JOHANNES SCOTUS See also:

• JOHANNES SCOTUS ERIGENA (c. 800-c. 877)

ERIGENA (c. 800-c. 877)  , See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval philosopher and theologian . His real name was Johannes Scotus (Scottus) or See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John the See also:

• SCOT, MICHAEL (? 1175-1232)

Scot . The See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination Johannes Scotus See also:

• ERIGENA, JOHANNES SCOTUS (c. 800-c. 877)

Erigena has not been traced earlier than Ussher and See also:

• GALE
• GALE, THEOPHILUS (1628-1678)
• GALE, THOMAS (?1636-17o2)

Gale; even Gale uses it only in the heading of the version of St See also:

• MAXIMUS
• MAXIMUS, ST (c. 58o-662)

Maximus . The date of Erigena's See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth is very uncertain, and there is no See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence to show definitely where he was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born . The name Scotus, which has often been taken to imply Scottish origin, really favours the theory that he was an Irishman according to the then usage of Scotus or Scotigena . See also:

• PRUDENTIUS, AURELIUS CLEMENS (348-c. 410)

Prudentius, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• TROYES

Troyes, definitely states that he was of Irish extraction . The See also:

• PSEUDONYM (Gr. >l ev&,vuµos, having a false name, ¢Evirls, false and ovoµa, name)

pseudonym commonly read Erigena, used by himself in the titles of his versions of See also:

• DIONYSIUS
• DIONYSIUS (c. 432–367 B.C.)

Dionysius the Areopagite, is lerugena (in later See also:

• MSS

MSS . Erugena and Eriugena), formed apparently on the See also:

• ANALOGY (Gr. avaXo-yLa, proportion)

analogy of Graiugena (" See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek-born "), which he applies to St Maximus . There seems no See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to doubt that Eriugena is connected with See also:

• ERIN

Erin, the name for See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, and Ierugena suggests the Greek lepos, iepos vnaor being a See also:

• COMMON

common name for Ireland . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William of See also:

• MALMESBURY
• MALMESBURY, JAMES HARRIS, IST EARL OF (1746-1820)
• MALMESBURY, JAMES HOWARD HARRIS, 3RD EARL OF (1807-1889)

Malmesbury prefers to read Heruligena, which would make Scotus a Pannonian, while See also:

• BALE
• BALE, JOHN (1495-1563)

Bale says he was born at St See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David's, See also:

• DEMPSTER, THOMAS (1579-1625)

Dempster connects him with See also:

• AYR

Ayr, and Gale with Eriuven in See also:

• HEREFORD

Hereford . Some See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early writers thought there were two persons, John Scotus and John Erigena . Of Erigena's early See also:

• LIFE

life nothing is known .

Bale quotes the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story that he travelled in See also:

• GREECE

Greece, See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul, and studied not only Greek, but also Arabic and Chaldaean . Since, however, Bale describes him as " ex patricio genitore natus," it is a reason-able inference (so R . L . See also:

• POOLE
• POOLE, MATTHEW (1624-1699)
• POOLE, PAUL FALCONER (1806-1879)
• POOLE, REGINALD STUART (1832-1895)

Poole) that Bale confused him with one John, the son of Patricius, a Spaniard, who tells much the same story of his own travels . The knowledge of Greek displayed in Erigena's See also:

• WORKS

works is not such as to compel us to conclude that he had actually visited Greece . That he had a competent acquaintance with Greek is See also:

• MANIFEST (Lat. manifestus, clear, open to view)

manifest from his See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations of Dionysius the Areopagite and of Maximus, from the manner in which he refers to See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle, and from his evident familiarity with Neoplatonist writers and the fathers of the early See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church . See also:

• ROGER (d. 1139)
• ROGER (d. 1181)

Roger See also:

• BACON
• BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
• BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
• BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
• BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
• BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
• BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)

Bacon, in his severe See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism on the See also:

• IGNORANCE (Lat. ignorantia, from ignorare, not to know); want of knowledge, a state of mind which in law has important consequences. A well-known legal maxim runs: ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law does not excuse")

ignorance of Greek displayed by the most eminent scholastic writers, expressly exempts Erigena, and ascribes to him a knowledge of Aristotle in the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original . Among other legends which have at various timesbeen attached to Erigena are that he was invited to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France by See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne, and that he was one of the founders of the university of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris . The only portion of Erigena's life as to which we possess accurate See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information was that- spent at the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles the Bald . Charles invited him to France soon after his See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession to the See also:

• THRONE

throne, probably in the See also:

• YEAR

year 843, and placed him at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the court school (schola See also:

• PALATINE (from Lat. palatium, a palace,)

palatine) . The reputation of this school seems to have increased greatly under Erigena's leadership, and the philosopher himself was treated with See also:

• INDULGENCE (Lat. indulgentia, indulgere, to grant, concede)

indulgence by the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king . William of Malmesbury's amusing story illustrates both the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of Scotus and the position he occupied at the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French court .

