See also:

• ERZERUM, or ARZRUM (Arm. Garin)

ERZERUM, or ARZRUM (See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

Arm. Garin)  , the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• TOWN

town of an important vilayet of the same name in See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey . It is a military station and a fortress of considerable strategical value, closing the roads from See also:

• KARS

Kars, Olti and other parts of the frontier . Several important routes from See also:

• TREBIZOND (Gr. Trapezus)

Trebizond and various parts of See also:

• ANATOLIA (Gr. avaroX,7, sunrise, i.e. eastern land)

Anatolia converge towards it from the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west . It is situated at the eastern end of an open See also:

• BARE

bare See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, 30 M. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and about 12 wide, bordered by steep, rounded mountains and traversed by the Kara Su, or western See also:

• EUPHRATES (Babylon. Purattu, Heb. Perath, Arab. Frdt or Furst, Old Pers. Ufratu, Gr. Eb4 parrls)

Euphrates, which has its source in the Dumlu Dagh a few See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of that town, which lies at an See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of 6250 ft. above See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level, while the near hills rise to 10,000 ft . The scenery in the neighbourhood is striking, lofty bare mountains being varied by open plains and long valleys dotted with villages . Just See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of the town is the broad See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge of the Deveboyun (" See also:

• CAMEL (from the Arabic Djemal or the Heb. Gamal)

Camel's See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

Neck "), across which the road passes to Kars . To the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south is the Palanduken range, from which emerge numerous streams, supplying the town with excellent See also:

• WATER

water . In the plain to the north the Kara Su traverses extensive marshes which afford See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good wildfowl-See also:

• SHOOTING

shooting in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring . The town is surrounded by an earthen See also:

• ENCEINTE (Lat. in, within, cinctus, girdled; to be distinguished from the word meaning " pregnant," from in, not, and cinctus, i.e. with girdle loosened)

enceinte or rampart with some forts on the hills just above it, and others on the Deveboyun ridge facing east, the whole forming a position of considerable strength . The old walls and the citadel have disappeared . Inside the ramparts the town lies rather cramped, with narrow, crooked streets, badly drained and dirty; the houses are generally built of dark See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey volcanic See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone with See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat See also:

• ROOFS

roofs, the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general aspect, owing to the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of trees, being somewhat gloomy . The water-See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply from Palanduken is distributed by wooden pipes to numerous public fountains .

The town has a See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of about 43,000, including about 10,000 Armenians, 2000 Persians and a few See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews . It has a See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison in See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of about 5000 men . It is the seat of the See also:

• BRITISH

British consulate for See also:

• KURDISTAN

Kurdistan, and there are other See also:

• EUROPEAN

European consulates besides an See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• MISSION

mission with See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools . The See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude accounts for very severe See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold, occasionally 10° to 25° below zero F., accompanied by blizzards (tipi) sometimes fatal to travellers overtaken by them . The summer See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat is moderate (59° to 77°) . There are several well-built mosques (none older than the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century), public See also:

• BATHS

baths, and several good khans . There are Armenian and See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic churches, but the most beautiful See also:

• BUILDING

building is a medresse erected in the 12th century by the See also:

• SELJUKS

Seljuks, with ornamental See also:

• DOORWAY (corresponding to the Gr. Iran, Lat. porte)

doorway and two graceful minarets known as the Chifte Minare . Situated on the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main road from Trebizond into north-west See also:

• PERSIA

Persia, the town has always a large See also:

• CARAVAN (more correctly Karwan)

caravan See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic, principally of camels, but since the improvement of communications in See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia this has declined . A good See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage-road leads to the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast at Trebizond, the See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey being made in five or six days . There are also roads to Kars, See also:

• BAYAZID, or BAJAZET

Bayazid, See also:

• ERZINGAN, or ERZINJAN (Arsingaof the middle ages)

Erzingan and See also:

• KHARPUT

Kharput . See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black-smiths' and coppersmiths' See also:

• WORK

work is better here than in most See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish towns; See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse-shoes and brasswork are also famous . There are several tanneries, and Turkish boots and saddles are largely made .

Jerked See also:

• BEEF (through O. Fr. boef, mod. boeuf, from Lat. bos, bovis, ox, Gr. f3oiir, which show the ultimate connexion with the Sanskrit go, gaits, ox, and thus with " cow")

beef (pasdirma) is also prepared in large quantities for winter use . The plain produces See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat, See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, See also:

• MILLET (Fr. millet; Ital. miglietto, diminutive of miglio= Lat. mille, a thousand, in allusion to its fertility)
• MILLET (or MILE), JEAN FRANCOIS (c. 1642–1679)
• MILLET, FRANCIS DAVIS (1846- )
• MILLET, JEAN FRANCOIS (1814–1875)

millet and vegetables . See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

Wood See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel is scarce, the See also:

• PRESENT

present supply being from the Tortum See also:

• DISTRICT

district, whence See also:

• SURFACE

surface See also:

• COAL

coal and See also:

• LIGNITE (Lat. lignum, wood)

lignite are also brought; but the usual fuel is tezek or dried cow-dung . The bazaars are of no great See also:

• INTEREST

interest . Good See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian carpets and similar goods can be obtained . See also:

• ERZERUM, or ARZRUM (Arm. Garin)

Erzerum is a town of great antiquity, and has been identified with the Armenian Garin Kalakh, the Arabic Kalikale, and the See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine Theodosiopolis of the 5th century, when it was a frontier fortress of the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire—hence its name Erzen-er-See also:

• RUM
• RUM (according to Skeat, a corruption of Malay brum or bram; the adjective " rum," i.e. " queer," being a distinct word, in Gipsy rem)

Rum . It was captured by the Seljuks in 1201, when it was an important See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, and it See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into Turkish See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession in 1517 . In See also:

• JULY

July 1829 it was captured by the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian general See also:

• PASKEVICH, IVAN FEDOROVICH (1782-1856)

Paskevich, and the occupation continued until the peace of See also:

• ADRIANOPLE
• ADRIANOPLE (anc. Hadrianopolis; Turk. Edirne, or Edreneh; Slay. Odrin)

Adrianople (See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1829) . The town was unsuccessfully attacked by the Russians on the 9th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1877 after a victory gained by them a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time previously on the Deveboyun heights; it was occupied by them during the See also:

• ARMISTICE (from Lat. arma, arms, and sistere, to stop)

armistice (7th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1878),and restored to Turkey after the treaty of See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin . In 1859 a severe See also:

• EARTHQUAKE

earthquake destroyed much of the town, and another in November 1901 caused much damage . The Erzerum vilayet extends from the Persian frontier at Bayazid, all along the Russian frontier and westward into Anatolia at Baiburt and Erzingan . It is divided into the three sanjaks of Bayazid, Erzerum, and Erzingan .

It includes the highest portion of the Armenian See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau, and consists of bare undulating uplands varied by lofty ranges . The deep See also:

• GORGES, SIR FERDINANDO (c. 1566-1647)

gorges of the Chorokh and Tortum streams north of the town alone have a different See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance, being well wooded in places . Both arms of the Euphrates have their rise in this See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country as well as the See also:

• ARAS

Aras (Araxes) and the Chorokh (Acampsis) . It is an agricultural country with few See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries . Besides forests, See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt, See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur and other See also:

• MINERAL

mineral springs are found . Some of the coal and lignite mines in Tortum have been recently worked to supply fuel for Erzerum . The population is largely Armenian and Kurd with some See also:

• TURKS

Turks (Moslems 500,000, Christians 140,000) . (C . W . W.; F . R .