See also:

• KINGDOM

KINGDOM OF See also:

• ESSEX
• ESSEX, ARTHUR CAPEL
• ESSEX, EARLS OF
• KINGDOM OF ESSEX
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX, 2ND2 EARL OF (1566-1601)
• ESSEX, WALTER DEVEREUX, IST2 EARL OF (1541–1576)

ESSEX  , one of the kingdoms into which Anglo-Saxon See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain was divided, properly the See also:

• LAND

land of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East See also:

• SAXONS

Saxons . Of its origin and See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• HISTORY

history we have no See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record except the See also:

• BARE

bare statement of See also:

• BEDE, BEDA, or B
• BEDE, CUTHBERT

Bede that its settlers were of the Old Saxon See also:

• RACE

race . In connexion with this it is interesting to See also:

• NOTICE

notice that the East Saxon See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty claimed descent from Seaxneat, not See also:

• WODEN

Woden . The See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form Seaxneat is identical with Saxnot, one of three gods mentioned in a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental document probably of Old Saxon origin . Bede does not mention this See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom in his narrative until 604, the See also:

• YEAR

year of the See also:

• CONSECRATION (Lat. consecrallo, from con and sacrare, " to make sacred ")

consecration of See also:

• MELLITUS (d. 624)

Mellitus to the see of See also:

• LONDON

London . The boundaries of See also:

• ESSEX
• ESSEX, ARTHUR CAPEL
• ESSEX, EARLS OF
• ESSEX, KINGDOM OF
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX, 2ND2 EARL OF (1566-1601)
• ESSEX, WALTER DEVEREUX, IST2 EARL OF (1541–1576)

Essex were in later times the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers See also:

• STOUR

Stour and See also:

• THAMES

Thames, but the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original limits of the kingdom are quite uncertain; towards the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west it probably included most if not the whole of See also:

• HERTFORDSHIRE [HERrs]

Hertfordshire, and in the 7th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century the whole of See also:

• MIDDLESEX
• MIDDLESEX, LIONEL CRANFIELD, 1ST EARL OF (1575-1645)

Middlesex . In 604 we find Essex in See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close dependence upon See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent, being ruled by Saberht, See also:

• SISTER

sister's son of iEthelberht, under whom the East Saxons received See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity . The three sons of Saberht, however, expelled Mellitus from his see, and even after their See also:

• DEATH

death in See also:

• BATTLE

battle against the West Saxons, See also:

• EADBALD (d. 64o)

Eadbald of Kent was unable to restore him . In the year 653 we find Northuinbrian See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence See also:

• PARAMOUNT (Anglo-Fr. paramont, up above, par el mont, up or on top of the mountain)

paramount in Essex, for See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King Sigeberht at the instance of See also:

• OSWIO (c. 612-670)

Oswio became a See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian and received Cedd, the See also:

• BROTHER

brother of St See also:

• CHAD
• CHAD [CEADDA], SAINT (d. 672)

Chad, in his kingdom as See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop, Tilbury and Ythanceastere (on the See also:

• BLACKWATER

Blackwater) being the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief scenes of his See also:

• WORK

work . Swithhelm, the successor of Sigeberht, was on terms of friendship with the East Anglian royal See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, King AEthelwald being his See also:

• SPONSOR (from Lat. spondere, to promise)

sponsor at his See also:

• BAPTISM

baptism by Cedd . It was probably about this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time that Erconwald, afterwards bishop of London, founded the monastery of See also:

• BARKING

Barking . Swithhelm's successors Sigehere and Sebbe were dependent on See also:

• WULFHERE (d. 675)

Wulfhere, the powerful king of See also:

• MERCIA

Mercia, who on the See also:

• APOSTASY (aaoafiavis, in classical Greek a defection or revolt from a military commander)

apostasy of Sigehere sent Bishop Jaruman to restore the faith .

There are grounds for believing that an East Saxon See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of Kent took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in this reign . A forged See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant of Ceadwalla speaks of the fall of Kent before Sigehere as a well-known event; and in a Kentish See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter dated 676 a king of Kent called Swebhard grants land with the consent of his See also:

• FATHER

father King Sebbe . In 692 or 694 Sebbe abdicated and received the monastic vows from Waldhere, the successor of Erconwald at London . His sons Sigeheard and Swefred succeeded him as See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of Essex, Sigehere being apparently dead . As the See also:

• LAWS

laws of See also:

• INE

Ine of Wessex speak of Erconwald as " my bishop," it is possible that the influence of Wessex for a short time prevailed in Essex; but a subsequent charter of Swefred is approved by Coenred of Mercia, and See also:

• OFFA
• OFFA (d. 796)