The king having asked, " Quid distat inter sottum et Scottum ? " Erigena replied, " See also:

• MENSA

Mensa tantum." The first of the works known to have been written by Erigena during this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period was a See also:

• TREATISE

treatise on the See also:

• EUCHARIST (Gr. evXapurria, thanksgiving)

eucharist, which has not come down to us (by some it has been identified with a treatise by See also:

• RATRAMNUS (d. c. 868)

Ratramnus, De corpore et sanguine Domini) . In it he seems to have advanced the See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine that the eucharist was merely symbolical or commemorative, an See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion for which See also:

• BERENGARIUS [BERENGAR] (d. io88)

Berengarius was at a later date censured and condemned . As a See also:

• PART

part of his See also:

• PENANCE (Old Fr. penance, fr. Lat. poenitentia, penitence)

penance Berengarius is said to have been compelled to See also:

• BURN, RICHARD (1709-1785)

burn publicly Erigena's treatise . So far as we can learn, however, Erigena's orthodoxy was not at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time suspected, and a few years later he was selected by See also:

• HINCMAR (c. 805-882)

Hincmar, See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• REIMS
• REIMS (RHEIMS)

Reims, to defend the doctrine of See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty of will against the extreme predestinarianism of the See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk See also:

• GOTTSCHALK [GODESCALUS, GOTTESCALE], (c. 808-867?)

Gottschalk (Gotteschalchus) . The treatise De diving praedestinatione, composed on this occasion, has been preserved, and from its See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• TENOR (through Fr. and It. from Lat. tenor, holding on, course, sense of a law, tone)

tenor one cannot be surprised that the author's orthodoxy was at once and vehemently suspected . Erigena argues the question entirely on speculative grounds, and starts with the bold See also:

• AFFIRMATION (from Lat. affirmare, to assert)

affirmation that See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy and See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion are fundamentally one and the same—" Conficitur inde veram esse philosophiam veram religionem, conversimque veram religionem esse veram philosophiam." Even more significant is his handling of authority and reason, to which we shall presently refer . The See also:

• WORK

work was warmly assailed by Drepanius See also:

• FLORUS
• FLORUS, JULIUS
• FLORUS, PUBLIUS ANNIUS

Florus, See also:

• CANON

canon of See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons, and Prudentius, and was condemned by two See also:

• COUNCILS

councils—that of See also:

• VALENCE

Valence in 855, and that of See also:

• LANGRES

Langres in 859 . By the former See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council his arguments were described as Pultes Scotorum (" Scots See also:

• PORRIDGE (an altered form of " pottage," Fr. pelage, soup, that which is cooked in a pot)

porridge ") and comment um diaboli (" an invention of the See also:

• DEVIL (Gr. &a,3oXos, " slanderer," from &ctflisXX sty, to slander)

devil ") . Erigena's next work was a Latin See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of Dionysius the Areopagite (see D1oNYslus AREOPAGITICUS) undertaken at the See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request of Charles the Bald . This also has been preserved, and fragments of a commentary by Erigena on Dionysius have been discovered in MS . A translation of theAreopagite's pantheistical writings was not likely to alter the opinion already formed as to Erigena's orthodoxy .

See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas I. was offended that the work had not been submitted for approval before being given to the See also:

• WORLD

world, and ordered Charles to send Erigena to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, or at least to dismiss him from his court . There is no evidence, however, that this See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order was attended to . The latter part of his life is involved in See also:

• TOTAL

total obscurity . The story that in 882 he was invited to See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford by See also:

• ALFRED

Alfred the See also:

• GREAT

Great, that he laboured there for many years, became See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot at Malmesbury, anal was stabbed 9wth by his pupils with their " styles,"is apparently without any satisfactory See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation, and doubtless refers to some other Johannes . Erigena in all See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability never See also:

• LEFT

left France, and See also:

• HAUREAU, (JEAN) BARTHELEMY (1812-1896)

Haureau has advanced some reasons for fixing the date of his See also:

• DEATH

death about 877 . Erigena is the most interesting figure among the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle-See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age writers . The freedom of his See also:

• SPECULATION

speculation, and the boldness with which he works out his logical or dialectical See also:

• SYSTEM

system of the universe, altogether prevent us from classing him along with the scholastics properly so called . He marks, indeed, a See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of transition from the older Platonizing philosophy to the later and more rigid See also:

