See also:

• ETHIOPIA, or AETHIOPIA (Gr. AlOtoaia)

ETHIOPIA, or AETHIOPIA (Gr. AlOtoaia)  , the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient classical name of a See also:

• DISTRICT

district of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-eastern See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, bounded on the N. by See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt and on the E. by the Red See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea.' The application of the name has varied considerably at different times . In the Homeric poems the Aethiopes are the furthest of mankind both eastward and westward; the gods go to their banquets and probably the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

Sun sets in their See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . With the growth of scientific See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

geography they came to be located somewhat less vaguely, and indeed their name was employed as the See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent of the See also:

• ASSYRIAN

Assyrian and See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew See also:

• CUSH

Cush (q.v.), the Kesh or Ekosh of the See also:

• HIEROGLYPHICS (Gr. iepos, sacred, and'yXv ni, carving)

Hieroglyphics (first found in See also:

• STELE

Stele of Senwosri I.), i.e. a country extending from about the 24th to the loth degree of N. See also:

• LAT

lat., while its limits to the E. and W. were doubtful . The See also:

• ETYMOLOGY (Gr. grvµos, true, and X6yos, "account)

etymology of the name, which to a See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear meant " swarthy-faced," is unknown, nor can we say why in See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions of the Axumite See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty the word is used as the equivalent of Habashat (whence the ' For the See also:

• TOPOGRAPHY
• TOPOGRAPHY (Gr. Toros, place, -partied', to write)

topography and later See also:

• HISTORY

history see See also:

• SUDAN (Arabic Bilad-es-Sudan, country of the blacks)

SUDAN and See also:

• ABYSSINIA (officially ETHIOPIA)

ABYSSINIA . See also:

• MODERN

modern Abyssinia), which, from the context would appear to denote a tribe located in S . See also:

• ARABIA

Arabia, whose 'name was rendered by the Greek geographers as Abaseni and Abissa . The inhabitants of See also:

• ETHIOPIA, or AETHIOPIA (Gr. AlOtoaia)

Ethiopia, partly perhaps owing to their See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable mention in the Homeric poems, attracted the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of many Greek researchers, from See also:

• DEMOCRITUS

Democritus onwards . See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus divides them into two See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups, a straight-haired See also:

• RACE

race and a woolly-haired race, dwelling respectively to the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East and See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West, and this distinction is confirmed by the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian monuments . From his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time onwards various names of tribes are enumerated, and to some extent geographically located, most of these appellations being Greek words, applied to the tribes by strangers in virtue of what seemed to be their leading characteristics, e.g . " See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

Long-lived," " See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

Fish-eaters," " See also:

• TROGLODYTES (rpcay?oSurat, from rpwyXn, hole, Svw, creep)

Troglodytes," &c . The bulk of our See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information is derived from Egyptian monuments, whence it appears that, originally occupied by See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent tribes, who were raided (first by Seneferu or Snefru, first See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of the IVth or last of the IIIrd Dynasty) and gradually subjected by Egyptian See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings (the steps in this See also:

• PROCESS

process are traced by E . W .

Budge, The Egyptian Sudan, 1907, I . 5o5 sgq.),under theXVlllth Dynasty it became an Egyptian See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province, administered by a See also:

• VICEROY (from O. Fr. viceroy, mod. viceroi, i.e. Lat. vice, in place of, and roy or roi, king)

viceroy (at first the Egyptian king's son), called See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of Kesh, and paying tributes in negroes, oxen, See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold, See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory, rare beads, hides and See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household utensils . The inhabitants frequently rebelled and were as often subdued; records of these repeated conquests were set up by the Egyptian kings in the shape of steles and temples; of the latter the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of Amenhotep (Amenophis) III. at Soleb or Sulb seems to have been the most magnificent . Ethiopia became independent towards the rrth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C., when the XXIst Dynasty was reigning in Egypt . A See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state was founded, having for its See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital Napata (mod . Merawi) at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of See also:

• JEBEL (plur. jibed)

Jebel Barkal, " the sacred See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain," which in time became formidable, and in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 8th century conquered Egypt; an Egyptian See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign is recorded in the famous stele of King Pankhi . The fortunes of the Ethiopian (XXVth) Dynasty belong to the history of Egypt (q.v.) . After the Ethiopian yoke had been shaken off by Egypt, about 66o B.C., Ethiopia continued independent, under kings of whom not a few are known from inscriptions . Besides a number whose names have been discovered in cartouches at Jebel Barkal, the following, of whom all but the third have See also:

• LEFT

left important steles, can be roughly dated: Tandamane, son of Tirhaka (667-65o), Asperta (63o-600), Pankharer (600-56o), Harsiotf (560-525), Nastasen (525-500) . From the See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of the stele of the second (the See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

Coronation Stele) and that of the fifth it has been inferred that the See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in this See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period became elective, a deputation of the various orders in the See also:

• REALM

realm being (as Diodorus states), when a vacancy occurred, sent to Napata, where the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• GOD

god See also:

• AMEN

Amen selected out of the members of the royal See also:

• FAMILY

family the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person who was to succeed, and who became officially the god's son; and it seems certain that the priestly See also:

• CASTE (through the Fr. from Span. and Port. casta, lineage, Lat. cast us, pure)

caste was more influential in Ethiopia than in Egypt both before and after this period . Another stele (called the Stele of See also:

• EXCOMMUNICATION (Lat. ex, out of, away from; communis, common)

Excommunication) records the See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion of a priestly family guilty of See also:

• MURDER

murder (H . Schafer, Klio, vi .

