See also:

• ERZINGAN, or ERZINJAN (Arsingaof the middle ages)

ERZINGAN, or ERZINJAN (Arsingaof the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages)  , the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• TOWN

town of a sanjak in the See also:

• ERZERUM, or ARZRUM (Arm. Garin)

Erzerum vilayet of See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey . It is the headquarters of the IV. See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

corps, being a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of some military importance, with large See also:

• BARRACKS (derived through the French from the Late Lat. barra, a bar)
• BARRACKS, CAMP

barracks and military factories . It is situated at an See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude of 3900 ft., near the western end of a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich well-watered See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain through which runs the Kara Su or western See also:

• EUPHRATES (Babylon. Purattu, Heb. Perath, Arab. Frdt or Furst, Old Pers. Ufratu, Gr. Eb4 parrls)

Euphrates . It is surrounded by orchards andgardens, and is about a mile from the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• RIVER

river, which here runs in two wide channels crossed by See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges . One wide See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street traverses the town from See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east to See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, but the others are narrow, unpaved and dirty, except near the new See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government buildings and the large See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque of Hajji Izzet See also:

• PASHA

Pasha to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north, which are the only buildings of See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal barracks, military See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital and clothing factory are at Karateluk on the plain and along the See also:

• FOOT

foot-hills to the north 3 M. off, one See also:

• RECENT

recent addition to the business buildings having electric See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power and modern See also:

• BRITISH

British machinery; some older barracks and a military tannery and See also:

• BOOT

boot factory being in the town . The See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers about 15,000, of whom about See also:

• HALF

half are Armenians living in a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter . The principal See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries are the manufacture of See also:

• SILK

silk and See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton and of See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper dishes and utensils . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate is hot in summer but moderate in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter . A See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage-road leads to See also:

• TREBIZOND (Gr. Trapezus)

Trebizond, and other roads to See also:

• SIVAS
• SIVAS (anc. Megalopolis-Sebasteia)

Sivas, Karahissar, Erzerum and See also:

• KHARPUT

Kharput . The plain, almost surrounded by lofty mountains, is highly productive with many villages on it and the border hills . See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

Wheat, See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit, vines and cotton are largely grown, and See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle and See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep are bred .

See also:

• WATER

Water is everywhere abundant, and there are See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron and hot See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur springs . The See also:

• BATTLE

battle in which the See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan of See also:

• RUM
• RUM (according to Skeat, a corruption of Malay brum or bram; the adjective " rum," i.e. " queer," being a distinct word, in Gipsy rem)

Rum (1243) was defeated by the See also:

• MONGOLS

Mongols took place on the plain, and the celebrated Armenian monastery of St See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory, " the Illuminator," lies on the hills i i m . S.W. of the town . See also:

• ERZINGAN, or ERZINJAN (Arsingaof the middle ages)

Erzingan occupies the site of an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early town in which was a. See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of Anaitis . It was an important place in the 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century when St Gregory lived in it . The See also:

• DISTRICT

district passed •from the Byzantines to the See also:

• SELJUKS

Seljuks after the defeat of See also:

• ROMANUS

Romanus, 1071, and from the latter to the Mongols in 1243 . After having been held by Mongols, See also:

• TATARS (the common form Tartars is less correct)

Tatars and Turkomans, it was added to the Osmanli See also:

• EMPIRE

empire by Mahommed II. in 1473 . In 1784 the town was almost destroyed by an See also:

• EARTHQUAKE

earthquake . (C.W.W.; F . R . M.) ESAR-HADDON [See also:

• ASSUR
• ASSUR (Auth. Vera. Asshur)

Assur-akhi-iddina, " Assur has given a See also:

• BROTHER

brother "], See also:

• ASSYRIAN

Assyrian See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, son of See also:

• SENNACHERIB (Ass. Sin-akhi-erba, " the Moon-god has increased the brethren ")

Sennacherib; before his See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession to the See also:

• THRONE

throne he had also See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne another name, Assuretil-ilani-yukin-abla . At the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of his See also:

• FATHER

father's See also:

• MURDER

murder (the loth of Tebet, 681 B.c.) he was commanding the Assyrian army in a See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war against See also:

• ARARAT
• ARARAT (Armen. Massis, Turk. Egri Dagh, i.e. " Painful Mountain," Pers. Koh-i-Nuh, i.e. " Mountain of Noah,")

Ararat .