Offa, the son of Sigehere, accompanied the same king to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome in 709 . From this time onwards the history of Essex is almost a See also:

• BLANK (from the Fr. blanc, white)

blank . In 743 or 745 iEthelbald of Mercia is found granting privileges at the See also:

• PORT

port of London, and perhaps the western portion of the kingdom had already been annexed, for henceforward London is frequently the See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting-place of the Mercian See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council . The violent death of Selred, king of Essex, is mentioned in the Saxon See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

Chronicle under the year 746; but we have no more See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information of See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical importance until the defeat of the Mercian king Beornwulf in 825, when Essex, together with Kent, See also:

• SUSSEX
• SUSSEX, EARLS OF
• SUSSEX, KINGDOM OF (SO Seaxe, i.e. the South Saxons)
• SUSSEX, THOMAS RADCLYFFE [or RATCLYFFE], 3RD EARL OF (c. 1525-1583)

Sussex and See also:

• SURREY
• SURREY, EARLDOM OF
• SURREY, HENRY HOWARD, EARL OF (1518?-1547)

Surrey, passed into the hands of See also:

• ECGBERT, or ECGBERHT (d. 766)
• ECGBERT, or ECGBERHT (d. 839)

Ecgbert, king of Wessex . After 825 we hear of no more kings of Essex, but occasionally of earls . About the year 87o Essex passed into the hands of the Danes and was See also:

• LEFT

left to them by the treaty between See also:

• ALFRED

Alfred and See also:

• GUTHRUM (GoDRUM) (d. 89o)

Guthrum . It was reconquered by See also:

• EDWARD

Edward the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

Elder . The 'earldom in the loth century apparently included several other counties, and its most famous holder was the ealdorman Brihtnoth, who See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell at the battle of See also:

• MALDON

Maldon in 991 .

The following is a See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of kings of Essex of whom there is record: Saberht (d. c . 617); three sons of Saberht, including probably Saweard and 'Seaxred; Sigeberht (Parvus); Sigeberht II.; Swithhelm (d. c . 664); Sigehere (reigned perhaps 664–689); Sebbe, son of Seaxred (664–694); Sigeheard (reigning in 693–694); Swefred (reigning in 693–694 and in 704); the two last being sons of Sebbe; Swebriht (d . 738); Selred (d . 746); Swithred, See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson of Sigeheard (succ . 746); Sigeric,. son of Selered (abd . 798); Sigered, son of Sigeric (reigning in 823) . See Bede, Hist . Eccl., edited by C . Plummer (See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, 1896), ii . 3, 5; Saxon Chronicle (See also:

• EARLE, JOHN (c. 16o1-1665)
• EARLE, RALPH (1751-1801)

Earle and Plummer, Oxford, 1899), s.a . 823, 894, 904, 913, 921, 994; See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William of See also:

• MALMESBURY
• MALMESBURY, JAMES HARRIS, IST EARL OF (1746-1820)
• MALMESBURY, JAMES HOWARD HARRIS, 3RD EARL OF (1807-1889)

Malmesbury, Gesta Regum, Rolls See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

Series (ed .

See also:

• STUBBS [STUBBES], PHILIP (c. 1555-c. 161o)
• STUBBS [STUnnE], JOHN
• STUBBS, WILLIAM (1825-1901)

Stubbs, 1887–1889) ; See also:

• SIMEON
• SIMEON (or SYMEON) OF DURHAM (d. after 1129)
• SIMEON, JOSEPH JEROME, COMTE (1749–1842)

Simeon of See also:

• DURHAM
• DURHAM, JOHN GEORGE LAMBTON, 1ST EARL OF (1792–1840)

Durham, s.a . 746 (ed . T . See also:

• ARNOLD
• ARNOLD, BENEDICT (1741-1801)
• ARNOLD, GOTTFRIED (1666-1714)
• ARNOLD, MATTHEW (1822-1888)
• ARNOLD, SAMUEL (1740--18o2)
• ARNOLD, SIR EDWIN (1832-1904)
• ARNOLD, THOMAS (1745-1842)

Arnold, 1882) and appendix, s.a . 738; See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence of See also:

• WORCESTER
• WORCESTER, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• WORCESTER, JOHN TIPTOFT, EARL OF (1427—1470)
• WORCESTER, WILLIAM (c. 1415-c. 1482)

Worcester (ed . B . See also:

• THORPE [or TnoRP], JOHN (/l. 1570-1618)
• THORPE, BENJAMIN (1782-1870)

Thorpe, London, 1848–1849) ; H . Sweet, See also:

• OLDEST

Oldest See also:

• ENGLISH

English Texts, p . 179 (London, 1885) . (F . G . M .