287): the name of the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign who expelled them has been obliterated . The stele of Harsiotf contains the See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of nine expeditions, in the course of which the king subdued various tribes See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of Meroe and built a number of temples . The stele of the last of these sovereigns, now in the See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin Museum, and edited by H . Schafer (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 19o1), contains valuable information See also:

• CON

con- , cerning the state of the Ethiopian See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom in its author's time . Shortly after his See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession he was threatened with invasion by See also:

• CAMBYSES (528-521)
• CAMBYSES (Pers. Kambujiya)

Cambyses, the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian conqueror of Egypt, but (according to his own See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account) destroyed the See also:

• FLEET

fleet sent by the invader up the See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile, while (as we learn from Herodotus) the See also:

• LAND

land-force succumbed to See also:

• FAMINE (Lat. fames, hunger)

famine (see CAMBYSES) . It further appears that in his time and that of his immediate predecessors the capital of the kingdom had been removed from Napata, where in the time of Harsiotf the temples and palaces were already in ruins, to Merce at a distance of 6o See also:

• CAMEL (from the Arabic Djemal or the Heb. Gamal)

camel-See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours to the south-east . But Napata retained its importance as the religious See also:

• METROPOLIS (Gr. piir17Pi mother, srGXis, city)

metropolis; it was thither that the king went to be crowned, and there too the chief god delivered his oracles, which were (it is said) implicitly obeyed . The See also:

• LOCAL

local names in Nastasen's, inscription, describing his royal See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit, are in many cases obscure . A See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city named Pnups (Hierogl . Pa-Nebes) appears to have constituted the most northerl.y point in the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire . These Ethiopian kings seem to have made no See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to reconquer Egypt, though they were often engaged in See also:

• WARS

wars with the See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild tribes of the Sudan . For the 5th and 4th centuries B.C. the history of the country is a See also:

• BLANK (from the Fr. blanc, white)

blank .

A fresh See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch was, however, inaugurated by Ergamenes, a contemporary of See also:

• PTOLEMY (CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS)

Ptolemy Philadelphus, who is said to have massacred the priests at Napata, and destroyed sacerdotal See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, till then so See also:

• GREAT

great that the king might at the priests' See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order be compelled to destroy himself; Diodorus attributes this measure to Ergamenes' acquaintance with Greek culture, which he introduced into his country . A temple was built by this king at Pselcis (Dakka) to See also:

• THOTH

Thoth . Probably the sovereignty again became hereditary . Occasional notices of Ethiopia occur from this time onwards in Greek and Latin authors, though the See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• TREATISES

treatises by See also:

• AGATHARCHIDES, or AGATHARCHUS

Agatharchides and others are lost . According to these the country came to be ruled by queens named Candace . One of them was involved in See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans in 24 and 23 B.C.; the land was invaded by C . See also:

• PETRONIUS (G. (?)1

Petronius, who took the fortress Premis or Ibrim, and sacked the capital (then Napata); the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus, however, ordered the evacuation of the country without even demanding See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute . The stretch of land between See also:

• ASSUAN

Assuan (Syene) and Maharraka (Hiera Sycaminus) was, however, regarded as belonging to the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman empire, and Roman cohorts were stationed at the latter See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place . To See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge by the monuments it is possible that there were queens who reigned alone . Pyramids were erected for queens as well as for kings, and the position of the queens was little inferior to that of their consorts, though, so far as monumental representations go, they always yielded See also:

• PRECEDENCE (from Lat. praecedere, to go before, precede)

precedence to the latter . Candace appears to be found as the name of a See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen for whom a See also:

• PYRAMID

pyramid was built at Meroe . A great builder was Netekamane, who is represented with his queen Amanetari on temples of Egyptian See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style at many points up the Nile—at Amara just above the second See also:

• CATARACT (from the Lat. form cataracta of the Gr. Karapplucrgss, a floodgate, or waterfall, properly something which rushes down)

cataract, and at Napata, as well as at lbleroe, Benaga and Naga in the distant Isle of Meroe .