• SCHOLASTICISM

scholasticism . In no sense whatever can it be 'affirmed that with Erigena philosophy is in the service of See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology . The above-quoted assertion as to the substantial identity between philosophy and religion is indeed repeated almost totidem verbis by many of the later scholastic writers, but its significance altogether depends upon the selection of one or other See also:

• TERM

term of the identity as fundamental or See also:

• PRIMARY

primary . Now there is no possibility of mistaking Erigena's position: to him philosophy or reason is first, is See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive; authority or religion is secondary, derived . " Auctoritas siquidem ex See also:

• VERA, AUGUSTO (1813-1885)

vera ratione processit, ratio vero nequaquam ex auctoritate .

Omnis enim auctoritas, quae vera ratione non approbatur, infirma videtur esse . Vera autem ratio, quum virtutibus suis rata atque immutabilis munitur, nullius auctoritatis adstipulatione roborari indiget " (De divisione naturae, 71) . F . D . See also:

• MAURICE (1521–1553)
• MAURICE (MAURICIUS FLAVIUS TIBERIUS) (c. 539–602)
• MAURICE [or MAURITIUS], ST (d. c. 286)
• MAURICE, JOHN FREDERICK DENISON (1805-1872)

Maurice, the only historian of See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note who declines to ascribe a rationalizing tendency to Erigena, obscures the question by the manner in which he states it . He asks his readers, after weighing the evidence advanced, to determine " whether he (Erigena) used his philosophy to explain away his theology, or to bring out what he conceived to be the fullest meaning of it." These alternatives seem to be wrongly put . " Explaining away theology " is something wholly See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign to the philosophy of that age; and even if we accept the alternative that Erigena endeavours speculatively to bring out the full meaning of theology, we are by no means driven to the conclusion that he was primarily or principally a theologian . He does not start with the datum of theology as the completed See also:

• BODY

body of truth, requiring only elucidation and See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation; his fundamental thought is that of the universe, nature, TO crap, or See also:

• GOD

God, as the ultimate unity which works itself out into the rational system of the world . See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

Man and all that concerns man are but parts of this system, and are to be explained by reference to it; for ex-planation or understanding of a thing is determination of its See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the universal or all . Religion or See also:

• REVELATION, BOOK OF

revelation is one See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element or See also:

• FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor in the divine See also:

• PROCESS

process, a stage or phase of the ultimate rational life . The highest See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty of man, reason, intellectus, intellectualis visio, is that which is not content with the individual or partial, but grasps the whole and thereby comprehends the parts . In this highest effort of reason, which is indeed God thinking in man, thought and being are at one, the opposition of being and thought is overcome .

When Erigena starts with such propositions, it is clearly impossible to understand his position and work if we insist on regarding him as a scholastic, accepting the dogmas of the church as ultimate data, and endeavouring only to See also:

• PRESENT

present them in due order and defend them by See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument . - Erigena's great work, De divisione naturae, which was condemned by a council at See also:

• SENS

Sens, by See also:

• HONORIUS
• HONORIUS, FLAVIUS (384-423)

Honorius III . (1225), who described it as " swarming with See also:

• WORMS

worms of heretical perversity," and by See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory XIII. in 1585, is arranged in five books . The See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of exposition is that of See also:

• DIALOGUE

dialogue; the method of reasoning is the syllogistic . The leading thoughts are the following . Natura is the name for the universal, the totality of all things, containing in itself being and non-being . It is the unity of which all See also:

• SPECIAL

special phenomena are manifestations . But of this nature,there are four distinct classes (1) that which creates and is not created; (2) that which is created and creates; (3) that which is created and does not create; (4) that which neither is created nor creates . The first is God as the ground or origin of all things, the last is God as the final end or See also:

• GOAL

goal of all things, that into which the world of created things ultimately returns . The second and third together compose the created universe, which is the manifestation of God, God in processu, Theophania . Thus we distinguish in the divine system beginning, middle and end; but these three are in essence one—the difference is only the consequence of our finite comprehension . We are compelled to envisage this eternal process under the form of time, to apply temporal distinctions to that which is extra- or supra-temporal .

