See also:

• EUBOEA (pronounced Evvia in the modern language)

EUBOEA (pronounced Evvia in the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language)  , EuRIros, or NEGROPONT, the largest See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of the Grecian See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

archipelago . It is separated from the mainland of See also:

• GREECE

Greece by the Euboic See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea . In See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general outline it is See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and narrow; it is about 90 M. long, and varies in breadth from 30' M. to 4 . Its general direction is from N.W. to S.E., and it is traversed throughout its length by a See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain range, which forms See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain that See also:

• BOUNDS, BEATING THE

bounds See also:

• THESSALY

Thessaly on the E., and is continued See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of See also:

• EUBOEA (pronounced Evvia in the modern language)

Euboea in the lofty islands of See also:

• ANDROS, or ANDRO
• ANDROS, SIR EDMUND (1637-1714)

Andros, Tenos and Myconos . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal peaks of this range are grouped in three knots which See also:

• DIVIDE

divide the island into three portions . Towards the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north, opposite the Locrian territory, the highest peaks are Mts . Gaetsades (4436 ft.) and Xeron (3232 ft.) . The former was famed in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient times for its medicinal See also:

• PLANTS

plants, and at its See also:

• FOOT

foot are the celebrated hot springs, near the See also:

• TOWN

town of Aedepsus (mod . Lipsos), called the See also:

• BATHS

Baths of Heracles, used, we are told, by the See also:

• DICTATOR (from the Lat. dictare, frequentative of dicere, to speak)

dictator L . See also:

• CORNELIUS
• CORNELIUS, CARL AUGUST PETER (1824-1874)
• CORNELIUS, PETER VON (1784–1867)

Cornelius See also:

• SULLA, LUCIUS CORNELIUS (138–78 B.C.)

Sulla, and still frequented by the Greeks for the cure of See also:

• GOUT

gout, See also:

• RHEUMATISM (from Gr. /56µa, flux)

rheumatism and See also:

• DIGESTIVE

digestive disorders . These springs, strongly sulphurous, rise a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short distance inland at several points, and at last pour steaming over the rocks, which they have yellowed with their See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit, into the Euboic Sea . Opposite the entrance of the Maliac Gulf is the promontory of Cenaeum, the highest point (2221 ft.) behind which is now called Lithada, a corruption of Lichades, the ancient name of the islands off the extremity of the headland .

Here again we meet with the legends of Heracles, for this cape, together with the neighbouring See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• TRACHIS

Trachis, was the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of the events connected with the See also:

• DEATH

death of that See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero, as described by See also:

• SOPHOCLES (495-406 B.c.)

Sophocles in the Trachiniae . Near the north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east extremity of the island, and almost facing the entrance of the Gulf of Pagasae, is the promontory of Artemisium, celebrated for the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• NAVAL

naval victory gained by the Greeks over the Persians, 480 B.C . Towards the centre, to the N.E. of See also:

• CHALCIS

Chalcis, rises the highest of its mountains, Dirphysor Dirphe,now See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount See also:

• DELPHI (the Pytho of Homer and Herodotus; in Boeotian inscriptions BeA4oi, on coins Aa)tg5oi)

Delphi (5725 ft.),the See also:

• BARE

bare See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of which is not entirely See also:

• FREE

free from See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow till the end of May, while its sides are clothed with pines and firs, and See also:

• LOWER

lower down with chestnuts and planes . It is one of the most conspicuous summits of eastern Greece, and from its flanks the promontory of Chersonesus projects into the See also:

• AEGEAN

Aegean . At the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern extremity the highest mountain is Ocha, now called St See also:

• ELIAS, JOHN (1774-1841)

Elias (4830 ft.) . The south-western promontory was named Geraestus, the south-eastern Caphareus; the latter, an exposed point, attracts the storms, which See also:

• RUSH
• RUSH, BENJAMIN (1745–1813)
• RUSH, RICHARD (1780–1859)

rush between it and the neighbouring cliffs of Andros as through a See also:

• FUNNEL (through an O. Fr. founil, found in Breton, from Lat. infundibulum, that through which anything is poured, from fundere, to pour)

funnel . The whole of the eastern coast is rocky and destitute of harbours, especially the part called Coela, or " the Hollows," where part of the Perisan See also:

• FLEET

fleet was wrecked . So greatly was this dreaded by sailors that the principal See also:

• LINE

line of See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic from the north of the Aegean to See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens used to pass by Chalcis and the Euboic Sea . Euboea was believed to have originally formed part of the mainland, and to have been separated from it by an See also:

• EARTHQUAKE

earthquake . This is the less improbable because it lies in the neighbourhood of a line of earthquake See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement, and both from See also:

• THUCYDIDES (OovavMns)

Thucydides and from See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo we hear of the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern part of the island being shaken at different periods, and the latter writer speaks of a See also:

• FOUNTAIN (Late Lat. fontana, from ions, a spring)

fountain at Chalcis being dried up by a similar cause, and a mud See also:

• VOLCANO

volcano formed in the neighbouring See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain . Evidences of vokanic See also:

• ACTION

action are also traceable in the legends connected with Heracles at Aedepsus and Cenaeum, which here, as at See also:

• LEMNOS (mod. Limnos)

Lemnos and elsewhere in Greece, have that origin . Its northern extremity is separated from the Thessalian coast by a strait, which at one point is not more than a mile and a See also:

• HALF

half in width .

In the neighbourhood of Chalcis, both to the north and the south, the bays are so confined as readily to explain the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of See also:

• AGAMEMNON

Agamemnon's fleet having been detained there by contrary winds . At Chalcis itself, where the strait is narrowest, it is called the Euripus, and here it is divided in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle by a See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock, on which formerly a See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle stood . The channel towards See also:

• BOEOTIA

Boeotia, which is now closed, is spanned by a See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge . The other, which is far the deeper of the two, is crossed by an See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

• SWING, DAVID (1830-1894)

swing-bridge, allowing for the passage of vessels . This bridge, which See also:

• DATES

dates from 1896, replaced a smaller wooden swing-bridge erected in 1856 . The extraordinary changes of See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide which take See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in this passage have been a subject of wonder from classical times . At one moment the current runs like a See also:

• RIVER

river in one direction, and shortly afterwards with equal velocity in the other . Strabo speaks of .it as varying seven times in the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, but it is more accurate to say, with See also:

• LIVY [Thus L1v1us] (59 B.C.—A.D: 17)

Livy, that it is irregular . A bridge was first constructed here in the twenty-first See also:

• YEAR

year of the Peloponnesian See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, when Euboea revolted from Athens; and thus the Boeotians, whose See also:

• WORK

work it was, contrived to make that See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country " an island to every one but themselves." The Boeotians by this means secured a powerful weapon of offence against Athens, being able to impede their supplies of See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold and See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn from See also:

• THRACE

Thrace, of See also:

• TIMBER

timber from See also:

• MACEDONIA

Macedonia, and of horses from Thessaly . The name Euripus was corrupted during the middle ages into Evripo and Egripo, and in this latter See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form transferred to the whole island, whence the Venetians, when they occupied the See also:

• DISTRICT

district, altered it to Negroponte, referring to the bridge which connected it with the mainland . The See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers of Euboea are few in number and scanty in See also:

• VOLUME

volume . In the north-eastern portion the Budorus flows into the Aegean, being formed by two streams which unite their See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters in a small plain, and were perhaps the Cereus and See also:

• NELEUS

Neleus concerning which the story was told that See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep drinking the See also:

• WATER

water of the one became See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white, of the other See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black .

On the north coast, near Histiaea; is the Callas; and on the western See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side the Lelantus, near Chalcis, flowing through the plain of the same name . This plain, which intervenes between Chalcis and See also:

• ERETRIA (mod. Aletria)

Eretria, and was a fruitful source of contention to those cities, is the most consider-able of the few and small spaces of level ground in the island, and was fertile in corn . See also:

• ARISTOTLE
• ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.)

Aristotle, when speaking of the aristocratic See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse, as requiring fertile See also:

• SOIL

soil for its support, and consequently being associated with See also:

• WEALTH

wealth, instances its use among the Chalcidians and Eretrians, and in the former of those two states we find a class of nobles called Hippobotae . This See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich district was afterwards occupied by Athenian cleruchs . The next largest plain was that of Histiaea, and at the See also:

• PRESENT

present day this and the neighbourhood of the Budorus (Alimet-See also:

• AGA, or AGHA

Aga) are the two best cultivated parts of Euboea, owing to the exertions of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign colonists . The mountains afford excellent pasturage for sheep and See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle, which were reared in greatquantities in ancient times, and seem to have given the island its name; these pastures belonged to the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . The forests are extensive and See also:

• FINE

fine, and are now superintended by See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government officials, called bavoOXahes, in spite or with the connivance of whom the timber is being rapidly destroyed—partly from the merciless way in which it is cut by the proprietors, partly from its being burnt by the shepherds, for the See also:

• SAKE

sake of the rich grass that springs up after such conflagrations, and partly owing to the goats, whose bite kills all the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young growths . In the mountains were several valuable mines of iron and See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper; and from Karystos, at the south of the island, came the See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green and white See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble, the See also:

• MODERN

modern Cipollino, which was in great See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request among the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans of the imperial See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period for architectural purposes, and the quarries of which belonged to the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor . The scenery of Euboea is perhaps the most beautiful in Greece, owing to the varied combinations of rock, See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood and water; for from the uplands the sea is almost always in view, either the wide island-studded expanse of the Aegean, or the See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of lakes formed by the Euboic Sea, together with mountains of exquisite outline, while the valleys and maritime plains are clothed either with See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit trees or with See also:

• PLANE

plane trees of magnificent growth . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, no part of Greece is so destitute of interesting remains of antiquity as Euboea . The only site which has attracted archaeologists is that of Eretria (q.v.), which was excavated by the See also:

• AMERICAN

American School of Athens in 1890-1895 . Like most of the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek islands, Euboea was originally known under other names, such as Macris and Doliche from its shape, and Ellopia and Abantis from the tribes inhabiting it .

The races by which it was occupied at an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early period were different in the three districts, into which, as we have seen, it was naturally divided . In the northern portion we find the Histiaei and Ellopes, Thessalian races, which probably had passed over from the Pagasaean Gulf . In central Euboea were the See also:

• CURETES (Gr. Kobprjres and KovA-res)

Curetes and Abantes, who seem to have come from the neighbouring See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent by way of the Euripus; of these the Abantes, after being See also:

• REIN

rein-forced by See also:

• IONIANS

Ionians from See also:

• ATTICA

Attica, See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose to great See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, and exercised a sort of supremacy over the whole island, so that in See also:

• HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer the inhabitants generally are called by that name . The southern part was occupied by the Dryopes, part of which tribe, after having been expelled from their See also:

• ORIGINAL

original seats in the south of Thessaly by the See also:

• DORIANS

Dorians, migrated to this island, and established themselves in the three cities of Karystos, Dystos and Styra . The See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of Euboea at the present day is made up of elements not less various, for many of the Greek inhabitants seem to have immigrated, partly from the mainland, and partly from other islands; and besides these, the southern portion is occupied by Albanians, who probably have come from Andros; and in the mountain districts See also:

• NOMAD (Gr. voµas, voµabes, wandering)

nomad Vlach shepherds are found . -n See also:

• HISTORY

History.—The .history of the island is for the most part that of its two principal cities, Chalcis and Eretria, the latter of which was situated about 15 m . S.E. of the former, and was also on the See also:

• SHORE

shore of the Euboic Sea . The neighbourhood of the fertile Lelantian or Lelantine plain, and their proximity to the place of passage to the mainland, were evidently the causes of the choice of site, as well as of their prosperity . Both cities were Ionian settlements from Attica, and their importance in early times is shown by their numerous colonies in Magna Graecia and See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, such as Curnae, Rhegium and See also:

• NAXOS

Naxos, and on the coast of Macedonia, the projecting portion of which, with its three peninsulas, hence obtained the name of Chalcidice . In this way they opened new See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade routes to the Greeks, and extended the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field of See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization . How great their See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce was is shown by the fact that the Euboic See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale of weights and See also:

• MEASURES

measures was in use at Athens (until See also:

• SOLON (7th and 6th century n.c.)

Solon, q.v.) and among the Ionic cities generally . They were See also:

• RIVAL

rival cities, and at first appear to have been equally powerful; one of the earliest of the sea-fights mentioned in Greek history took place between them, and in this we are told that many of the other Greek states took part .

