ESSEX  , an eastern See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, bounded N. by See also:

• CAMBRIDGESHIRE

Cambridgeshire and See also:

• SUFFOLK
• SUFFOLK, CHARLES BRANDON, 1ST DUKE OF (c. 1484–'545)
• SUFFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SUFFOLK, THOMAS HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF (1561-1626)
• SUFFOLK, WILLIAM DE LA POLE

Suffolk, E. by the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, S. by the See also:

• THAMES

Thames, 2 i.e. in the Devereux See also:

• LINE

line . dividing it from See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent, W. by the administrative county of See also:

• LONDON

London and by See also:

• HERTFORDSHIRE [HERrs]

Hertfordshire . Its See also:

• AREA

area is 1542 sq. m . Its configuration is sufficiently indicated by the direction of its See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers . Except that in the N.W. the county includes the heads of a few valleys draining northward to the See also:

• CAM (CAO), DIOGO (fl. 1480-1486)

Cam and so to the See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• OUSE

Ouse, all the streams, which are never of great See also:

• SIZE

size, run southward and eastward, either into the Thames, or into the North Sea by way of the broad, shallow estuaries which ramify through the See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast lands . The highest ground lies consequently in the north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, between the Cam See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin and the rivers of the county . Its See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal southward See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension is that between the See also:

• LEA, HENRY CHARLES (1825–1909)

Lea (which with its tributary the Stort forms a great See also:

• PART

part of the western boundary) and the Roding, and See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of the Roding valley . The other See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief rivers may be specified according to their estuaries, following the coast northward from See also:

• SHOEBURYNESS

Shoeburyness at the Thames mouth . That of the See also:

• ROACH (Leuciscus rulilus)

Roach ramifies among several islands of which Foulness is the largest, but its See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch joins the Crouch See also:

• ESTUARY (from the Lat. aestuarium, a place reached by aestus, the tide)

estuary . Next follows the See also:

• BLACKWATER

Blackwater, which receives the Chelmer, the See also:

• BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

Brain and other streams . Following a coast of numerous creeks and islets, with the large See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of Mersea, the See also:

• COLNE

Colne estuary is reached . The Colne and See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black-See also:

• WATER

water may be said to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form one large estuary, as they enter the sea by a well-marked See also:

• COMMON

common mouth, 5 M. in width, between Sales Point and Colne Point .

There is a great irregular inlet (Hamford Water) receiving no large stream, W. of the Naze promontory, and then the See also:

• STOUR

Stour, bounding the county on the north, joins its estuary to that of the Orwell near the sea . There are several seaside watering-places in favour owing to their proximity to London, of which Southend-on-Sea above the mouth of the Thames, Clacton-on-Sea, See also:

• WALTON, BRIAN (1600-1661)
• WALTON, IZAAK (1593-1683)

Walton-on-the-Naze, and See also:

• DOVERCOURT

Dovercourt adjoining See also:

• HARWICH

Harwich are the chief . These and' other stations on the estuaries are also in favour with yachtsmen . The sea has at some points seriously encroached upon the See also:

• LAND

land within historic times . The See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low soft cliffs at various points are liable to give way against the waves; in other parts dykes and embankments are necessary to prevent inundation . Inland, that is apart from the flat coast-See also:

• DISTRICT

district, the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country is pleasantly undulating and for the most part well wooded . It was formerly, indeed, almost wholly forested, the great See also:

• WALTHAM

Waltham See also:

• FOREST

Forest stretching from See also:

• COLCHESTER
• COLCHESTER, CHARLES ABBOT, 1ST BARON (1757-1829)

Colchester to the confines of London . Of this a fragment is preserved in See also:

• EPPING

Epping Forest (see EPPING) between the Lea and the Roding . On the other See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the Roding Hainault Forest is traceable, but was disafforested in 1851 . The See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak is the principal See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree; a noteworthy example was that of Fairlop in Hainault, which measured 45 ft. in girth, but was blown down in 1820 . See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—The See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological structure of the county is very See also:

• SIMPLE

simple: the greater part is occupied by the London See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay with underlying See also:

• READING

Reading beds and See also:

• THANET, ISLE OF

Thanet sands, with here and there small patches of Bagshot gravels on elevated tracts, as at High See also:

• BEECH

Beech, See also:

• LANGDON, JOHN (1741—1819)

Langdon See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill, See also:

• BRENTWOOD

Brentwood and See also:

• RAYLEIGH, JOHN WILLIAM STRUTT

Rayleigh; and occasionally the same beds are represented by the large See also:

• BOULDER
• BOULDER (short for " boulder-stone," of uncertain origin; cf. Swed. bullersten, a large stone which causes a noise of rippling water in a stream, from bullra, to make a loud noise)

boulder-like Sarsen stones on the See also:

• LOWER

lower ground . In the north, the See also:

• CHALK

chalk, which underlies the See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary strata over the whole county, appears at the See also:

• SURFACE

surface and forms the See also:

• DOWNS

downs about See also:

• SAFFRON (Arab. za'faran)

Saffron See also:

• WALDEN, ROGER (d. 1406)

Walden, Birdbrook and Great Yeldham; it is brought up again by a small disturbance at Grays Thurrock where it is quarried on a large See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale for See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime, See also:

• CEMENT (from Lat. caementum, rough pieces of stone, a shortened form of caedimentum, from caedere, to cut)

cement and See also:

• WHITING
• WHITING (Gadus merlangus)

whiting .

Small patches of See also:

• PLEISTOCENE

Pleistocene Red See also:

• CRAG (a Celtic word, cf. Gael. creag, Manx creg, and Welsh and modern Scots craig)

Crag See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest upon the See also:

• EOCENE (Gr. *In, dawn, icauvos, recent)

Eocene strata at See also:

• BEAUMONT
• BEAUMONT, BELMONT, or BELLOMONT
• BEAUMONT, CHRISTOPHE DE (1703-1781)
• BEAUMONT, SIR JOHN (1583–1627)

Beaumont and Oakley, and are very well exposed at Walton-onthe-Naze where they are very fossiliferous . Most of the county is covered by a superficial See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit of glacial drifts, sands, See also:

• GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

gravel and in places boulder clay, as at Epping, See also:

• DUNMOW (properly GREAT DuxMow)

Dunmow and Hornchurch where the See also:

• DRIFT (from "drive ")

drift lies beneath the Thames gravel . An interesting feature in relation to the glacial drift is a deep trough in the Cam valley revealed by borings to be no less than 34o ft. deep at See also:

• NEWPORT

Newport ; this See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient valley is filled with drift . In the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern part of the county are broad spreads of gravel and See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, formed by the Thames; these have been excavated for brick-making and See also:

• BUILDING

building purposes about See also:

• ILFORD [GREAT ILFORD]

Ilford, See also:

• ROMFORD

Romford and Grays, and have yielded the remains of See also:

• HIPPOPOTAMUS (" river-horse," Gr. lames, horse and aoraµbs, river)

hippopotamus, See also:

• RHINOCEROS

rhinoceros and See also:

• MAMMOTH
• MAMMOTH (0. Russ. mammot, mod. mamant; the Tatar word mama, earth, from which it is supposed to be derived, is not known to exist)

mammoth . More See also:

• RECENT

recent alluvial deposits are found in the valley at See also:

• WALTHAMSTOW

Walthamstow and Tilbury, in which the remains of the See also:

• BEAVER
• BEAVER (from Fr. baviere, a child's bib, from bane, saliva)

beaver have been discovered . The roads of this county with a clay See also:

• SOIL

soil See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation were for generations repaired with flints picked by See also:

• WOMEN

women and See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children from the surface of the See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields . Gravel is difficult of acces With the exception of chalk for lime (mainly obtained at Ballingdon in the north and Grays in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south), septaria for making cement, and clay for bricks, the underground riches of the county are meagre . See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture.—As an agricultural county Essex ranks high . Some four-fifths of the See also:

• TOTAL

total area is under cultivation, and about one-third of that area is in permanent pasture . See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

Wheat. See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley and oats, in that relative See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, are the principal See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain crops, Essex being one of the chief grain-producing counties . The wheat and barley are in particularly high favour, the wheat of various See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard See also:

• SPECIES

species being exported for See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed purposes, while the barley is especially useful in malting . Beans and peas are largely grown, as are vegetables for the London See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market .