The universe of created things, as we have seen, is twofold :—first, that which is created and creates—the primordial ideas, archetypes, immutable relations, divine acts of will, according to which individual things are formed; second, that which is created and does not create, the world of individuals, the effects of the primordial causes, without which the causes have no true being . Created things have no individual or self-See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent existence; they are only in God; and each thing is a manifestation of the divine, theophania, divina apparitio . God alone, the uncreated creator of all, has true being . He is the true universal, all-containing and incomprehensible . The See also:

• LOWER

lower cannot comprehend the higher, and therefore we must say that the existence of God is above being, above essence; God is above goodness, above See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom, above truth . No finite predicates can be applied to him; his mode of being cannot be determined by any See also:

• CATEGORY (Gr. Karrlyopia, " accusation ")

category . True theology is negative . Nevertheless the world, as the theophania, the revelation of God, enables us so far to under-stand the divine essence . We recognize his being in the being of all things, his wisdom in their orderly arrangement, his life in their See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion . Thus God is for us a Trinity—the See also:

• FATHER

Father as substance or being (o(lo-ia), the Son as wisdom (SbvayLs), the Spirit as life (h4pyeca) . These three are realized in the universe—the Father as the system of things, the Son as the word, i.e. the 'See also:

• REALM

realm of ideas, the Spirit as the life or moving force which introduces individuality and which ultimately draws back all things into the divine unity . In man, as the noblest of created things, the Trinity is seen most perfectly reflected; intellectus (vows), ratio (abyos) and sensus (&See also:

• AVOCA

avoca) make up the threefold See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread of his being .

Not in man alone, however, but in all things, God is to be regarded as realizing himself, as becoming incarnate . The See also:

• INFINITE (from Lat. in, not, finis, end or limit; cf. findere, to deave)

infinite essence of God, which may indeed be described as nihilum (nothing) is that from which all is created, from which all proceeds or emanates . The first procession or See also:

• EMANATION (Lat. emanatio, from e-, out, manare, to flow)

emanation, as above indicated, is the realm of ideas in the Platonic sense, the word or wisdom of God . These ideas compose a whole or inseparable unity, but we are able in a dim way to think of them as a system logically arranged . Thus the highest See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea is that of goodness; things are, only if they are See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good; being without well-being is naught . Essence participates in goodness—that which is good has being, and is therefore to be regarded as a See also:

• SPECIES

species of good . Life, again, is a species of essence, wisdom a species of life, and so on, always descending from genus to species in a rigorous logical See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion . The ideas are the eternal causes, which, under the moving See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the spirit, manifest themselves in their effects, the individual created things . Manifestation, however, is part of the being or essence of the causes, that is to say, if we interpret the expression, God of See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity manifests himself in the world and is not without the world . Further, as the causes are eternal, timeless, so creation is eternal, timeless . The See also:

• MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

Mosaic See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account, then, is to be looked upon merely as a mode in which is faintly shadowed forth what is above finite comprehension . It is altogether allegorical, and requires to be interpreted .

See also:

• PARADISE (Gr. lrap6BEwos)

Paradise and the Fall have no See also:

• LOCAL

local or temporal being . Man was originally sinless and without distinction of See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex . Only after the introduction of See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

sin did man lose his spiritual body, and acquire the See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal nature with its distinction of sex . Woman is the impersonation of man's sensuous and fallen nature; on the final return to the divine unity, distinction of sex will vanish, and the spiritual body will be regained . The most remarkable and at the same time the most obscure portion of the work is that in which the final return to God is handled . Naturally sin is a necessary preliminary to this redemption, and Erigena has the greatest difficulty in accounting for the fact of sin . If God is true being, then sin can have no substantive existence; it cannot be said that God knows of sin, for to God knowing and being are one . In the universe of things, as a universe, there can be no sin; there must be perfect See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony . Sin, in fact, results from the will of the individual who falsely represents something as od which is not so . This misdirected will is punished by finding See also:

• MAT (O. Eng. meatt, from late Lat. mattes, whence Ital. mallet, Ger. and Dan. matte, Du. mat, &c.)

Mat the See also:

• OBJECTS

objects after which it thirsts are in truth vanity and emptiness . See also:

• HELL (0. Eng. hel, a Teutonic word from a root meaning " to cover," cf. Ger. Holle, Dutch hel)

Hell is not to be regarded as having local existence; it is the inner See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of the sinful will . As the See also:

• OBJECT

object of See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment is not the will or the individual himself, but the misdirection of the will, so the result of punishment is the final See also:

• PURIFICATION

purification and redemption of all .