He belongs, probably, to the Ptolemaic See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . Later, in the Roman period, the type in See also:

• SCULPTURE
• SCULPTURE (Lat. sculptura, from sculpere, to carve, cognate with Gr. yXb4ew)

sculpture changed from the Egyptian . The figures are obese, especially the See also:

• WOMEN

women, and have pronounced See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

negro features, and the royal person is loaded with bulging gold ornaments . Of this period also there is a royal pair, Netekamane and Amanetari, imitating the names of their conspicuous predecessors . In the 4th century A.D. the state of Meroe was ravaged by the Nubas (?) and the Abyssinians, and in the 6th century its place was taken by the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian state of See also:

• NUBIA

Nubia (see See also:

• DONGOLA

DONGOLA) . Contrary to the See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion of the Greeks, the Ethiopians appear to have derived their See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion and See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization from the Egyptians . The royal inscriptions are written in the hieroglyphic See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and the Egyptian See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, which, however, in the opinion of experts, steadily deteriorate after the separation of Ethiopia from Egypt . About the time of Ergamenes, or (according to some authorities) before, a See also:

• VERNACULAR (Lat. verna, dim. vernaculus, a slave horn in his master's house)

vernacular came to be employed in inscriptions, written in a special See also:

• ALPHABET (see also WRITING)

alphabet of 23 signs in parallel hieroglyphic and cursive forms . The cursive is to be read from right to left, the hieroglyphic, contrary to the Egyptian method, in the direction in which the figures See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face . The Egyptian equivalents of six characters have been made out by the aid of bilingual cartouches . Words are divided from each other by pairs of dots, and it is clear that the forms and values of the signs are largely based on Egyptian See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing; but as yet decipherment has not been attained, nor can it yet be stated to what See also:

• GROUP

group the language should be assigned (F . Ll .

See also:

• GRIFFITH, SIR RICHARD JOHN (1784-1878)

Griffith in D . R . Maclver's Areika, See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, 1909, and later researches) . Notices in Greek authors are collected by P . Paulitschke, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die geographische Erforschung See also:

• DES

des afrikanischen Continents (See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, 188o) ; the inscriptions were edited and interpreted by G . See also:

• MASPERO, GASTON CAMILLE CHARLES (1846– )

Maspero, Revue archeol. xxii., See also:

• XXV

xxv . ; Melanges d'Assyriologie et d'Egyptologie, ii., iii . ; Records of the Past, vi . ; T.S.B.A. iv . ; Schafer, l.c., and Zeitschrift See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur agyptische Sprache, xxxiii . See also J . H .

Breasted, " The Monuments of Sudanese Nubia," in See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of Semitic LITERATURE] ETHIOPIA See also:

• LANGUAGES

Languages (See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1908), and the See also:

• WORK

work of E . W . Budge cited above . A description of the chief ruins and the results of Dr D . R . Maclver's researches in See also:

• NORTHERN

northern Nubia, begun in 1907, will be found under SUDAN: Anglo-Egyptian . The A xumite Kingdom.—About the 1st century of the Christian era a new kingdom See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up at Axum (q.v.), of which a king Zoscales is mentioned in the Periplus Marls Erythraei . Fragments of the history of this kingdom, of which there is no See also:

• AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

authentic See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

chronicle, have been made out chiefly by the aid of inscriptions, of which the following is a See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list: (1) Greek inscription of Adulis, copied' by See also:

• COSMAS

Cosmas Indicopleustes in 545, the beginning, with the king's name, lost . (2) Sabaean inscription of Ela Amida in two halves, discovered by J . See also:

• THEODORE
• THEODORE (602-690)
• THEODORE (Fedor) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1741–1796)
• THEODORE (Rus. Fedor, or Feodor)

Theodore See also:

• BENT
• BENT (E1. BENI)
• BENT, JAMES THEODORE (1852–1897)

Bent at Axum in 1893, and completed by E . Littmann in 1906 . (3) Ethiopic inscription probably of the same king, imperfect (Littmann) .

(4) Trilingual inscription of Aeizanes, the Greek version discovered by See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

Salt in 1805, the Sabaean by Bent, and the Ethiopic (Geez) by Littmann . (5) Ethiopic inscription of Aeizanes (so Littmann), son of Ela Amida, discovered by Eduard Riippell in 1833 . (6) Ethiopic inscriptions of Hetana-See also:

• DAN

Dan'el, son of Dabra Efrem . These are all long inscriptions giving details of wars, &c . The See also:

• SIXTH

sixth is later than the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, which are to be attributed to the most flourishing period of the kingdom, the 4th and 5th centuries A.D . The See also:

• FOURTH

fourth is See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan, the fifth Christian, Aeizanes having in the See also:

• INTERVAL

interval embraced See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity . It was to this king that the emperor See also:

• CONSTANTIUS, FLAVIUS VALERIUS

Constantius addressed a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter in 356 A.D . Aeizanes and his successors style themselves kings of the Axumites, Homerites (Himyar), Raidan, the Ethiopians (Habaiat), the See also:

• SABAEANS

Sabaeans, Silee, Tiamo, the Bugaites (Bega) and Kasu . This style implies considerable conquests in South Arabia, which, however, must have been lost to the Axumites by A.D . 378 . They claim to See also:

• RULE

rule the Kasu'or Meroitic Ethiopians; and the fifth inscription records an expedition along the See also:

• ATBARA (Bahr-el-Aswad, or Black River)

Atbara and the Nile to punish the Nuba and Kasu, and a fragment of a Greek inscription from Meroe was recognized by See also:

• SAYCE, ARCHIBALD HENRY (1846- )

Sayce as commemorating a king of Axum . Except for these inscriptions Axumite history is a blank until in the 6th century we find the Axumite king sending an expedition to See also:

• WRECK

wreck the Jewish state then existing in S .

Arabia, and reducing that country to a state of vassalage: the king is styled in Ethiopian See also:

• CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

chronicles See also:

• CALEB (Heb. keleb, " dog ")

Caleb (Kaleb), in Greek and Arabic documents El-Esbaha . In the 7th century a successor to this king, named Abraha or See also:

• ABRAHAM, or ABRAM (Hebrew for " father is high ")

Abraham, gave See also:

• REFUGE

refuge to the persecuted followers of See also:

• MAHOMET (strictly MUHAMMAD, commonly also MOHAMMED)

Mahomet at the beginning of his career (see ARABIA: History, ad init.) . A few more names of kings occur on coins, which were struck in Greek characters till about A.D . 700, after which time that language seems definitely to have been displaced in favour of Ethiopic or Geez: the See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the script and the coins renders them all difficult to identify with the names preserved in the native lists, which are too fanciful and mutually contradictory to furnish of themselves even a vestige of history . For the period between the rise of See also:

• ISLAM

Islam and the beginning of the modern history of Abyssinia there are a few notices in Arabic writers; so we have a See also:

• NOTICE

notice of a war between Ethiopia and Nubia about 687 (C . C . See also:

• ROSSINI, GIOACHINO ANTONIO (1792-1868)

Rossini in Giorn . See also:

• SOC

Soc . Asiat . Ital. x . 141), and of a letter to See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George king of Nubia from the king of Abyssinia some time between 978 and 1003, when a Jewish queen See also:

• JUDITH, THE BOOK OF

Judith was oppressing the Christian See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population (I . See also:

• GUIDI, CARLO ALESSANDRO (1650-1712)

Guidi, ibid. iii .

176, 7) . The Abyssinian chronicles, it may be noted, attribute the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of the kingdom to Menelek (or See also:

• IBN

Ibn el-Hakim), son of See also:

• SOLOMON, ODES OF
• SOLOMON, PSALMS OF

Solomon and the queen of Sheba . The Axumite or Menelek dynasty was driven from northern Abyssinia by Judith, but soon after another Christian dynasty, that of the Zagues, obtained See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . In 1268 the reigning prince abdicated in favour of Yekuno Amlak, king of See also:

• SHOA

Shoa, a descendant of the monarch over-thrown by Judith (see ABYSSINIA) . See A . Dillman, Die Anfange des axumitischen Reiches (Berlin, 1879); E . Drouin, Revue archeol. x1iv . (1882); T . See also:

• MOMMSEN, THEODOR (1817–1903)

Mommsen, Geschichte der romischen Provinzen, See also:

• CHAP

chap. xiii.; W . Dittenberger, Orientis Graeci Inscriptiones selectae, Nos . 199, 200; Littmann u . Kroncker, Vorbericht der deutschen Aksum-Expedition (Berlin, 1906), and Littman's subsequent researches .

The employment of the Geez or Ethiopic language for See also:

• LITERARY

literary purposes appears to have begun no long time before the introduction of Christianity into Abyssinia, and its pagan period is represented by two Axumite inscriptions (published by D . H . See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller in J . T . Bent's Sacred City of the Ethiopians, 1893), and an inscription at Matara (published by C . C . Rossini, Rendiconti Accad . Lincei, 1896) . As a literary language it survived its use as a vernacular, but it is unknown at what time it ceased to be the latter . In See also:

• SIR

Sir W . See also:

• CORNWALLIS, CHARLES CORNWALLIS
• CORNWALLIS, SIR WILLIAM (1744-1819)

Cornwallis See also:

• HARRIS, GEORGE, 1ST BARON (1746–1829)
• HARRIS, JAMES (1709-1780)
• HARRIS, JOEL CHANDLER (1848-1908)
• HARRIS, JOHN (c. 1666-1719)
• HARRIS, SIR WILLIAM SNOW
• HARRIS, THOMAS LAKE (1823-1906)
• HARRIS, WILLIAM TORREY (1835-1909)

Harris's See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

Highlands of Aethiopia (1844) there is a list of rather more than roo See also:

• WORKS

works extant in Ethiopic; subsequent See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research has chiefly brought to See also:

• LIGHT

light fresh copies of the same works, but it has contributed some fresh titles . A conspectus of all the See also:

• MSS

MSS. known to exist in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe (over 1200 in number) was published by C .

