rendered epileptic were liable to similar seizures . In connexion with the hereditary transmission of epilepsy it must be observed that all authorities concur in the opinion that this disease is one among the baneful effects that often follow marriages of See also:

• CONSANGUINITY, or KINDRED

consanguinity . Further, there is reason to believe that intemperance, apart altogether from its direct effect in favouring the occurrence of epilepsy, has an evil influence in the hereditary transmission of this as of other nervous diseases . A want of symmetry in the formation of the skull and defective cerebral development are not infrequently observed-where epilepsy is hereditarily transmitted . See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

Age is of importance in reference to the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of epilepsy . The disease may come on at any period of life, but it appears from the statistics of Reynolds and others, that it most frequently first manifests itself between the ages of ten and twenty years, the period of second dentition and See also:

• PUBERTY (Lat. pubertas, from pubes, puber, mature, adult)

puberty, and again at or about the age of See also:

• FORTY

forty . Among other causes which are influential in the development of epilepsy may be mentioned sudden fright, prolonged mental anxiety, over-See also:

• WORK

work and debauchery . Epileptic fits also occur in connexion with a depraved stage of the general health, and with irritations in distant See also:

• ORGANS

organs, as seen in the fits occurring in dentition, in See also:

• KIDNEY

kidney disease, and as a result of See also:

• WORMS

worms in the intestines . The symptoms traceable to these causes are some-times termed sympathetic or eccentric epilepsy; these are but rarely epileptic in the strictest sense of the word, but rather epileptiform . Epilepsy is occasionally feigned for the purpose of See also:

• EXTORTION (Lat. extorsio, from extorquere, to twist out, to take away by force)

extortion, but an experienced medical practitioner will rarely be deceived; and when it is stated that although many of the phenomena of an attack, particularly the convulsive movements, can be readily simulated, yet that the condition of the pupils, which are dilated during the fit, cannot be feigned, and that the impostor seldom bites his tongue or injures himself, deception is not likely to succeed even with non-medical persons of intelligence .

The medical treatment of epilepsy can only be briefly alluded to here . During the fit little can be done beyond preventing as far as possible the patient from injuring himself while unconsciousness continues . Tight clothing should be loosened, and a See also:

• CORK
• CORK (perhaps through Sp. corcha from Lat. cortex, bark, but possibly connected with quercus, oak)
• CORK, RICHARD BOYLE

cork or See also:

• PAD

pad inserted between the teeth . When the fit is of long continuance, the dashing of See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold See also:

• WATER

water on the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face and See also:

• CHEST (Gr. Kiarl, Lat. cista, O. Eng. cist, test, &c.)

chest, or the inhalation of See also:

• CHLOROFORM (trichlor-methane), CHC13

chloroform, or of nitrite of amyl, may be useful; in general, however, the fit terminates independently of any such measures . When the fit is over the patient should be allowed to See also:

• SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep, and have the head and shoulders well raised . In the intervals of the attack, the general health of the patient is one of the most important points to be attended to . The strictest hygienic and dietetic rules should be observed, and all such causes as have been referred to as favouring the development of the disease should, as far as possible, be avoided . In the case of See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, parents must be made to realize that epilepsy is a chronic disease, and that therefore the seizures must not be allowed to interfere unnecessarily with the See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child's training . The patient must be treated as such only during the attack; between times, though being carefully watched, must be made to follow a child's normal pursuits, and no distinction must be made from other children . The same applies to adults: it is far better for them to have some definite occupation, preferably one that keeps them in the open air . If such patients become irritable, then they should be placed under supervision . As regardsthose who 'cannot be looked after at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, colonies on a selfsupporting-basis have been tried, and where the supervision has been intelligent the success has been proved, a fairly high level of health and happiness being attained .

The various bromides are the only medical drugs that have produced any beneficial results . They require to be given in large doses which are carefully regulated for every individual patient, as the quantities required vary enormously . Children take far larger doses in proportion than adults . They are best given in a very diluted form, and after meals, to diminish the chances of gastric disturbance . See also:

• BELLADONNA (from the Ital. belle donna, " beautiful lady," the berries having been used as a cosmetic)

Belladonna seems also to have some influence on the disease, and forms a useful addition; See also:

• ARSENIC (symbol As, atomic weight 75.0)

arsenic should also be prescribed at times, both as a tonic, and for the See also:

• SAKE

sake of the improvement it effects in those patients who develop a tendency to See also:

• ACNE

acne, which is one of the troublesome results of bromism . The See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of the bromides should be maintained until three years after the cessation of the fits . The occurrence of gastric pain, palpitations and loss of the See also:

• PALATE (Lat. palatum, possibly from the root of pascere, to feed)

palate reflex are indications to stop, or to decrease the quantity of the See also:

• DRUG
• DRUG (from Fr. drogue, a word common in Romance languages, cf. Span. and Ital. droga; the origin of the word is obscure, but may possibly be connected with Dutch droog, dry)

drug . In very severe cases See also:

• OPIUM (Gr. amov, dim. from Orbs, juice)

opium may be required . Surgical treatment for epilepsy is yet in its See also:

• INFANCY

infancy, and it is too early to See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge of its results . This does not apply, however, to cases of Jacksonian epilepsy, where a very large number have been operated on with marked benefit . Here the See also:

• LESION (through Fr. from Lat. laesio, injury, laedere, to hurt)

lesion of the brain is, in a very large percentage of the patients, caused by pressure from outside, from the presence of a See also:

• TUMOUR (Lat. tumor, a swelling)

tumour or a depressed fracture ; the removal of the one, or the elevation of the other is the obvious See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure, and it is usually followed by the complete disappearance of the seizures .