Even the devils shall be saved . All, however, are not saved at once; the stages of the return to the final unity, corresponding to the stages in the creative process, are numerous, and are passed through slowly . The ultimate goal is deificatio, theosis or resumption into the divine being, when the individual soul is raised to a full knowledge of God, and where knowing and being are one . After all have been restored to the divine unity, there is no further creation . The ultimate unity is that which neither is created nor creates . EDIT1oNS.—There is a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete edition of Erigena's works in J . P . See also:

• MIGNE, JACQUES PAUL (1800-1875)

Migne's Patrologiae cursus completus (vol. cxxii.), edited by H . J . Floss (Paris, 1853) . The De divina praedestinatione was published in See also:

• GILBERT
• GILBERT (KINGSMILL) ISLANDS
• GILBERT (or GYLBERDE), WILLIAM (1544-1603)
• GILBERT, ALFRED (1854– )
• GILBERT, ANN (1821-1904)
• GILBERT, GROVE KARL (1843– )
• GILBERT, J
• GILBERT, JOHN (1810-1889)
• GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA [" LOLA MONTEZ "] (1818-1861)
• GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT (1751–1780)
• GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY (c. 1539-1583)
• GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY (1817-1901)
• GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836– )

Gilbert Mauguin's Veterum auctorum qui nono saeculo de praedestinatione et gratia scripserunt See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

opera et fragments (Paris, 165o) . The commentary (" Expositiones ") on Dionysius' Hierarchiae caelestes appeared in the Appendix ad opera edita ab A .

Maio (ed . J . Cozza, Rome, 1871) . Of the De divisione naturae, See also:

• EDITIONS

editions See also:

• ERINNA

ERINNA have been published by See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas Gale (Oxford, 1681); C . B . See also:

• SCHLUTER, ANDREAS (1664-1714)

Schluter (See also:

• MUNSTER
• MUNSTER, SEBASTIAN (1489-1552)

Munster, 1838); and in Floss's Opera omnia; there is a See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German translation by See also:

• LUDWIG, KARL FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1816—1895)
• LUDWIG, OTTO (1813-1865)

Ludwig Noack, Johannes Scotus Erigena uber See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Eintheilung der Natur (3 vols., 1874-1876) . Erigena was also the author of some poems edited by L . Traube in Monumenta Germaniae historica . Poetae See also:

• LATINI, BRUNETTO (c. 1210-C. 1294)

Latini aevi Carolini, iii . (1896) . A commentary on the Opuscula sacra of See also:

• BOETIUS (or BoETxlus), ANICIUS MANLIUS SEVERINUS (c. A.D. 480–524)

Boetius is attributed to him and edited by E . K .

See also:

• RAND

Rand (1906) . Monographs on Erigena's life and works are numerous; see St Rene See also:

• TAILLANDIER

Taillandier, Scot Erigene et la philosophie scholastique (1843) ; T . Christlieb, Leben u . Lehre See also:

• DES

des Johannes Scotus Erigena(See also:

• GOTHA

Gotha,1860) ; J . N . See also:

• HUBER, FRANCOIS (1750-1831)
• HUBER, JOHANN NEPOMUK (1830-1879)
• HUBER, LUDWIG FERDINAND (1764–1804)

Huber, Johannes Scotus Erigena(See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich, 1861); W . Kaulich, Das speculative System des Johannes Scotus Erigena (See also:

• PRAGUE (Ger. Prag; Bohemian Praha)

Prague, 186o) ; A . Stockl, De Joh . Scoto Erigena (1867) ; L . Noack, Uber Leben and Schriften des Joh . Scotus Erigena: die Wissenschaft and Bildung seiner Zeit (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1876) ; R . L .

Poole, Medieval Thought (1884), and See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article in See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary of See also:

• NATIONAL

National See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

Biography; T . Wotschke, See also:

• FICHTE, IMMANUEL HERMANN (originally HARTMANN) VON (1797-1879)
• FICHTE, JOHANN GOTTLIEB (1762-1814)

Fichte and Erigena (See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle, 1896) ; M . Baumgartner in Wetzer and Welte's Kirchenlexikon, x . (1897) ; Alice See also:

• GARDNER
• GARDNER, PERCY (1846– )

Gardner's Studies in John the Scot (1900) ; J . Draseke, Joh . Scotus Erigena and See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

seine Gewahrsmanner (Leipzig, 1902) ; S . M . See also:

• DEUTSCH, IMMANUEL OSCAR MENAHEM (1829-1873)

Deutsch in See also:

• HERZOG, HANS (1819–1894)
• HERZOG, JOHANN JAKOB (1805-1882)

Herzog-Hauck's Realencyklopadie See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur protestantische Theologie, xviii . (1906); J . E . See also:

• SANDYS, FREDERICK (1832-1904)
• SANDYS, GEORGE (1578-1644)
• SANDYS, SIR EDWIN (1561-1629)

Sandys, Hist. of Classical Scholarship (1906), pp . 491-495 .

See also the general works on scholastic philosophy, especially Haureau, Stockl and Kaulich . An admirable resume is given by F . D . Maurice, Medieval Phil. pp . 45-79 . (R . AD.; J . M .