The conspirators, after holding See also:

• NINEVEH (Heb. m}'?, in classical authors Nivos, Ninus; LXX. Ntsetni, Nnveun: Assyrian Nind or Ninua)

Nineveh for 42 days, had been compelled to See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly northward and invoke the aid of the king of Ararat . On the 12th of Iyyar (68o B.c.) a decisive battle was fought near See also:

• MALATIA (MALATIEH or Aspuzu)

Malatia, in which the veterans of See also:

• ASSYRIA

Assyria won the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, and at the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of it saluted Esar-haddon as king . He returned to Nineveh, and on the 8th of Sivan was crowned king . A See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, Esar-haddon was also an able and conciliatory See also:

• ADMINISTRATOR

administrator . His first See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act was to crush a See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion among the Chaldaeans in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of Babylonia and then to restore See also:

• BABYLON (mod. Hillah)

Babylon, the sacred See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of the West, which had been destroyed by his father . The walls and temple of See also:

• BEL

Bel were rebuilt, its gods brought back, and after his right to See also:

• RULE

rule had been solemnly acknowledged by the Babylonian priesthood Esarhaddon made Babylon his second See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital . A See also:

• YEAR

year or two later See also:

• MEDIA

Media was invaded and Median chiefs came to Nineveh to offer See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage to their conqueror . He now turned to See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine, where the rebellion of Abdi-milkutti of Zidon was suppressed, its See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader beheaded, and a new Zidon built out of the ruins of the older city (676-675 B.C.) . All Palestine now submitted to Assyria, and 12 Syrian and to See also:

• CYPRIAN, SAINT [Caecilius Cyprianus, called THASCIUS] (c. 200–258)

Cyprian princes (including See also:

• MANASSEH (7th cent. B.C.)
• MANASSEH (apparently Hebrew for " he who causes to for-get," but see H. W. Hogg, Encyc. Bib., s.v.); in the Bible, a tribe of Israel, the elder but less important of the "sons" of Joseph. Its seat lay to the north of Ephraim, but its boundaries can scarce

Manasseh of See also:

• JUDAH

Judah) came to pay him homage and See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply him with materials for his See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace at Nineveh . But a more formidable enemy had appeared on the Assyrian frontier (676 B.c.) . The See also:

• CIMMERII

Cimmerii (see See also:

• SCYTHIA (Gr. EKuOia)

SCYTHIA) under Teuspa poured into See also:

• ASIA

Asia See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

Minor; they were, however, overthrown in See also:

• CILICIA

Cilicia, and the Cilician mountaineers who had joined them were severely punished . It was next necessary to secure the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern frontier of the empire .

Esar-haddon accordingly marched into the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart of See also:

• ARABIA

Arabia, to a distance of about goo m., across a burning and waterless See also:

• DESERT

desert, and struck terror into the Arabian tribes . At last he was See also:

• FREE

free to See also:

• COMPLETE

complete the policy of his predecessors by conquering See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, which alone remained to threaten Assyrian dominion in the West . See also:

• BAAL

Baal of See also:

• TYRE (Phoen. and Hebr. =" rock," Assyr. S'urru, Egypt. Dara, Early Lat. Sarra)

Tyre had transferred his See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance from Esar-haddon to the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian king Tirhaka and opened to the latter the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast road of Palestine; leaving a force, therefore, to invest Tyre, Esar-haddon led the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• BODY

body of the Assyrian troops into Egypt on the 5th of Adar, 673 B.C . The desert was crossed with the help of the Arabian See also:

• SHEIKH, or SHAIKH

sheikh . Egypt seems to have submitted to the invader and was divided into twenty satrapies . Another See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign, however, was needed before it could be finally subdued . In 67o B.C . Esar-haddon drove the Egyptian forces before him in 15 days (from the 3rd to the 18th of Tammuz) all the way from the frontier to See also:

• MEMPHIS

Memphis, thrice defeating them with heavy loss and wounding Tirhaka himself . Three days after Memphis See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell, and this was soon afterwards followed by the surrender of Tyre and its king . In 668 B.C . Egypt again revolted, and while on the See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march to reduce it Esar-haddon fell See also:

• ILL

ill and died on the loth of Marchesvan . His empire was divided between his two sons Assur-bani-See also:

• PAL, KRISTO DAS (1839–1884)

pal and Samas-sum-yukin, Assur-bani-pal receiving Assyria and his brother Babylonia, an arrangement, however, which did not prove to be a success .

Esar-haddon was the builder of a palace at Nineveh as well as of one which he erected at See also:

• CALAH (so in the Bible; Kaiak in the Assyrian inscriptions)

Calah for Assur-bani-pal .