See also:

• EQUITES (" horsemen " or " knights," from eques," horse ")

EQUITES (" horsemen " or " knights," from eques," See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse ")  , in See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• HISTORY

history, originally a See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, but subsequently a distinct See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, which under the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire resumed its military See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . According to the traditional See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account, See also:

• ROMULUS

Romulus instituted a See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps, consisting of three centuriae (" hundreds "), called after the three tribes from which they were taken (Ramnes, Tities, Luceres), divided into ten turmae (" squadrons ") of See also:

• THIRTY

thirty men each . The collective name for the corps was celeres (" the See also:

• SWIFT
• SWIFT, JONATHAN (1667—1745)

swift," or possibly from See also:

• KARS

Kars, " a See also:

• RIDING

riding See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse "); See also:

• LIVY [Thus L1v1us] (59 B.C.—A.D: 17)

Livy, however, restricts the See also:

• TERM

term to a See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• BODY

body-guard of Romulus . The statements in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient authorities as to the changes in the number of the See also:

• EQUITES (" horsemen " or " knights," from eques," horse ")

equites during the See also:

• REGAL

regal See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period are very confusing; but it is regarded as certain that Servius Tullius found six centuries in existence, to which he added twelve, making eighteen in all, a number which remained unchanged throughout the republican period . A proposal by M . Porcius See also:

• CATO, DIONYSIUS
• CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS (234—149 B.c.)
• CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS (95-46 B.c.)
• CATO, PUBLIUS VALERIUS

Cato the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder to supplement the deficiency in the cavalry by the creation of four additional centuries was not adopted . The earlier centuries were called See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex suffragia (" the six votes "), and at first consisted exclusively of See also:

• PATRICIANS (Lat. patricius, an adjectival form from pater, father; not, as some say, from pater and ciere, to call)

patricians, while those of Servius Tullius were entirely or for the most See also:

• PART

part plebeian . Until the reform of the See also:

• COMITIA

comitia centuriata (probably during. the censorship of See also:

• GAIUS

Gaius See also:

• FLAMINIUS, GAIUS

Flaminius in 220 B.C.; see COMITIA), the equites had voted first, but after that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time this See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege was transferred to one See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century selected by See also:

• LOT
• LOT (Lat. Oltis)

lot from the centuries of the equites and the first class . The equites then voted with the first class, the distinction between the sex suffragia and the other centuries being abolished . Although the equites were selected from the wealthiest citizens, service in the cavalry was so expensive that the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state gave See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial assistance . A sum of See also:

• MONEY

money (aes equestre) was given to each eques for the See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase of two horses (one for him-self and one for his See also:

• GROOM

groom), and a further sum for their keep (aes hordearium); hence the name equites equo publico . In later times, pay was substituted for the aes hordearium, three times as much as that of the See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry .

If competent, an eques could retain his horse and See also:

• VOTE

vote after the expiration of his ten years' service, and (till 129 B.C.) even after entry into the See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate . As the demands upon the services of the cavalry increased, it was decided to supplement the regulars by the enrolment of wealthy citizens who kept horses of their own . The origin of these equites equo privato See also:

• DATES

dates back, according to Livy (v . 7), to the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of See also:

• VEII

Veii, when a number of See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young men came forward and offered their services . According to See also:

• MOMMSEN, THEODOR (1817–1903)

Mommsen, although the institution was not intended to be permanent, in later times vacancies in the ranks were filled in this manner, with the result that service in the cavalry, with either a public or a privatehorse, became obligatory upon all Roman citizens possessed of a certain income . These equites equo privato had no vote in the centuries, received pay in See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of the aes equestre, and did not See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a distinct corps . Thus, at a comparatively See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early period, three classes of equites may be distinguished: (a) The patrician equites equo publico of the sex suffragia; (b) the plebeian equites in the twelve remaining centuries; (c) the equites equo privato, both patrician and plebeian . The equites were originally chosen by the curiae, then in See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession by the See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings, the consuls, and (after 443 B.C.) by the censors, by whom they were reviewed every five years in the See also:

• FORUM (Lat. from foris, " out of doors ")

Forum . Each eques, as his name was called out, passed before the censors, leading his horse . Those whose physique and character were satisfactory, and who had taken care of their horses and equipments, were bidden to See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead their horse on (traducere equum), those who failed to pass the See also:

• SCRUTINY (Fr. scrutin, Late Lat. scrulinium, from scrutari, to search or examine thoroughly)

scrutiny were ordered to sell it, in token of their See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion from the corps . This inspection (recognitio) must not be confounded with the full-See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

dress procession (transvectio) on the 15th of See also:

• JULY

July from the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of See also:

• MARS
• MARS (MAYORS, MARMAR, MARSPITER GA MASPITER)
• MARS, MLLE [ANNE FRANCOISE HYPPOLYTE BOUTET] (1779-1847)

Mars or Honos to the Capitol, instituted in 304 B.C. by the See also:

• CENSOR (from Lat. censere, assess, estimate; in Gr. rt s ris)

censor Q . See also:

• FABIUS

Fabius See also:

• MAXIMUS
• MAXIMUS, ST (c. 58o-662)

Maximus Rullianus to commemorate the miraculous intervention of See also:

• CASTOR

Castor and See also:

• POLLUX, JULIUS
• POLLUX, or POLLUCITE

Pollux at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake See also:

• REGILLUS

Regillus .

Both inspection and procession were discontinued before the end of the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic, but revived and in a manner combined by See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus . In theory, the twelve plebeian centuries were open to all See also:

• FREE

free-See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born youths of the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of seventeen, although in practice preference was given to the members of the older families . Other requirements were See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound See also:

• HEALTH

health, high moral character and an See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable calling . At the beginning of the republican period, senators were included in the equestrian centuries . The only definite See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information as to the amount of See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune necessary refers to later republican and early imperial times, when it is known to have been 400,000 sesterces (about £3500 to £4000) . The insignia of the equites were, at first, distinctly military—such as the See also:

• PURPLE

purple-edged, See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short military cloak (trabea) and decorations for service in the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field . With the See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the Roman dominions, the equites lost their military character . Prolonged service abroad possessed little attraction for the pick of the Roman youth, and recruiting for the cavalry from the equestrian centuries was discontinued . The equites remained at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, or only went out as members of the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general's See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff, their places being taken by the equites equo privato, the cavalry of the See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies and the most skilled horse-men of the subject populations . The first gradually disappeared, and Roman citizens were rarely found in the ranks of the effective cavalry . In these circumstances there See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome a class of wealthy men, whose See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole occupation it was to amass large fortunes by See also:

• SPECULATION

speculation, and who found a most lucrative field of enterprise in state contracts and the -farming of the public revenues . These tax-farmers (see See also:

• PUBLICANI

PUBLICANI) were already in existence at the time of the Second Punic See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War; and their See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers and See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence increased as the various provinces were added to the Roman dominions .

The See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of the equites into a body of financiers was further materially promoted (a) by the lex Claudia (218 B.C.), which prohibited senators from engaging in commercial pursuits, especially if (as seems probable) it included public contracts (cf . FLAMINIUS, GAIUs); (b) by the enactment in the time of Gaius See also:

• GRACCHUS

Gracchus excluding members of the senate from the equestrian centuries . These two See also:

• MEASURES

measures definitely marked off the See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy of See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth from the aristocracy of See also:

• WEALTH

wealth —the landed proprietor from the capitalist . The term equites, originally confined to the purely military equestrian centuries of Servius Tullius, now came to be applied to all who possessed the See also:

• PROPERTY

property qualification of 400,000- sesterces . As the equites practically monopolized the farming of the taxes, they came to be regarded as identical with the publicani, not, as See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny remarks, because any particular See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank was necessary to obtain the farming of the taxes, but because such occupation was beyond the reach of all except those who were possessed of considerable means . Thus, at the time of the Gracchi, these equites-publicani formed a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close financial See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation of about 30,000 members, holding an intermediate position between the See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility and the See also:

• LOWER

lower classes, keenly alive to their own interests, and ready to stand by one another when attacked . Although to some extent looked down upon by the senate as following a dishonourable occupation, they had as a See also:

• RULE

rule sided with the latter, as being at least less hostile to them than the democratic party . To obtain the support of the capitalists, Gaius Gracchus conceived the See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of creating See also:

• FRICTION (from Lat. fricare, to rub)

friction between them and the senate, which he carried out by handing over to them the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control (a) of the See also:

• JURY

jury-courts, and (b) of the revenues of See also:

• ASIA

Asia . (a) Hitherto, the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of jurymen for service in the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of processes, both See also:

• CIVIL

civil and criminal, had been composed exclusively of senators . The result was that charges of corruption and See also:

• EXTORTION (Lat. extorsio, from extorquere, to twist out, to take away by force)

extortion failed, when brought against members of that order, even in cases where there was little doubt of their See also:

• GUILT

guilt . The popular indignation at such scandalous miscarriages of See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice rendered a change in the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of the courts imperative . Apparently Gracchus at first proposed to create new senators from the equites and to select the jurymen from this mixed body, but this moderate proposal was rejected in favour of one more See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

radical (see W .

