See also:

• ERECH (Uruk in the Babylonian inscriptions; Gr. Orchoe)

ERECH (Uruk in the Babylonian See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions; Gr. Orchoe)  , the Biblical name of an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Babylonia, situated E. of the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed of the See also:

• EUPHRATES (Babylon. Purattu, Heb. Perath, Arab. Frdt or Furst, Old Pers. Ufratu, Gr. Eb4 parrls)

Euphrates, on the See also:

• LINE

line of the ancient Nil See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal, in a region of marshes, about 140 M . S.S.E. from See also:

• BAGDAD, or BAGHDAD

Bagdad . It was one of the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest and most important cities of Babylonia, and the site of a famous See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple, called E-See also:

• ANNA
• ANNA (Hindustani ana)
• ANNA, BALDASARRE

Anna, dedicated to the See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship of Nana, or See also:

• ISHTAR

Ishtar . See also:

• ERECH (Uruk in the Babylonian inscriptions; Gr. Orchoe)

Erech played a very important See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• HISTORY

history of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country from an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, exercising See also:

• HEGEMONY (Gr. i7ye,uovia, leadership, from it-yo-Oat, to lead, the leadership especially of one particular state in a group of federated or loosely united states. The term was first applied in Greek history to the position claimed by different individual

hegemony in Babylonia at a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period before the time of See also:

• SARGON

Sargon . Later it was prominent in the See also:

• NATIONAL

national struggles of the Babylonians against See also:

• ELAM

Elam (2000 B.C. and earlier), in which it suffered severely; recollections of these conflicts are embodied in the Gilgamesh epic, as it has come down to us through the library of See also:

• ASSUR
• ASSUR (Auth. Vera. Asshur)

Assur-bani-See also:

• PAL, KRISTO DAS (1839–1884)

pal . Erech enjoyed much distinction in the later times, as a seat of learning and of the worship of Ishtar, and Assur-bani-pal See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew largely on its See also:

• LITERARY

literary stores for his library at See also:

• NINEVEH (Heb. m}'?, in classical authors Nivos, Ninus; LXX. Ntsetni, Nnveun: Assyrian Nind or Ninua)

Nineveh, from which we 'derive our See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information concerhing ancient Babylonian literature . The See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions found here show that it continued in existence through the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian and Seleucid periods . The ruins of the ancient site, known as Warka, which are among the largest in all Babylonia, forming an irregular circle nearly 6 m. in circumference, bounded by a See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall, still See also:

• STANDING

standing in some places to the height of 40 ft., were explored and partially excavated by W . K . See also:

• LOFTUS, ADAM (c. 1533-1605)

Loftus in 185o and 1854 . The most conspicuous ruin, now called See also:

• ABU

Abu-Berdi, " See also:

• FATHER

Father of See also:

• MARSH (O. F. mersc, for merisc, a place full of "meres" or pools; cf. Ger. Meer, sea, Lat. mare)
• MARSH, ADAM (ADAM DE MARISCO) (d. c. 1258)
• MARSH, GEORGE PERKINS (1801-1882)
• MARSH, HERBERT (1757–1839)
• MARSH, NARCISSUS (1638-1713)
• MARSH, OTHNIEL CHARLES (1831-1899)

Marsh Grass," or Buwariye, " See also:

• REED
• REED, ANDREW (1787-1862)
• REED, ISAAC (1742—1807)
• REED, JOSEPH (1741—1785)
• REED, THOMAS BRACKETT (1839—1902)

reed See also:

• MATTING

matting," because of the layers of reeds between each twelve courses of unbaked See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick, is the ziggurat (See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower) of the ancient temple of E-Anna . It is about too ft. in height, and strikingly resembles in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance the ruins of the ziggurat of the temple of Enlil at See also:

• NIPPUR

Nippur .

Second to this in See also:

• SIZE

size was the ruin called Wuswas, a walled quadrangle, including an See also:

• AREA

area of more than seven and a See also:

• HALF

half acres, within which was an edifice 246 ft. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and 174 ft. wide, elevated on an artificial See also:

• PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

platform 50 ft. in height . The See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• FACADE

facade, still standing in some places to the height of 23 ft., exhibited an interesting use of half columns, and stepped recesses for purposes of decoration . In another ruin Loftus found a wall, 30 ft. long, composed entirely of small yellow terra-See also:

• COTTA
• COTTA, BERNHARD VON (1808—1879)
• COTTA, GAIUS AURELIUS (c. 124—73 B.c.)

cotta See also:

• NAIL (O. Eng. naegal, cf. Dutch, Ger., Swed. nagel; the word is also related to Lat. unguis, Gr. ovu, Sans. nakhas)

nail-headed cones, such as have been discovered in See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers, inscribed and uninscribed, used for votive purposes in connexion with walls at Tello and elsewhere in Babylonia . His excavations being superficial, the Babylonian inscriptions found by him, about one See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred in all, exclusive of the ancient Ur-Gur bricks from the temple, belong in general to the neo-Babylonian, Persian and Seleucid periods . The older remains are buried deep beneath the huge See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of later debris . Loftus also discovered at Erech, almost everywhere within and without the walls, great numbers of See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay coffins, piled one above another, to the height of over 30 ft., forming a vast and, on the whole, well-ordered See also:

• CEMETERY (Gr. Korrsnri7pwv, from Hoiµav, to sleep)

cemetery belonging to the Persian, See also:

• PARTHIAN

Parthian and later occupations of Babylonia, during which period Erech, like other cities of the south, evidently became a See also:

• NECROPOLIS

necropolis for a large extent of country . After Loftus's time the mounds were visited by various travellers, but no further excavations have been conducted . See also:

• WORK

Work on this important part of the site is attended with very great difficulties, owing to the inaccessible position of the ruins, the unsettled See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the country, the frequent See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand-storms, and above all, the immense mass of material of later periods which must be removed before a systematic excavation of the more ancient and interesting ruins could be undertaken . A curious feature of the Warka See also:

• NEIGHBOUR (O. Eng. neahgebiir, from Walt, " nigh," " near ")

neighbour-See also:

• HOOD,
• HOOD, JOHN BELL (1831–1879)
• HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, VISCOUNT (1724–1816)
• HOOD, SIR SAMUEL (1762-1814)
• HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845)
• HOOD, TOM (1835–1874)

hood is the existence of conical sand-hills, rising to a considerable height, so compact as to be almost like See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone . These hills extend from Warka northward as far as Tel Ede . See W . K .

Loftus, See also:

• CHALDAEA

Chaldaea and Susiana (1857) ; J . P . See also:

• PETERS (or PETER), HUGH (1598–166o)
• PETERS, KARL (1856– )

Peters, Nippur (1897) ; E . Sachau, Am Euphrat and See also:

• TIGRIS (Old Persian Tigrd, Diklat of the cuneiform inscriptions, Hiddekel of the Old Testament, Diglath of the Targum, Digla of the Arabs)

Tigris (1900) . Cf. also Nippua and authorities there quoted . (J . P .