C . Rossini in 1899 (Rendiconti Accad . Lincei, See also:

• SER

ser. v. vol. viii.); of these the largest collection is that in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum, but others of various sizes are to be found in the chief See also:

• LIBRARIES

libraries of Europe . R . E . Littmann (in the Zeitschrift fur Assyriologie, xv. and xvi.) describes two collections at See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem, one of which contains 283 MSS.; and Rossini (Rendiconti, 1904) a collection of 35 MSS. belonging to the See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• MISSION

mission at Cheren . Other collections exist in Abyssinia, and many MSS. are in private hands . In 1893 besides portions of the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible some 40 Ethiopic books had been printed in Europe (enumerated in L . See also:

• GOLDSCHMIDT, HERMANN (1802-1866)

Goldschmidt's Bibliotheca Aethiopica), but many more have since been published . Geez literature is ordinarily divided into two periods, of which the first See also:

• DATES

dates from the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of Christianity in the 5th century, and ends somewhere in the 7th; the second from the re-establishment of the Salomonic dynasty in 1268, continuing to the See also:

• PRESENT

present time . It consists chiefly of See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations, made in the first period from Greek, in the second from Arabic . It has no authors of the first or even of the second See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank .

Its character as a sacred and literary language is due to its See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of the Bible, which in the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary enumeration is made to contain 81 books, 46 of the Old Testament, and 35 of the New . These figures are most probably obtained by adding to the ordinary canonical books See also:

• MACCABEES
• MACCABEES, BOOKS OF

Maccabees, See also:

• TOBIT, THE BOOK OF

Tobit, Judith, See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

Wisdom, See also:

• ECCLESIASTICUS (abbreviated to Ecclus.)

Ecclesiasticus, See also:

• BARUCH

Baruch, See also:

• JUBILEES, BOOK OF

Jubilees, See also:

• ENOCH, BOOK OF

Enoch, the See also:

• ASCENSION
• ASCENSION, FEAST OF THE

Ascension of See also:

• ISAIAH
• ISAIAH, ASCENSION OF

Isaiah, EzraIV., Shepherd of See also:

• HERMAS, SHEPHERD OF

Hermas; the Synodos (Canons of the Apostles), the See also:

• BOOK

Book of See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam, and See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph See also:

• BEN (from Old Eng. bennan, within)

Ben Gorion . For the distinction between canonical and apocryphal appears to be unknown to the Ethiopic See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, whose chief service to Biblical literature consists in its preservation of various apocryphal works which other parts of Christendom have lost or possess only in an imperfect See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form (see ENOCH; JUBILEES, BOOK OF, &c.) . It should be observed that the Maccabees of the Ethiopic Bible is an entirely different work from the books of that name included in the See also:

• SEPTUAGINT, THE (Gr. of 0', Lat. LXX.)

Septuagint, of which, however, the Abyssinians have a See also:

• RECENT

recent version made from the See also:

• VULGATE (from Lat. vulgus, the common people)

Vulgate; specimens of their own Maccabees have been published by J . Horovitz in the Zeitschrift filr Assyriologie, vol. xx . The MSS. of the Biblical books vary very much, and none of them can claim any great antiquity; the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest extant MS. of the four Books of Kings appears to be one in the Museo Borgiano, presented by King Amda See also:

• SION [Ger. Sitten]

Sion (1314) to the Virgin See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary in Jerusalem (described by N . Roupp, ibid. xvi . 296-342) . Hence P. de See also:

• LAGARDE, PAUL ANTON DE (1827–1891)

Lagarde supposed the Ethiopic version to have been made from the Arabic, which indeed is in accordance with a native tradition . This opinion is held by few; C . F . A .

Dillman distinguished in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the Old Testament three classes of MSS,, a versio antiqua, made from the Septuagint (probably in the Hesychian See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text), a class revised from Greek MSS., and a class revised from the Hebrew (probably through the See also:

• MEDIUM

medium of an Arabic version) . An examination of ten chapters of St See also:

• MATTHEW, GOSPEL OF ST
• MATTHEW, ST (MaOOaior or MarOaIos, probably a shortened form of the Hebrew equivalent to Theodorus)
• MATTHEW, TOBIAS

Matthew by L . Hackspill (ibid. vol. xi.) led to the result that the Ethiopic version of the Gospels was made about A.D . 500, from a Syro-occidental text, and that this See also:

• ORIGINAL

original translation is represented by See also:

• COD

Cod . See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris . Aeth . 32; whereas most MSS. and all printed. See also:

• EDITIONS

editions contain a text influenced by the Alexandrian Vulgate, and show traces of Arabic . Rossini (ibid. x . 232) has made it probable that the 848 Abba Salama, whom the native tradition identifies with See also:

• FRUMENTIUS (c. 300-c. 360)

Frumentius, evangelist of Abyssinia, to whom the translation of the Bible was ascribed, was in reality a See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

Metropolitan of the early 14th century, who revised the corrupt text then current . Of the ancient translation the latest book is said to be Ecclesiasticus, translated in the See also:

• YEAR

year 678 . The New Testament has been published repeatedly (first in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, 1548—1549; some letters about its publication were edited by I . Guidi in the Archivio della Soc .