It was in consequence of the aid which the See also:

• PEOPLE

people of See also:

• MILETUS (mod. Palatia)

Miletus See also:

• LENT (0. Eng. lenclen, " spring," M. Eng. lenten, lente, lent; cf. Dut. lente, Ger. Lenz, " spring," 0. H. Ger. lenzin, lengizin, lenzo, probably from the same root as " long " and referring to " the lengthening days ")

lent to the Eretrians on this occasion that Eretria sent five See also:

• SHIPS

ships to aid the Ionians in their revolt against the Persians (see See also:

• IONIA

IONIA); and owing to this, that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city was the first piasi in Greece proper to be attacked by Datis and See also:

• ARTAPHERNES

Artaphernes in 490 B.C . It was utterly ruined on that occasion, and its inhabitants were transported to See also:

• PERSIA

Persia . Though it was restored after the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• MARATHON

Marathon, on a site at a little distance from its original position, it never regained its former See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence, but it was still the second city in the island . From this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time its See also:

• NEIGHBOUR (O. Eng. neahgebiir, from Walt, " nigh," " near ")

neighbour Chalcis, which, though it suffered from a lack of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good water, was, as Strabo says, the natural See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital from its commanding the Euripus, held an undisputed supremacy . Already, however, this city had suffered from the growing power of Athens . In the year 5o6, when the Chalcidians joined with the Boeotians and the Spartan See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king Cleomenes in a See also:

• LEAGUE

league against that state, they were totally defeated by the Athenians, who established 4000 See also:

• ATTIC (i.e. "in the Attic style ")

Attic settlers (see See also:

• CLERUCHY (Gr. KAripovXia, from KX'gpos, a lot, e'xav, to have)

CLERUCHY) on their lands, and seem to have reduced the whole island to a See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of dependence . Again, in 446, when Euboea endeavoured to throw off the yoke, it was once more reduced by See also:

• PERICLES (49o-429 B.C.)

Pericles, and a new See also:

• BODY

body of settlers was planted at Histiaea in the north of the island, after the inhabitants of that town had been expelled . This event is referred to by See also:

• ARISTOPHANES
• ARISTOPHANES (c. 448–385 B.e.1)

Aristophanes in the Clouds (212), where the old See also:

• FARMER, RICHARD (1735–1787)

farmer, on being shown Euboea on the See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map " lying outstretched in all its length," remarks,—" I know; we laid it prostrate under Pericles." The Athenians fully recognized its importance to them, as supplying them with corn and cattle, as securing their commerce, and as guaranteeing them against piracy, for its proximity to the coast of Attica rendered it extremely dangerous to them when in other hands, so that See also:

• DEMOSTHENES

Demosthenes, in the De See also:

• CORONA (Lat. for " crown ")

corona, speaks of a time when the pirates that made it their headquarters so infested the neighbouring sea as to prevent all See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation . But in the 21st year of the Peloponnesian war the island succeeded in regaining its See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence . After this we find it taking sides with one or other of the leading states, until, after the battle of Chaeronea, it passed into the hands of See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip II. of Macedon, and finally into those of the Romans . By Philip V. of Macedon Chalcis was called one of the three fetters of Greece, Demetrias on the Gulf of Pagasae and See also:

• CORINTH
• CORINTH, ISTHMUS OF

Corinth being the other two . In modern history Euboea or Negropont comes once more prominently into See also:

• NOTICE

notice at the time of the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth crusade .

In the See also:

• PARTITION

partition of the Eastern See also:

• EMPIRE

empire by the Latins which followed that event the island was divided into three fiefs, the occupants of which ere long found it expedient to place themselves under the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of the Venetian See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic, which thenceforward became the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign power in the country . For more than two centuries and a half during which the Venetians remained in See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession, it was one of the most valuable of their dependencies, and the See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

lion of St See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

Mark may still be seen, both over the sea See also:

• GATE

gate of Chalcis and in other parts of the town . At length in 1470, after a valiant See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence, this well-fortified city was wrested from them by Mahommed II., and the whole island See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into the hands of the See also:

• TURKS

Turks . One desperate See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to regain it was made by See also:

• FRANCESCO
• FRANCESCO, 210

Francesco See also:

• MOROSINI

Morosini (d . 1694) in 1688, when the city was besieged by See also:

• LAND

land and sea for three months; but owing to the strength of the place, and the disease which thinned their ranks, the assailants were forced to withdraw . At the conclusion of the Greek War of Independence, in 183o, the island was delivered from the See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish sway, and constituted a part of the newly established Greek state . Euboea at the present time produces a large amount of See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain, and its See also:

• MINERAL

mineral wealth is also considerable, great quantities of See also:

• MAGNESIA

magnesia and See also:

• LIGNITE (Lat. lignum, wood)

lignite being exported . In 1899 it was constituted a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• NOME

nome (pop . 1907, 116,903) .