EUGENIUS III  . (Bernardo Paganelli), pope from the 15th cf February 1145 tO the 8th of July 1153, a native of Pisa, was abbot of the Cistercian monastery of St Anastasius at Rome when suddenly elected to succeed Lucius II . His friend and instructor, Bernard of Clairvaux, the most influential ecclesiastic of the time, remonstrated against his election on account of his " innocence and simplicity," but Bernard soon acquiesced and continued to be the mainstay of the papacy throughout En-genius's pontificate . It was to Eugenius that Bernard addressed his famous work De consideratione . Immediately after his election, the Roman senators demanded the pope's renunciation of temporal power . He refused and fled to Farfa, where he was consecrated on the 17th of February . By treaty of December 1145 he recognized the republic under his suzerainty, substituted a papal prefect for the " patrician " and returned to Rome . The celebrated schismatic, Arnold of Brescia, however, put himself again at the head of the party opposed to the temporal power of the papacy, re-established the patricianate, and forced the pope to leave Rome . Eugenius had already, on hearing of the fall of Edessa, addressed a letter to Louis VII. of France (December 1145), announcing the Second Crusade and granting plenary indulgence under the usual conditions to those who would take the cross; and in January 1147 he journeyed to France to further preparations for the holy war and to seek aid in the constant feuds at Rome . After holding synods at Paris,, Reims and Trier, he returned to Italy in June 1148 and took up his residence at Viterbo . The following month he excommunicated Arnold of Brescia in a synod at Cremona, and thenceforth devoted most of his energies to the recovery of his see . As the result of negotiations between Frederick Barbarossa and the Romans, Eugenius was finally enabled to return to Rome in December 1152, but died in the following July .

He was succeeded by Anastasius IV . Eugenius retained the stoic virtues of

monasticism throughout his stormy career, and was deeply reverenced for his personal character . His tomb in St Peter's acquit .d fame for miraculous cures, and he was pronounced blessed by Pius IX. in 1872 . The chief sources for the career of Eugenius III. are his letters in J . P . Migne, Patrol . Lat., vols . 1o6, 18o, 182, and in Bibliolheque de l'Ecole des Charles, vol . 57 (Paris, 1896) ; the life by Cardinal Boso in J . M . Watterich, Pontif . Roman. vitae, vol .

2; and the life by

John of Salisbury in Monumenta Germaniae historica . Scriptores, vol . 2o . See J . Langen, Geschichte der romischen Kirche von Gregor VII. bis Innocenz III . (Bonn, 1893) ; F . Gregorovius, Rome in the Middle Ages, vol . 4, trans. by Mrs G . W . Hamilton (London, 1900-1902) ; K . J. von Hefele, Conciliengeschichte, Bd . 5, 2nd ed.; Jaffe-Wattenbach, Regesta pontif .

Roman . (1885–1888); M . Jocham, Geschichte des Lebens u. der Verehrung des seligen Papstes Eugen III . (

Augsburg, 1873) ; G . Sainaci, Vita del beato Eugenio III (Pisa, 1868) ; J . Jastrow and G . Winter, Deutsche Geschichte im Zeitalter der Hohenstaufen, i . (Stuttgart, 1897) ; C . Neumann, Bernhard von Clairvaux u. die Anfange der zweiten Kreuzzuges (Heidelberg, 1882) ; B . Kugler, Analekten zur Geschichte des zweiten Kreuzzugs (Tubingen, 1878, 1883) . (C . H .