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See also:ETYMOLOGY (Gr. grvµos, true, and X6yos, "See also:account) , that See also:part or See also:branch of the See also:science of linguistics which deals with the origin or derivation of words . The See also:Greek word Ervµos, in so far as it was applied to words, referred to the real underlying meaning rather than to the origin . It was the See also:Stoics who asserted that the See also:discovery of re Ervµov would explain the essence of the things and ideas represented by words . See also:Plato in the Cratylus makes a nearer approach to the See also:modern view when he connects, e.g. yvvi7, woman, with yovn, See also:seed, while he jests at such etymological feats as the derivation of oupavos, See also:heaven, barb roil op&v ra avw, from looking at things above, or avOpwiros, See also:man, from 6 avaOp%ov d . 6irwnrev, he who Iooks up at what he See also:sees . Until the See also:comparative study of See also:philology and the development of the See also:laws underlying phonetic changes, the derivation of words was a See also:matter mostly of guess-See also:work, sometimes right but more often wrong, based on superficial resemblances of See also:form and the like . This popular See also:etymology, to which the Germans have given the name Volksetymologie or folk-etymology, has had much See also:influence in the form which words take (e.g . " crawfish " or See also:crayfish," from the See also:French crevis, modern ecrevisse, or " See also:sand-See also:blind," from samblind, i.e. semi-, See also:half-blind), and has frequently been the occasion of homonyms . W . W . See also:Skeat has embodied in certain canons or rules some well-known principles which should be observed in giving the etymology of a word; these may be usefully given here: " (1) Before attempting an etymology, ascertain the earliest form and use of the word, and observe See also:chronology . (2) Observe See also:history and See also:geography; borrowings are due to actual contact . (3) Observe phonetic laws, especially those which regulate the mutual relation of consonants in the various See also:Aryan See also:languages, at the same See also:time comparing the vowel sounds . (4) In comparing two words, A and B, belonging to the same See also:language, of which A contains the lesser number of syllables, A must be taken to be the more See also:original word, unless we have See also:evidence of contraction or other corruption . (5) In comparing two words, A and B, belonging to the same language and consisting of the same number of syllables, the older form can usually be distinguished by observing the See also:sound of the See also:principal vowel . (6) Strong verbs, in the See also:Teutonic languages, and the so-called " irregular verbs " in Latin, are commonly to be considered as See also:primary, other related forms being taken from them . (q) The whole of a word, and not a portion only, ought to be reasonably accounted for; and, in tracing changes of form, any infringement of phonetic laws is to be regarded with suspicion . (8) See also:Mere resemblances of form and apparent connexion in sense between languages which have different phonetic laws or no necessary connexion are commonly a delusion, and are not to be regarded . (9) When words in two different languages are more nearly alike than the See also:ordinary phonetic laws would allow, there is a strong See also:probability that one language has borrowed the word from the other . Truly cognate words ought not to be too much alike . (1o) It is useless to offer an explanation of an See also:English word which will not also explain all the cognate forms " (Introduction to Etymological See also:Dictionary of the English Language, 1898) . An English word is either " the extant formal representative or See also:direct phonetic descendant of an earlier (Teutonic) word; or it has been adopted or adapted from some See also:foreign language," See also:adoption being a popular, and See also:adaptation being a See also:literary or learned See also:process; finally, there is formation, i.e. the " See also:combination of existing words (foreign or native) or parts of words with each other or with living formatives, i.e. syllables which no longer exist as See also:separate words, but yet have an appreciable signification which they impart to the new product " (see Introduction to the See also:Oxford New English Dictionary, p. xx) . A further See also:classification of words according to their origin is that into (I) naturals, i.e. purely native words, like " See also:mother," " See also:father," " See also:house "; (2) those which become perfectly naturalized, though of foreign origin, like " See also:cat," " mutton," " See also:beef "; (3) denizens, words naturalized in usage but keeping the foreign See also:pronunciation, spelling and inflections, e.g . " See also:focus," " See also:camera "; (4) aliens, words for foreign things, institutions, offices, &c., for which there is no English See also:equivalent, e.g., menu, table d'hote, impi, See also:lakh, mollah, See also:tarbush; (5) casuals, e.g., bloc, Ausgleich, sabotage, differing only from " aliens " in their temporary use .
The full etymology of a word should include the phonetic descent, the source of the word, whether from a native or from a foreign origin, and, if the latter, whether by adoption or adaptation, or, if a formed word, the origin of the parts which go to make it up
.
In the See also:present edition of the See also:Encyclopaedia Britannica such full etymologies, which would be necessary and in See also:place in an etymological dictionary, have not been given in every instance, but brief etymological notes are appended, showing in outline the See also:sources and history, and in many cases the development in meaning
.
(See also DICTIONARY.)
EU, a See also:town of See also:north-western See also:France, in the See also:department of See also:Seine-Inferieure, on the See also:river Bresle, 64 m
.
N.N.E. of See also:Rouen on the Western railway, and 2 m
.
E.S.E. of Le Treport, at the mouth of the Bresle, which is canalized between the two towns
.
Pop
.
(1906) 4865
.
The extensive See also:forest of Eu lies to the See also:south-See also:east of the town
.
Eu has three buildings of importance—the beautiful See also:Gothic See also:
The town has a tribunal of See also:commerce and a communal college, See also:flour-See also:mills, manufactories of earthenware, biscuits, See also:furniture, casks, and See also:glass and See also:brick See also:works; the See also:port has See also:trade in See also:grain, See also:timber, See also:hemp, See also:flax, &c
.
Eu (See also:Augusta) was in existence under the See also:Romans
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The first See also:line of its See also:counts, supposed to be descended from the See also:dukes of See also:Normandy, had as heiress Alix (died 1227), who married Raoul (See also:Ralph) de See also:Lusignan, known as the Sire d'See also:Issoudun from his lordship of that name
.
Through their See also:grand-daughter See also:Marie, the countship of Eu passed by See also:marriage to the house of Brienne, two members of which, both named Raoul, were constables of France
.
See also:
In 166o Henry II. of Lorraine, duke of Guise, sold it to " Mademoiselle," See also:Anne Marie See also:Louise d'See also: |
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