See also:

• HOP (Ger. Hopfen, Fr. houblon)

Hop-growing was once important . From the See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative dryness of the See also:

• CLIMATE

climate Essex does not excel in pasturage, and See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter grazing receives the more See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention . The See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle increase steadily, and See also:

• STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store bullocks are introduced in large numbers from See also:

• NORFOLK
• NORFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Norfolk, See also:

• LINCOLNSHIRE

Lincolnshire, See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland and See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales . Of See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep there are but few distinct flocks, and the numbers decrease . Pigs are generally of a high-class See also:

• BERKSHIRE [abbreviated Berks, pronounced Berkshire]
• BERKSHIRE, THOMAS HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF (1587–1669)

Berkshire type . Other See also:

• INDUSTRIES

Industries.—The south-west of the county, being contiguous to London, is very densely populated, and is the seat of large and varied industries . For example, there are numbers of chemical See also:

• WORKS

works, the extensive See also:

• ENGINE
• ENGINE (Lat. ingenium)

engine shops and works of the Great Eastern railway at See also:

• STRATFORD
• STRATFORD, JOHN DE (d. 1348)

Stratford, See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder works in the vicinity of Waltham See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

Abbey, and powder stores at Purfleet on the Thames . The extensive water-works for east London, by the Lea near Walthamstow, may also be mentioned . The docks at Plaistow and Tilbury on the Thames employ many hands . Apart from this See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial district, there are consider-able See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering works, especially for agricultural implements, at See also:

• CHELMSFORD
• CHELMSFORD, FREDERIC THESIGER, 1ST BARON (1794-1878)

Chelmsford, Colchester and elsewhere; several See also:

• SILK

silk works, as at See also:

• BRAINTREE

Braintree and See also:

• HALSTEAD

Halstead; large breweries, as at Brentwood, Chelmsford and Romford; and lime and cement works at Grays Thurrock . The See also:

• OYSTER

oyster-beds of the Colne produce the famous Colchester natives, and there are similar beds in the Crouch and Roach, for which Burnham-on-Crouch is the centre; and in the Blackwater (See also:

• MALDON

Maldon) . Communications.—Railway communications are supplied principally by the Great Eastern railway, of which the main line runs by Stratford, Ilford, Romford, Brentwood, Chelmsford, See also:

• WITHAM

Witham, Colchester, and Manningtree .

The See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge and See also:

• NORTHERN

northern line of this See also:

• COMPANY

company, following the Lea valley, does not See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch the county until it diverges along the valley of the Stort . The chief branches are those to Southend and Burnham, Witham to Maldon, Colchester to See also:

• BRIGHTLINGSEA (pronounced BRITTLESEA)

Brightlingsea, to Clacton and to Walton, and Manningtree to Harwich, on the coast; and Witham to Braintree and See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

Bishop's Stortford, and See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

Mark's Tey to See also:

• SUDBURY
• SUDBURY, SIMON OF (d. 1381)

Sudbury and beyond, inland; while there are several branch lines among the manufacturing and residential suburbs in the south-west, to Walthamstow and Buckhurst Hill, See also:

• CHIGWELL

Chigwell, See also:

• LOUGHTON

Loughton, Epping, Ongar, &c . The London, Tilbury & Southend railway, following the Thames, serves the places named, and the Colne Valley railway runs from Chappel junction near Mark's Tey by Halstead to See also:

• HAVERHILL

Haverhill . On the Thames, besides the great docks at Plaistow (See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria and See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert) and the deep-water docks at Tilbury, the principal calling places for vessels are Grays, Purfleet and Southend, while See also:

• BARKING

Barking on the Roding has also See also:

• SHIPPING

shipping See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, and the Lea affords important water-connexions . Elsewhere, the principal See also:

• PORT

port is Harwich, at the mouth of the Stour, one of the chief ports of England for See also:

• EUROPEAN

European passenger See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic . Other towns ranking as lesser estuarine ports are: Brightlingsea and Wivenhoe on the Colne, forming a member of the Cinque Port of See also:

• SANDWICH
• SANDWICH, EDWARD MONTAGU, or MOUNTAGU, 1ST EARL OF (1625–1672)
• SANDWICH, JOHN MONTAGU, 4TH EARL OF (1718–1792)

Sandwich; Colchester, Maldon on the Blackwater, and Burnham-on-Crouch . The Stour, Chelmer, and Lea and Stort are the principal navigable inland waterways . See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

Population and See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

Administration.—The area of the ancient county is 986,975 acres, with a population in 1891 of 785,445 and in 190I of 1,085,771 . The area of the administrative county is 979,532 acres . The county contains nineteen hundreds . It is divided into eight See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary divisions, and it also includes the parliamentary boroughs of Colchester and West See also:

• HAM

Ham, the latter consisting of two divisions . Each of these returns one member .

The county divisions are—Northern or Saffron Walden, North-eastern or Harwich, Eastern or Maldon, Western or Epping, See also:

• MID

Mid or Chelmsford, South-eastern, Southern or Rom-See also:

• FORD, EDWARD ONSLOW
• FORD, JOHN (r586–c.1640)
• FORD, RICHARD (1796-1858)
• FORD, THOMAS (b. c. 158o)

ford, South-western or Walthamstow, returning one member each . The municipal boroughs are—Chelmsford (12,580), Colchester (38,373), East Ham (96,018), Harwich (10,070), Maldon (5565), Saffron Walden (5896), Southend-on-Sea (28,857), and one county See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough, West Ham (267,358) . The following are the other See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban districts—Barking See also:

• TOWN

Town (21,547), Braintree (5330), Brentwood (4932), Brightlingsea (4501), Buckhurst Hill (4786), Burnham-on-Crouch (2919), See also:

• CHINGFORD

Chingford (4373), Clacton (7456), Epping (3789), Frinton-on-Sea (644), Grays Thurrock (13,834), Halstead (6073), Ilford (41,234), See also:

• LEIGH
• LEIGH, EDWARD (1602–1671)

Leigh-on-Sea (3667), See also:

• LEYTON

Leyton (98,912), Loughton (4730), Romford (13,656), Shoeburyness (4081), Waltham See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• CROSS

Cross (6549), Walthamstow (95,131), Walton-on-the-Naze (2014), See also:

• WANSTEAD

Wanstead (9179), Witham (3454), Wivenhoe (2560), See also:

• WOODFORD

Woodford (13,798) . Essex is in the South-eastern See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit, and assizes are held at Chelmsford . The boroughs of Harwich and Southend-on-Sea have See also:

• SEPARATE

separate commissions of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, and the boroughs of Colchester, Maldon, Saffron Walden and West Ham have, in addition, separate courts of See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter sessions . The county is ecclesiastically within the See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese of St Albans (with a small portion within that of See also:

• ELY
• ELY, RICHARD THEODORE (1854— )

Ely) and is divided into two archdeaconries; containing 452 parishes or districts wholly or in part . There are 399 See also:

• CIVIL

civil parishes . There is a military station and See also:

• DEPOT (from the Fr. depot, Lat. depositum, laid down; the French accent marks are usually dispensed with in English)

depot for recruits at Warley, and a See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison at Tilbury . At Shoeburyness there are a school of gunnery and an extensive ground for testing government See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery of the largest calibre . See also:

• HISTORY

History (see also below under EssEx, See also:

• KINGDOM

KINGDOM oF).—Essex probably originated as a See also:

• SHIRE

shire in the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of iEthelstan . According to the Domesday Survey it comprised nineteen hundreds, corresponding very closely in extent and in name with those of the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . The additional See also:

• HALF

half-See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred of Thunreslan on the Suffolk border has disappeared; Witbrictesherna is now Dengie; and the See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty of Havering-atte-See also:

• BOWER, WALTER (1385-1449)

Bower appears to have been taken out of Becontree .