Rom. di Storia Patric, 1886), and C . F . A . See also:

• DILLMANN, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1823-1894)

Dillmann edited a See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical text of most of the Old Testament and Apocrypha, but did not live to See also:

• COMPLETE

complete it; portions have been edited by J . Bachmann and others . Other translations thought to belong to the first period are the Sher'ata Makhbar, ascribed to S . See also:

• PACHOMIUS, ST (292-346)

Pachomius; the Kerilos, a collection of homilies and tracts, beginning with See also:

• CYRIL (376-444)
• CYRIL (827-869)
• CYRIL (c. 315–386)

Cyril of See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria De recta fide; and the See also:

• PHYSIOLOGUS

Physiologus, a fanciful work on Natural History (edited by F . Hommel, Leipzig, 1877) . Of the works belonging to the second period much the most important are those which See also:

• DEAL

deal with Abyssinian history . A See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court official, called sahafe te'ezazenet (secretary), having under him a See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff of See also:

• SCRIBES

scribes, was employed to draw up the public See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

annals year by year; and on these official compositions the Abyssinian histories are based . The earliest See also:

• PART

part of the Axum chronicle preserved is that recording the wars of Amda Sion (1314-1344) against the Moslems; it is doubtful, however, whether even this exists in its original form, as some scholars think; according to its editor (J . Perruchon in the Journ .

Asiat. for 1889) it is preserved in a recension of the time of King Zar'a Ya'kub . Under King Lebna Dengel (1508-1540) the annals of his four predecessors, See also:

• ZARA (Serbo-Croatian Zadar)

Zara Ya'kub, Baeda Maryam, Eskender and Na'od (1434-1508) were See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up; those of the first two were published by J . Perruchon (Paris, 1893); in the Journ . Asiat. for 1894 the same See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar published a further fragment of the history of Baeda Maryam, written by the See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor to the king's See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, and the history of Eskender, Amda Sion II. and Na'od as compiled in Lebna Dengel's time . The history of Lebna Dengel was published by the same scholar (Journ . Semit. i . 274) and Rossini (Rendiconti, 1894, v. p . 617); that of his successor See also:

• CLAUDIUS
• CLAUDIUS [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO GERMANICUS]
• CLAUDIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS (174o-1815)

Claudius (1540-1559) by Conzelmann (Paris, 1895); that of his successor See also:

• MINAS [MINOIDES] (c. 1790-186o)

Minas (1559-1563) by F . M . E . Pereira (See also:

• LISBON (Lisboa)

Lisbon, 1888); those of the three following kings, Sharsa Dengel, Za Dengel, and Ya`kub, by Rossini (Rendiconti, 1893) . The history of the next king Sysenius (1606-1632) by Abba Meherka Dengel and Tekla Shelase was edited by Pereira (Lisbon, 1892); the chronicles of Joannes I., Iyasu I. and Bakaffa (1682-1730) by I .

Guidi, with a See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French translation (Paris, 19o3-1905); all are con-temporary, and the names of the chroniclers of the last two kings are recorded . Besides these we have the partly fabulous chronicle of Lalibela (of uncertain date, but before the Salomonian dynasty was restored), edited by Perruchon (Paris, 1892); and a brief chronicle of Abyssinia, drawn up in the reign of Iyasu II . (1729-1753), embodying materials abridged, but often unaltered, was published by R . See also:

• BASSET, or BASSETTE

Basset, in the Journ . Asiat. for 1882 (cf . Rossini in the Rendiconti, 1893-1894, p . 668), and has since formed the basis for Abyssinian history . Many compilations of the sort exist in MS. in libraries, and great praise is bestowed on the one which E . Ruppell, when travelling in Abyssinia, ordered to be drawn up for his use . It is now in the collection of his MSS. at Frankfurt . Ethiopic scholars speak of a special " See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical style " which comes from the mixture of the styles of different periods, and the admixture of Amharic phrases and idioms . The historian of the wars of Amda Sion is credited with some literary merit; most of the chroniclers have little .