W . See also:

• FOWLER, CHARLES (1792-1867)
• FOWLER, EDWARD (1632-1714)
• FOWLER, JOHN (1826-1864)
• FOWLER, SIR JOHN (1817-1898)
• FOWLER, WILLIAM (c. 156o-1614)

Fowler in Classical See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review, July 1896) . By the lex Sempronia (123 B.c.) the list was to be See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from persons of free birth over thirty years of age, who must possess the equestrian See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census, and must not be senators . Although this measure was See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to set senators and equites at variance, it in no way improved the lot of those chiefly concerned . In fact, it increased the See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden of the luckless provincials, whose only See also:

• APPEAL

appeal See also:

• LAY

lay to a body of men whose interests were identical with those of the publicani . Provided he See also:

• LEFT

left the tax-gatherer alone, the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor might squeeze what he could out of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, while on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, if he were humanely disposed, it was dangerous for him to remonstrate . (b) The taxes of Asia had formerly been paid by the inhabitants themselves in the shape of a fixed sum . Gracchus ordered that the taxes, See also:

• DIRECT

direct and indirect, should be increased, and that the farming of them should be put up to See also:

• AUCTION

auction at Rome . By this arrangement the provincials were ignored, and everything was left in the hands of the capitalists . From this time dates the existence of the equestrian order as an officially recognized political See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument . When the control of the courts passed into the hands of the property equites, all who were summoned to undertake the duties of judices were called equites; the ordo judicum (the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title) and the ordo equester were regarded as identical . It is probable that certain privileges of the equites were due to Gracchus; that of wearing the See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold See also:

• RING (O.E. hring; a word common to Teutonic languages; and probably cognate with the Lat. circus, Gr. KtpKOS or KpLKOS, Skt'. chakra, wheel, circle, cf. also " harangue "); in art, a band of circular shape of varying sizes, made of any material and used f

ring, hitherto reserved for senators; that of special seats in the See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, subsequently withdrawn (probably by See also:

• SULLA, LUCIUS CORNELIUS (138–78 B.C.)

Sulla) and restored by the lex Othonis (67 B.C.); the narrow See also:

• BAND

band of purple on the See also:

• TUNIC (0. Eng. tunice, tunical, taken, before the Norman con-quest, directly from Lat. tunica, of which the origin is unknown)

tunic as distinguished from the broad band worn by the senators .

Various attempts were made by the senate to regain control of the courts, but without success . The lex Livia of M . Livius See also:

• DRUSUS, MARCUS LIVIUS
• DRUSUS, NERO1 CLAUDIUS (38–9 B.C.)

Drusus (q.v.), passed with that See also:

• OBJECT

object, but irregularly and by the aid of violence, was annulled by the senate itself . In 82 Sulla restored the right of serving as judices to the senate, to which he elevated 300 of the most influential equites, whose support he thus hoped to secure; at the same time he indirectly dealt a See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow at the order generally, by abolishing the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of the censor (immediately revived), in whom was vested the right of bestowing the public horse . To this period Mommsen assigns the regulation, generally attributed to Augustus, that the sons of senators should be knights by right of birth . By the lex See also:

• AURELIA, VIA

Aurelia (70 B.C.) the judices were to be chosen in equal numbers from senators, equites and tribuni See also:

• AERARII (from Lat. aes, in its subsidiary sense of " poll-tax ")

aerarii (see See also:

• AERARIUM (from Lat. aes, in its derived sense of " money ")

AERARIUM), the last-named being closely connected with the equites), who thus practically commanded a majority . About this time the influence of the equestrian order reached its height, and See also:

• CICERO

Cicero's See also:

• GREAT

great object was to reconcile it with the senate . In this he was successful at the time of the Catilinarian See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy, ,in the suppression of which he was materially aided by the equites . But the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union did not last See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long; shortly afterwards the majorityranged themselves on the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of See also:

• JULIUS

Julius See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar, who did away with the tribuni aerarii as judices, and replaced them by equites . Augustus undertook the thorough reorganization of the equestrian order on a military basis . The equites equo privato were abolished (according to See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog, not till the reign of Tiberius) and the term equites was officially limited to the equites equo publico, although all who possessed the property qualification were still considered to belong to the " equestrian order." For the equites equo publico high moral character, See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good health and the equestrian fortune were necessary . Although free birth was considered indispensable, the right of wearing the gold ring (See also:

• JUS

jus anuli aurei) was frequently bestowed by the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor upon freedmen, who thereby became ingenui and eligible as equites .