Essex and Hertfordshire were under one See also:

• SHERIFF

sheriff . until the time of See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth . At the time of the Survey See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Eustace held a vast See also:

• FIEF

fief in Essex, and the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of the See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

Honour of See also:

• BOULOGNE, or BOULLONGNE

Boulogne was held at Witham . Bentry See also:

• HEATH
• HEATH, BENJAMIN (1704-1766)
• HEATH, WILLIAM (1737—1814)

Heath in Dagenham, Hundred Heath in Tendring and See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle Hedingham in Hinckford were the See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting-places of their respective hundreds . The stewardship of the forest of Essex was held by the earls of See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford until deprived of it for adherence to the Lancastrian cause . In 1421 certain parts of Essex inherited by See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry V. from his See also:

• MOTHER

mother were brought under the See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction of the duchy of See also:

• LANCASTER
• LANCASTER, HOUSE OF
• LANCASTER, JOHN OF GAUNT
• LANCASTER, JOSEPH (1778-1838)
• LANCASTER, SIR JAMES (f1. 1591—1618)
• LANCASTER, THOMAS, EARL OF (c. 1277-1322)

Lancaster . Essex was part of the see of London from the time of the foundation of the bishopric in the 7th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . The See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch-deaconries are first mentioned in rro8; that of Essex extended over the south of the county and in 1291 included eight deaneries; the north of the county was divided between the archdeaconries of See also:

• MIDDLESEX
• MIDDLESEX, LIONEL CRANFIELD, 1ST EARL OF (1575-1645)

Middlesex and Colchester, comprising three and six deaneries respectively . Colchester was constituted a See also:

• SUFFRAGAN (Med. Lat. suffraganeus suffragator, one who assists, from suffragari, to vote in favour of, to support)

suffragan bishopric by Henry VIII . In 1836 Essex was transferred to' the diocese of See also:

• ROCHESTER
• ROCHESTER, JOHN WILMOT, 2ND EARL
• ROCHESTER, LAWRENCE HYDE, EARL OF (1641-1711)

Rochester, with the exception of nine parishes which remained in London . In 1845 the See also:

• ARCHDEACON (Lat. archidiaconus, Gr. &oxt3tauovor)

archdeacon of Middlesex ceased to exercise See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control in Essex, and the deaneries were readjusted . In 1875 Essex was transferred to the newly created diocese of St Albans, and in 1877 the archdeaconry of Essex was subdivided into eighteen deaneries and that of Colchester into sixteen . Owing to its proximity to the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital Essex was intimately associated with all the great See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical struggles .

The See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility of Essex took a leading part in the struggle for the See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter, and of the twenty-four guardians of the charter, four were Essex barons . The castles of Pleshey, Colchester, and Hedingham were held against the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king in the Barons' See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War of the reign of Henry III., and 5000 Essex men joined the See also:

• PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

peasant rising of 1381 . During the See also:

• WARS

Wars of the See also:

• ROSES, WARS OF THE

Roses the Lancastrian cause was supported by the dt Veres, while the Bourchiers and See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Fitz-See also:

• WALTER, HUBERT (d. 1205)
• WALTER, JOHN (1738/9-1812)

Walter were among the Yorkist leaders . Several Essex men were concerned in the See also:

• GUNPOWDER

Gunpowder See also:

• PLOT
• PLOT, ROBERT (164o-1696)

Plot, and in the Civil War of the 17th century the county rendered valuable aid to the See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament . After the See also:

• CONQUEST

Conquest no Englishman retained estates in Essex of any importance, and the chief See also:

• LAY

lay barons at the time of the Survey were See also:

• GEOFFREY
• GEOFFREY (1158-1186)
• GEOFFREY (c. I152-1212)

Geoffrey de See also:

• MANDEVILLE, BERNARD DE (1670-1733)
• MANDEVILLE, GEOFFREY DE (d. 1144)

Mandeville and See also:

• AUBREY, JOHN (1626-1697)

Aubrey de \'ere . The de Veres, earls of Oxford, were continuously connected with the county until the extinction of the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title two centuries ago . Pleshey was the stronghold of the Mandevilles, and, although the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house became See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct in 1189, its descendants in the See also:

• FEMALE

female line retained the title of earls of Essex . The Honour of See also:

• HATFIELD

Hatfield Peverel held by Ranulf Peverel after the Conquest escheated to the See also:

• CROWN

crown in the reign of Henry I., and in the same reign the fief of See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert Gernon passed to the house of Mountfichet . Essex has always been mainly an agricultural county, and the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary agricultural pursuits were carried on at the time of the Domesday Survey, which also mentions See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt-making, See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine-making, See also:

• BEE (Sanskrit blza, AS. ben, Lat. apis)

bee-culture and See also:

• CHEESE (Lat. caseus)

cheese-making, while the oyster See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries have been famous from the earliest historic times . The woollen See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry See also:

• DATES

dates back to Saxon times, and for many centuries ranked as the most important industry . See also:

• CLOTH

Cloth-See also:

• WEAVING

weaving was introduced in the 14th century, and in the 16th century Colchester was noted for its " bays and says." Colchester also possessed a valuable See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather industry in the 16th century, at which See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period Essex was considered an exceptionally wealthy and prosperous county; See also:

• NORDEN
• NORDEN, JOHN (1548-1625?)

Norden, See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing in 1594, describes it as " moste fatt, frutefull, and full of all profitable things." The decline of the cloth industry in the 17th century caused great See also:

• DISTRESS

distress, but a number of smaller industries began to take its See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . Saffron-culture and silk-weaving were extensively carried on in the 17th century, and. the 18th century saw the introduction of the See also:

• STRAW

straw-See also:

• PLAIT (through O. Fr. pleit, from Lat. plicitum, folded, plicare, to fold)

plait industry, potash-making, See also:

• CALICO

calico-See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing, malting and See also:

• BREWING

brewing, and the manufacture of See also:

• ROMAN

Roman cement .

The county returned four members to parliament in 1290 . From 1295 it returned two members for the county and two for Colchester . Maldon acquired See also:

• REPRESENTATION

representation in 1331 and Harwich in 1604 . Under the Reform See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of 1832 the county returned four members in four divisions . Under the Representation of the See also:

• PEOPLE

People Act of 1868 Maldon and Harwich each lost one member, and the county returned six members in three divisions . Antiquities.—It is supposed by many antiquaries that Saxon See also:

• MASONRY

masonry can be detected in the See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of several of the Essex churches, but, with the exception of Ashingdon See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower, believed to have been erected by Canute after his victory over See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund Ironside, there is no obviously recognizable building belonging to that period . This is probably to be in part ascribed to the fact that the comparative scarcity of See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone and the unusual abundance of See also:

• TIMBER

timber led to the extensive employment of the latter material . Several of the Essex churches, as See also:

• BLACKMORE, RICHARD DODDRIDGE (1825-1900)
• BLACKMORE, SIR RICHARD (c. 1650-1729)

Blackmore, Mountnessing, Margaretting, and South Benfleet, have massive porches and towers of timber; and St See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew's church, See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

Green-See also:

• STEAD, WILLIAM THOMAS (1849– )

stead, with its walls of solid oak, continues an almost unique example of its See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind . Of the four See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round churches in England one is in Essex at Little Maplestead; it is both the smallest and the latest . The churches of South See also:

• WEALD, THE

Weald, See also:

• HADLEIGH

Hadleigh, Blackmore, Heybridge and Hadstock may be mentioned as containing See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman See also:

• WORK

work; with the church of Castle Hedingham for its See also:

• FINE

fine Transitional work; Southchurch, See also:

• DANBURY

Danbury and Boreham as being partly See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early See also:

• ENGLISH

English; Ingatestone, Stebbing and Tilty for specimens of Decorated See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture; and Messing, Thaxted, Saffron Walden, and the church of St See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter ad Vincula at the small town of Coggeshall, near Colchester, as specimens of Perpendicular . Stained See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass windows have See also:

• LEFT

left their traces in several of the churches, the finest remains being those of Margaretting, which represent a tree of See also:

• JESSE
• JESSE, EDWARD (178o–1868)
• JESSE, JOHN HENEAGE (1815-1874)

Jesse and the See also:

• DAISY (A.S. daeges cage, day's eye)

daisy or See also:

• HERB (Lat. herba, grass, food for cattle, generally taken to represent the Old Lat. forbea, Gr. 4op(3i1, pasture, <0p/3Ew, to feed, Sans. bharb, to eat)

herb See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret . Paintings have evidently been largely used for See also:

• INTERNAL

internal decoration: a remarkable See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series, probably of the 12th century, but much restored in the 14th, exists in the See also:

• CHANCEL (through O. Fr. from Lat. plur. cancelli, dim. of cancer, grating, lattice, probably connected with an Indo-European root Kar-, to bend; cf. circus, curve, &c.)

chancel of Copford church; and in the church at Ingatestone there was discovered in 1868 an almost unique See also:

• FRESCO (Ital. for cool, " fresh ")

fresco representation of the seven deadly sins .