The remaining literature of the second period is thought to begin somewhat earlier than these chronicles . To the time of King Yekuno Amlak (1268-1283) the historical See also:

• ROMANCE

romance called Kebra Nagasel (See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

Glory of Kings) is assigned by its editor, C . Bezold (Bavarian See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy, 1904); other scholars gave it a somewhat later date . Its purpose is to glorify the Salomonian dynasty, whence, in spite of a See also:

• COLOPHON

colophon which declares it to be a translation, it was regarded as an original work; since, how-ever, it shows evident signs of having been translated from Arabic,[LITERATURE Bezold supposes that its author, Ishak, was an immigrant whose native language was Arabic, in which therefore he would naturally write the first draft of his book . To the time of Yagbea Sion (ob . 1294) belongs the See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

Vision of the See also:

• PROPHET (Irpo4i ri7s)

Prophet See also:

• HABAKKUK

Habakkuk in Kattasa, as also the works of Abba Salama, regarded as the founder of the Ethiopic See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

renaissance, one of whose sermons is preserved in a Cheren MS . With his name are connected the Acts of the See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

Passion, the Service for the Dead and the translation of Philexius, i.e . See also:

• PHILOXENUS
• PHILOXENUS (Syriac, Aksenaya)

Philoxenus . King Zar'a Ya'ku]) composed or had composed for him as many as seven books; the most important of these is the Book of Light (Mashafa Berhan), paraphrased as Kirchenordnung, by Dillmann, who gave an See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis of its contents (Uber die Regierung des Konigs Zar'a Ya'kob, Berl . Acad., 1884) . He also organized the compilation of the Miracles of the Virgin Mary, one of the most popular of Ethiopic books; a magnificent edition was printed by E . W .

Budge in the Meux collection (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1900) . In the same reign the Arabic chronicle of al-Makin was translated into Geez . Under Lebna Dengel (ob . 1540), besides the above-mentioned collection of chronicles, we hear of the translation from the Arabic of the history and martyrdom of St George, the Commentary of J . See also:

• CHRYSOSTOM

Chrysostom on the See also:

• EPISTLE

Epistle to the See also:

• HEBREWS, EPISTLE TO THE

Hebrews, and the ascetic works of J . Saba called Aragawi manfasawi . Under Claudius (1540-1559) Maba Sion is said to have translated from the Arabic The Faith of the Fathers, a vast compilation, including the Didascalia Apostolorum (edited by See also:

• PLATT, THOMAS COLLIER (1833-191o)

Platt, London, 1834), and the Creed of See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob Baradaeus (published by Cornill, ZDMG. See also:

• XXX

xxx . 417-466), and to the same reign belong the Book of Extreme See also:

• UNCTION (Lat. unctio, anointing, ungere, unguere, to smear with ointment, to anoint; cf. " ointment," O.Fr. oignement, from oigner, mod. oindre, to anoint)

Unction (Mashafa Kandil), and the religious romance Barlaam et Joasaph also paraphrased from the Arabic (partly edited by A . Zotenberg in Notices et Extraits, vol. See also:

• XXVIII

xxviii.) . The See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

Confession of Faith of King Claudius has been repeatedly printed . The reign of Sharsa Dengel (ob . 1595) was marked by many literary monuments, such as the religious and controversial compilation called Mazmura Chrestos, and the translation, by a certain Salik, of the religious See also:

• ENCYCLOPAEDIA

encyclopaedia (Mashafa Haia) of the See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk See also:

• NIKON [NIKITA MININ] (1605-1681)

Nikon; an Arab See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant from See also:

• YEMEN (Yaman)

Yemen, who took on See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion the name Anbakbm (Habakkuk), translated a number of books from the Arabic .

Under Ya'kub (ob . 16o5) the valuable chronicle of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John of Nikiou was translated from Arabic (edited by A . Zotenberg with French translation in Notices et extraits, vol. See also:

• XXIV

xxiv.) . Under John, about 1687, the Spiritual See also:

• MEDICINE

Medicine of See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Adtrib and Malig, was translated . The literature that is not accurately dated consists largely of liturgies, prayers and See also:

• HYMNS

hymns; Ethiopic See also:

• POETRY

poetry is chiefly, if not entirely, represented by the last of these, the most popular work of the See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind being an See also:

• ODE (Gr. uiSri, from aei&ew, to sing)

ode in praise of the Virgin, called Weddase Maryam (edited by K . See also:

• FRIES
• FRIES, ELIAS MAGNUS (1794–1878)
• FRIES, JOHN (c. 1764-1825)

Fries, Leipzig, 1892) . Various hymn-books See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the names Degua, Zemmare and Mawas'et (Antiphones); there is also a biblical history in See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse called Mashafa Madbal or Mestira Zaman . Homilies also exist in large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers, both original and translated, sometimes after the Arabic See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion in rhymed See also:

• PROSE

prose . See also:

• HAGIOLOGY (from Gr. iiyios, saint, Xbyos, discourse)

Hagiology is naturally an important See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department in Ethiopic literature . In the great collection called Synaxar (translated originally from Arabic, but with large additions) for each See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day of the year there is the history of one or more See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints; an attempt has been made by H . Dunsing (1900) to derive some actual history from it . Many texts containing lives of individual saints have been issued .