Tiberius, however, insisted upon free birth on the See also:

• FATHER

father's side to the third See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation . Extreme youth was no See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar; the emperor See also:

• MARCUS

Marcus Aurelius had been an eques at the age of six . The sons of senators were eligible by right of birth, and appear to have been known as equites See also:

• ILLUSTRES

illustres . The right of bestowing the equus publicus was vested in the emperor; once given, it was for See also:

• LIFE

life, and was only forfeitable through degradation for some offence or the loss of the equestrian fortune . Augustus divided the equites into six turmae (regarded by Hirschfeld as a continuation of the sex suif'ragia) . Each was under the command of a sevir (iAapxor), who was appointed by the emperor and changed every See also:

• YEAR

year . During their term of command the seviri had to exhibit See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games (ludi sevirales) . Under these See also:

• OFFICERS

officers the equites formed a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of corporation, which, although not officially recognized, had the right of passing resolutions, chiefly such as embodied acts of See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage to the imperial See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house . It is not known whether the turmae contained a fixed number of equites; there is no doubt that, in assigning the public horse, Augustus went far beyond the earlier figure of r Soo . Thus, See also:

• DIONYSIUS
• DIONYSIUS (c. 432–367 B.C.)

Dionysius of See also:

• HALICARNASSUS (mod. Budrum)

Halicarnassus mentions 5000 equites as taking part in a review at which he himself was See also:

• PRESENT

present . As before, the equites wore the narrow, purple-striped tunic, and the gold ring, the latter now being considered the distinctive badge of See also:

• KNIGHTHOOD

knighthood . The fourteen rows in the theatre were extended by Augustus to seats in the See also:

• CIRCUS (Lat. circus, Gr. Kipeos or Kptxot, a ring or' circle; probably " circus " and " ring " are of the same origin)

circus .

The old recognitio was replaced by the probatio, conducted by the emperor in his censorial capacity, assisted by an advisory See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board of specially selected senators . The ceremony was combined with a procession, which, like the earlier transvectio, took place on the 15th of July, and at such other times as the emperor pleased . As in earlier times, offenders were punished by expulsion . In order to provide a See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of competent officers, each eques was required to fill certain subordinate posts, called militiae equestres . These were (I) the command of an See also:

• AUXILIARY (from Lat. auxilium, help)

auxiliary See also:

• COHORT (Lat. cohors)

cohort; (2) the tribunate of a See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

legion; (3) the command of an auxiliary cavalry See also:

• SQUADRON

squadron, this order being as a rule strictly adhered to . To these Septimius See also:

• SEVERUS
• SEVERUS, SULPICIUS (c. 363–c. 425)

Severus added the centurionship . Nomination to the militiae equestres was in the hands of the emperor . After the completion of their preliminary military service, the equites were eligible for a number of civil posts, chiefly those with which the emperor himself was closely concerned . Such were various procuratorships; the prefectures of the See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn supply, of the See also:

• FLEET

fleet, of the See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch, of the praetorian See also:

• GUARDS, AND HOUSEHOLD TROOPS

guards; the governor-See also:

• SHIPS

ships of recently acquired provinces (See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, See also:

• NORICUM (Noricus ager)

Noricum), the others being reserved for senators . At the same time, the abolition of the indirect method of See also:

• COLLECTING

collecting the taxes in the provinces greatly reduced the political influence of the equites . Certain religious functions of See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor importance were also reserved for them . In the jury courts, the equites, thanks to Julius Caesar, already formed two-thirds of the judices; Augustus, by excluding the senators altogether, virtually gave them the sole control of the tribunals .

One of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• OBJECTS

objects of the emperors being to weaken the influence of the senate by the opposition of the equestrian order, the practice was adopted of elevating those equites who had reached a certain See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage in their career to the rank of senator by adlectio . Certain official posts, of which it would have been inadvisable to deprive senators, could thus be bestowed upon the promoted equites . The control of the imperial See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence and See also:

• PURSE (Late Lat. bursa, adapted from Gr. Gupta, hide, skin; possibly O. Eng. pusa, bag, has influenced the change from b to p)

purse was at first in the hands of freedmen and slaves . The emperor See also:

• CLAUDIUS
• CLAUDIUS [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO GERMANICUS]
• CLAUDIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS (174o-1815)

Claudius tentatively entrusted certain posts connected with these to the equites; in the time of See also:

• HADRIAN (PUBLICS AELIUS HADRIANUS)

Hadrian this became the See also:

• REGULAR

regular See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom . Thus a civil career was open to the equites without the See also:

• OBLIGATION

obligation of preliminary military service, and the emperor was freed from the pernicious influence of freedmen . After the reign of Marcus Aurelius (according to Mommsen) the equites were divided into: (a) viri eminentissimi, the prefects of the praetorian guard; (b) viri perfectissimi, the other prefects and the heads of the financial and secretarial departments; (c) viri egregii, first mentioned in the reign of See also:

• ANTONINUS, SAINT ANTONIO PIEROZZI

Antoninus See also:

• PIUS

Pius, a title by right of the procurators generally . Under the empire the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the equites was at its highest in the time of See also:

• DIOCLETIAN (GAIUs AURELIUS VALERIUS DIOCLETIANUS) (A.D. 245–313)
• DIOCLETIAN, EDICT OF (De Pretiis rerum venalium)

Diocletian; in consequence of the transference, of the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital to See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople, they sank to the position of a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city guard, under the control of the See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect of the watch . Their history may be said to end with the reign of See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine the Great . Mention may also be made of the equites singulares See also:

• AUGUSTI, JOHANN CHRISTIAN WILHELM (1772-1841)

Augusti . The body-guard of Augustus, consisting of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign soldiers (chiefly Germans and Batavians), abolished by See also:

• GALBA, SERVIUS SULPICIUS

Galba, was revived from the time of See also:

• TRAJAN [MARCUS ULPIUS TRAJANUS] (A. D. 53-117)

Trajan or Hadrian under the above title . It was chiefly recruited from the pick of the provincial cavalry, but contained some Roman citizens . It formed the imperial " Swiss guard," and never left the city except to accompany the emperor .

In the time of Severus, these equites were divided into two corps, each of which had its See also:

• SEPARATE

separate quarters, and was commanded by a See also:

• TRIBUNE (med. Lat. tribune, from classical Lat. tribunal)

tribune under the orders of the prefect of the praetorian guard . They were subsequently replaced by the protectores Augusti . See further See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article ROME: History; also T . Mommsen, Romisches Staatsrecht, iii . ; J . N . See also:

• MADVIG, JOHAN NICOLAI (1804-1886)

Madvig, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Verf assung See also:

• DES

des romischen Staates, i.; R . Cagnat in Daremberg and Saglio's Dictionnaire des antiquites, where full references to ancient authorities are given in the footnotes; A . S . See also:

• WILKINS, GEORGE (ii. 1607)
• WILKINS, JOHN (1614-1672)
• WILKINS, MARY ELEANOR (1862– )
• WILKINS, SIR CHARLES (1749?-1836)

Wilkins in See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith's See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and Roman Antiquities (rd ed., 1891) ; E . Belot, Histoire des chevaliers romains (1866—1873) ; H . O .

Hirschfeld, Untersuchungen auf dem Gebiete der romischen Verwaltungsgeschichte (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1877) ; E . Herzog, Geschichte and See also:

• SYSTEM

System der romischen Staatsverfassung (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1884—1891); A . H . Friedlander, Sittengeschichte Roms, i . (1901); A . H . J . Greenidge, History of Rome, i . (19o4) ; J . B . See also:

• BURY
• BURY, JOHN BAGNELL (1861- )

Bury, The Student's Roman Empire (1893): T . M .

See also:

• TAYLOR
• TAYLOR, ANN (1782-1866)
• TAYLOR, BAYARD (1825–1878)
• TAYLOR, BROOK (1685–1731)
• TAYLOR, ISAAC (1787-1865)
• TAYLOR, ISAAC (1829-1901)
• TAYLOR, JEREMY (1613-1667)
• TAYLOR, JOHN (158o-1653)
• TAYLOR, JOHN (1704-1766)
• TAYLOR, JOSEPH (c. 1586-c. 1653)
• TAYLOR, MICHAEL ANGELO (1757–1834)
• TAYLOR, NATHANIEL WILLIAM (1786-1858)
• TAYLOR, PHILIP MEADOWS (1808–1876)
• TAYLOR, ROWLAND (d. 1555)
• TAYLOR, SIR HENRY (1800-1886)
• TAYLOR, THOMAS (1758-1835)
• TAYLOR, TOM (1817-1880)
• TAYLOR, WILLIAM (1765-1836)
• TAYLOR, ZACHARY (1784-1850)

Taylor, Political and Constitutional History of Rome (1899) . Fora concise See also:

• SUMMARY

summary of different views of the sex sutjragia see A . Bouche-Leclercq's See also:

• MANUEL, EUGENE (1823–1901)
• MANUEL, JACQUES ANTOINE (1775-1827)
• MANUEL, LOUIS PIERRE (1751-1793)

Manuel des antiquites romaines, quoted in Daremberg and Saglio; and on the equites singulares, T . Mommsen in See also:

• HERMES
• HERMES, GEORG (1775-1831)

Hermes, xvi . (1881), p . 458 . (J . H .