The See also:

• OLDEST

oldest See also:

• BRASSES, MONUMENTAL

brasses preserved in the county are those of See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William Fitz-See also:

• RALPH (d. 1122)

Ralph at Pebmarsh, about 1323; See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard of Beltown, at Corringham, 1340; Sir See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• GIFFORD, ROBERT SWAIN (184o—19o5)
• GIFFORD, SANDFORD ROBINSON (1823–188o)
• GIFFORD, WILLIAM (1756-1826)

Gifford, at Bowers Gifford, 1348; Ralph de Kneyton, at Aveley, 1370; Robert de Swynbourne, at Little Horkesley, 1391; and Sir Ingelram de Bruyn, at South Ockendon, 1400 . The See also:

• BRASS
• BRASS (O. Eng. braes)

brass of See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• HERON (Fr. heron; Ital. aghirone, airone; Lat. ardea; Gr. ipw&bs: A.-S. hragra; Icelandic, hegre; Swed. hager; Dan. heire; Ger. Heiger, Reiher, Heergans; Dutch, reiger)

Heron, aged 14, at Little Ilford, though dating only from 1517, is of See also:

• INTEREST

interest as a picture of a schoolboy of the period . Ancient wooden See also:

• EFFIGIES, MONUMENTAL

effigies are preserved at Danbury, Little Leighs and Little Horkesley . Essex was See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in monastic foundations, though the greater number have left but meagre ruins behind . The See also:

• BENEDICTINES, or BLACK MONKS

Benedictines had an abbey at Saffron Walden, nunneries at Barking and Wickes, and priories at See also:

• EARL

Earl's or See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

Monk's Colne and Castle Hedingham; the Augustinian canons had an abbey at Waltham (see WALTHAM ABBEY; the portion remaining shows Norman work of the finest See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character), priories at Thoby, Blackmore, Bicknacre, Little Leighs, Little Dunmow and St Osyth (see BRIGHTLINGSEA); there were Cistercian abbeys at Coggeshall, Stratford and Tilty; the Cluniac monks were settled at Prittiewell, the See also:

• PREMONSTRATENSIANS

Premonstratensians at Beleigh Abbey, and the Knights Hospitallers at Little Maplestead . Barking Abbey is said to date its first origin from the 7th century; most of the others arose in the 12th and 13th centuries . Besides the keep at Colchester there is a fine Norman castle at Castle Hedingham, and, two dilapidated round towers still stand at Hadleigh near Southend . Ongar, the house of the de Lacys, and Pleshey, the seat of the earls of Essex, have left only mounds . Havering-atte-Bower, the See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace that was occupied by many queens, is replaced by a See also:

• MODERN

modern house; Wickham, the See also:

• MANSION (through O. Fr. mansion, mod. maison, from Lat. mansio, dwelling-place, stage on a journey; manere, to remain)

mansion of the bishops of London, no longer stands . New See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall, which was successively occupied by Henry VIII., Elizabeth, the earl of Essex, See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• VILLIERS, CHARLES PELHAM (1802-1898)

Villiers, See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• BUCKINGHAM
• BUCKINGHAM, EARLS, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• BUCKINGHAM, FIRST DUKE
• BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, 1ST DUKE 0E1
• BUCKINGHAM, GEORGE VILLIERS, 2ND DUKE 0E1 (1628-1687)
• BUCKINGHAM, HENRY STAFFORD, 2ND DUKE OF3 (1454-1483)
• BUCKINGHAM, JAMES SILK (1786-1855)

Buckingham, and See also:

• CROMWELL, HENRY (1628-1674)
• CROMWELL, OLIVER (1599-1658)
• CROMWELL, RICHARD (1626–1712)
• CROMWELL, THOMAS, EARL OF

Cromwell, is now a nunnery of the order of the Holy See also:

• SEPULCHRE, CANONS REGULAR OF THE HOLY
• SEPULCHRE, EASTER
• SEPULCHRE, THE HOLY

Sepulchre . See also:

• AUDLEY, or AUDELEY, SIR JAMES (c. 1316-1386)
• AUDLEY, THOMAS AUDLEY, BARON (c. 1488-1544)

Audley End, the mansion of Lord Braybrooke, is a See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble example of the domestic architecture of the Jacobean period; Layer Marney is an interesting See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian influences that were at work in the time of See also:

• WOLSEY, THOMAS (c. 1475–1530)

Wolsey . Horeham Hall was built by Sir John Cutt in the reign of Henry VII., and Gosfield Hall is of about the same date .

See Norden, Speculi Britanniae Pars: an Hist. and Geogr . Descrip. of the County of Essex (1594) (edited for the See also:

• CAMDEN
• CAMDEN, CHARLES PRATT, 1ST EARL (1714-1794)
• CAMDEN, JOHN JEFFREYS PRATT, 2ND EARL
• CAMDEN, WILLIAM (1551-1623)

Camden Society by Sir Henry See also:

• ELLIS (originally SHARPE), ALEXANDER JOHN (1814-189o)
• ELLIS, GEORGE (1753-1815)
• ELLIS, ROBINSON (1834- )
• ELLIS, SIR HENRY (1777-1869)
• ELLIS, WILLIAM (1794 – 1872)

Ellis, 1840, from the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original MS. in the See also:

• MARQUIS

Marquis of See also:

• SALISBURY
• SALISBURY, EARLS OF
• SALISBURY, ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNECECIL, 3RD MARQUESS OF (1830-1903)
• SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1565-1612)
• SALISBURY, THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, 4TH EARL OF (1388-1428)
• SALISBURY, WILLIAM LONGSWORD (or LONGESPEE), EARL OF (d. 1226)

Salisbury's library at Hatfield) ; See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas See also:

• TINDAL, MATTHEW (d. 1733)

Tindal, Hist. of Essex (1720) ; N . See also:

• SALMON
• SALMON, GEORGE (1819-1904)

Salmon, The Hist. and Antiq. of Essex (London, 1740)—based on the collections of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James Strangman of Hadleigh (v . Trans. of Essex Arch . ' See also:

• SOC

Soc. vol. ii.) ; P . Morant, Hist. and Antiq. of the County of Essex (London, 1768) ; P . Muilman, New and See also:

• COMPLETE

Complete Hist. of Essex from a See also:

• LATE

late Survey, by a See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

Gentleman (Chelmsford, 6 vols., 1770-1i72, London, 1779) ; Elizabeth Ogbourne, Hist. of Essex (London, part i., 1814); Excursions through Essex, illustrated with one hundred engravings (2 vols., London, 1818) ; T . See also:

• WRIGHT, CARROLL DAVIDSON (1840-1909)
• WRIGHT, CHAUNCEY (1830-1875)
• WRIGHT, JOSEPH (1734-1797)
• WRIGHT, SILAS (1795-1847)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1809–1884)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1810—1877)
• WRIGHT, WILLIAM ALDIS (1836– )

Wright, Hist. and See also:

• TOPOGRAPHY
• TOPOGRAPHY (Gr. Toros, place, -partied', to write)

Topography of Essex (1831); W . See also:

• BERRY, CHARLES ALBERT (1852-1899)
• BERRY, CHARLES FERDINAND
• BERRY, JOHN, DUKE OF (1340-1416)
• BERRY, or BERRI

Berry, Pedigrees of Families in Essex (1841); A . Suckling, Memorials of the Antiquities, &c., of the County of Essex (London, 1845); W . See also:

• ANDREWS, JAMES PETTIT (c. 1737–1797)
• ANDREWS, THOMAS (1813–1885)

Andrews (ed.), Bygone Essex (London, 1892); J . T .

See also:

• PAGE
• PAGE, THOMAS NELSON (1853- )
• PAGE, WILLIAM (1811-1885)

Page (ed.), Essex in the Days of Old (London, 1898); Victoria County History, Essex; Transactions of the Essex Arch . Soc. from 1858 . An See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of various MS. collections connected with the county is given by H . W . King in vol. ii. of the Transactions (1863) .