Such are those of Maba Sion and Gabra Chrestos, edited by Budge in the Meux collection (London, 1899); the Acts of S. lblercurius, of which a fragment was edited by Rossini (Rome, 1904); the unique MS. of the original, one of the most extensive works in the Geez language, was burned by thieves who set See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire to the editor's See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house . The same scholar began a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of Vitae Sanctorum antiquiorum, while Monumenta Aethiopiae hagiologica and Vitae Sanctorum indigenarum have been edited by B . Turaiev (Leipzig and St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg, 1902, and Rome, 1905) . Other lives have been edited by Pereira, Guidi, &c . Similar in historical value to these works is the History of the Exploits of See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander, of which various recensions have been edited by Budge (London, 1895) . See further ALEXANDER THE GREAT, See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section on the legends, ad fin . Of See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

Law the most important See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument is the Fatha Nagaset (See also:

• JUDGMENT

Judgment of Kings), of which an official edition was issued by I . Guidi (Rome, 1899), with an See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian translation; it is a version probably made in the early 16th century of the Arabic See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code of Ibn 'Assaf, of the 12th century, whose work, being meant for Christians living under Moslem rule, was not altogether suitable for an independent Christian kingdom; yet the need for such a code made it popular and authoritative in Abyssinia . The translator was not quite equal to his task, and the Brit . See also:

• MUS

Mus . MS . 800 exhibits an attempt to correct it from the original .

See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

Science can scarcely be said to exist in Geez literature, unless a medical See also:

• TREATISE

treatise, of which the British Museum possesses a copy, comes under this See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head . See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

Philosophy is mainly represented by mystical commentaries on Scripture, such as the Book of the See also:

• MYSTERY (Gr. µw(Trilpcov, from tcuvrm, an initiate, µfew, to shut the mouth)

Mystery of See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

Heaven and See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

Earth, by Ba-Hailu Michael, probably of the 15th century, edited by Perruchon and Guidi (Paris, 1903) . There is, however, a translation of the Book of the See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

Wise Philosophers, made by Michael, son of Abba Michael, consisting of various aphorisms; specimens have been edited by Dillmann in his Chrestomathy, and J . Cornill (Leipzig, 1876) . There is also a translation of See also:

• SECUNDUS, JOHANNES
• SECUNDUS, PUBLIUS POMPONIUS

Secundus the Silent, edited by Bachmann (Berlin, 1888) . Far more interesting than these is the treatise of Zar'a Ya'kub of Axum, composed in the year 166o (edited by Littmann, 1904), which contains an endeavour to evolve rules of See also:

• LIFE

life according to nature . The author reviews the codes of See also:

• MOSES (Gr. Mwvo c, Mcoo-i3s)
• MOSES, ASSUMPTION OF

Moses, the See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

Gospel and the See also:

• KORAN

Koran, and decides that all contravene the obvious intentions of the Creator . He also gives some details of his own life and his occupation of See also:

• SCRIBE, AUGUSTIN EUGENE (1791-1860, French dramatist, was born in Paris on the 24th of December 1791. His father was a silk merchant, and he was well educated, being destined for the bar. But, having a real gift for the theatre, a gift which unfortunately

scribe . A less original treatise by Walda Haywat accompanies it . Epistolography is represented by the See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence of some of the kings with the Portuguese and See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish courts; some documents of this sort have been edited by C . Beccari, Documenti inediti per la storia d' Etiopia (Rome, 1903); lexicography, by the vocabulary called Sawasew . The first Ethiopic book printed was the Psalter (Rome, 1513), by John Potken of See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne, the first See also:

• EUROPEAN

European who studied the language .

See C . C . Rossini, " See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

Note per la storia letteraria Abissina," in Rendiconti della R . Accad. dei Lincei (1899) ; Fumagalli, Bibliografia Etiopica (1893); Basset, Etudes sur l'histoire de l'Ethiopie (1882); Catalogues of various libraries, especially British Museum (See also:

• WRIGHT, CARROLL DAVIDSON (1840-1909)
• WRIGHT, CHAUNCEY (1830-1875)
• WRIGHT, JOSEPH (1734-1797)
• WRIGHT, SILAS (1795-1847)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1809–1884)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1810—1877)
• WRIGHT, WILLIAM ALDIS (1836– )

Wright), Paris (Zotenberg), Oxford and Berlin (Dillmann), Frankfurt (Goldschmidt) . Plates illustrating Ethiopic See also:

• PALAEOGRAPHY (Gr. aaXalbs, ancient, and ypal6ew, to write)

palaeography are to be found in Wright's See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

Catalogue; an account of the illustrations in Ethiopic MSS. is given by Budge in his Life of Maba Sion; and a collection of inscriptions in the church of St Stefano dei Mori, in Rome, by Gallina in the Archivio della Soc . Rom. di Storia Patria (1888) . (D . S .