JOHANNES See also:

• EWALD, GEORG HEINRICH AUGUST VON (1803-1875)
• JOHANNES EWALD (1743-1781)

EWALD (1743-1781)  , the greatest lyrical poet of See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark, was the son of a See also:

• MELANCHOLY (Gr. µe)tayXotia, from µEtas, black, and Xotii, bile)

melancholy and sickly See also:

• CHAPLAIN

chaplain at See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen, where he was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 18th of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1743 . At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of eleven he was sent to school at See also:

• SCHLESWIG (Dan. Slesvig)

Schleswig, his See also:

• FATHER

father's birthplace, and returned to the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital only to enter the university in 1758 . His father was by that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time dead, and in his See also:

• MOTHER

mother, a frivolous and foolish woman, he found neither sympathy nor moral support . At fifteen he See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell passionately in love with Arense Hulegaard, a girl whose father afterwards married the poet's mother; and the romantic boy resolved on various modes of making himself admired by the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady . He began to learn Abyssinian, for the purpose of going out as a missionary to See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, but this See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme was soon given up, and he persuaded a See also:

• BROTHER

brother, four years older than himself, to run away that they might enlist as hussars in the Prussian See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army . They managed to reach See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg just when the Seven Years' See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War was commencing and were allowed to enter a See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment . But the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder brother soon got tired and ran away, while the poet, after a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of extraordinary adventures, deserted to the See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian army, where from being drummer he See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose to being sergeant, and was only not made an officer because he was a See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant . In 176o he was weary of a soldier's See also:

• LIFE

life and deserted again, getting safe back to Denmark . For the next two years he worked with See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• DILIGENCE

diligence at the university, but the Arense for whom he had gone through so much hardship and taken so much pains married another See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man almost immediately after See also:

• EWALD, GEORG HEINRICH AUGUST VON (1803-1875)
• EWALD, JOHANNES (1743-1781)

Ewald's final and very successful examination . The disappointment was one from which he never recovered, but his own weakness of will was largely to blame for it . He plunged into dissipation of every See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, and gave his serious thoughts only to See also:

• POETRY

poetry . In 1763 his first See also:

• WORK

work, a perfunctory dissertation, De pyrologia sacra, first saw the See also:

• LIGHT

light .

In 1764 he made a considerable success with a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short .See also:

• PROSE

prose See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story in the popular manner of Sneedorf, Lykkens Tempel (The See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Temple of See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

Fortune), which was translated into See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German and Icelandic . On the See also:

• DEATH

death of See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick V., how-ever, Ewald first appeared prominently as a poet; he published in 1766 three Elegies over the dead See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, which were received with universal See also:

• ACCLAMATION (Lat. acclamatio, a shouting at)

acclamation, and of which one, at least, is a veritable masterpiece . But his dramatic poem See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam og Eva (Adam and See also:

• EVE

Eve), by far the finest imaginative work produced in Denmark up to that time, was rejected by the Society of Arts in 1767 and was not published until 1769 . At the latter date, however, its merits were perceived . In 1770 Ewald attained success with Philet, a narrative and lyrical poem, and still more with his splendid Rolf Krage, the first See also:

• ORIGINAL

original Danish tragedy . For the next ten years Ewald was occupied in producing one brilliant poetical work after another, in rapid See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession . In 1771 he published De brutale Klappers (The Brutal Clappers), a tragicomedy or See also:

• PARODY (Gr. s-apybia, literally a song sung beside, a comic parallel)

parody satirizing the dispute then raging between the critics and the manager of the Royal See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

Theatre; in 1772 he translated from the German the lyrical See also:

• DRAMA (literally "action," from Gr. Snail, act or do)

drama of See also:

• PHILEMON
• PHILEMON (c. 361–263 B.C.)
• PHILEMON, EPISTLE TO

Philemon and Baucis, and brought out his versified See also:

• COMEDY

comedy of See also:

• HARLEQUIN

Harlequin Patriot, a See also:

• SATIRE (Lat. satira, satura; see below)

satire on the See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion for See also:

• POLITICAL

political scribbling created by See also:

• STRUENSEE, JOHAN FREDERICK (1731-1772)

Struensee's introduction of the See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty of the See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press, In 1773 he published Pebersvendene (Old Bachelors), a prose comedy . In 1771 he had already collected some of his lyrical poems under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Adskilligt of Johannes Ewald (Miscellanies) . In 177439 appeared the heroic See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

opera of See also:

• BALDER

Balder's Dad (Balder's Death), and in 1779 the finest of his See also:

• WORKS

works, the lyrical drama Fiskerne (The Fishers), which contains the Danish See also:

• NATIONAL

National See also:

• SONG

Song, " King See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian stood by the high See also:

• MAST (2) (Anglo-Saxon maest, food, common to some Teutonic languages, and ultimately connected with " meat")
• MAST (I) (O. Eng. maest; a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. malus; from the medieval latinized form mast us comes Fr. malt)

Mast," his most famous lyric . In the two poems last mentioned, however, Ewald passed beyond contemporary See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste, and these great works, the See also:

• PRIDE, THOMAS (d. 1658)

pride of Danish literature, were coldly received . But while the new poetry was slowly winning its way into popular esteem, the poet did not lack admirers, and at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of these he founded in 1775 the Danish See also:

• LITERARY

Literary Society, a See also:

• BODY

body which became influential, and which made the study of Ewald a cultus . But the poet's See also:

• HEALTH

health had broken; when he was See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing Rolf Krage he was already an inmate of the consumptive See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital, and when he seemed to be recovering, his health was shattered again by a See also:

• NIGHT

night spent in the frosty streets .

He embittered his existence by the recklessness of his private life, and finally, through a fall from a See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse, he ended by becoming a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete invalid . His last ten years were full of acute suffering; his mother treated him with See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty, his See also:

• FAMILY

family with neglect, and but few even of his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends showed any manliness or generosity towards him . In 1774 he was placed in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of an inspector of See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries at Rungsted, where See also:

• ANNA
• ANNA (Hindustani ana)
• ANNA, BALDASARRE

Anna Hedevig See also:

• JACOBSEN, JENS PETER (1847-1885)

Jacobsen, the daughter of the house, tended the wasted poet with See also:

• INFINITE (from Lat. in, not, finis, end or limit; cf. findere, to deave)

infinite tenderness and skill . He stayed in this house for three years, and wrote there some of his finest later lyrics . Meanwhile he had fallen deeply in love with the charming solace of his sufferings and won her consent to a See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage . This step, however, was prevented by his family, who roughly removed him to their own keeping near Kronborg . Here he was treated so infamously that he insisted on being taken back to Copenhagen in 1777, where he found an older, but no less See also:

• TENDER

tender See also:

• NURSE (a shortened form of the earlier " nourice," adapted through the French from Lat. nutrix, nu/rite, to nourish)

nurse, in Ane Kirstine Skou . Here he wrote Fiskerne with his See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination full of the See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar See also:

• SHORE

shore at Hornbaek, near Rungsted . In 1780 he was a little better, and managed to be See also:

• PRESENT

present at the theatre at the first performance of his poem . But this excitement hastened his end, and after months of extreme agony he died on the 17th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1781, and was carried to the See also:

• GRAVE

grave by a large See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly of his admirers, since he was now just recognized by the public for the first time as the greatest national poet . Among his papers were found fragments of three dramas, two on old Scandinavian subjects, entitled Frode and Helga, and the third a tragedy on the story of See also:

• HAMLET

Hamlet, which he meant to treat in a way wholly distinct from See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare's . Ewald belongs to the See also:

• RACE

race of poetical reformers who appeared in all countries of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe at the end of the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century; but it is interesting to observe that in point of time he preceded all of them .

He was born six years earlier than See also:

• GOETHE, JOHANN WOLFGANG VON (1749-1832)

Goethe and See also:

• ALFIERI, VITTORIO, COUNT (1749-1803)

Alfieri, sixteen years before See also:

• SCHILLER, JOHANN CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH VON (1759-18o5)

Schiller, nine years before See also:

• ANDRE, JOHN (1751-178o)

Andre See also:

• CHENIER
• CHENIER, ANDRE DE (1762-1794)

Chenier, and twenty-seven years earlier than See also:

• WORDSWORTH, CHARLES (1806–1892)
• WORDSWORTH, CHRISTOPHER (1774–1846)
• WORDSWORTH, CHRISTOPHER (1807–1885)
• WORDSWORTH, DOROTHY (1771-1855)
• WORDSWORTH, WILLIAM (1770-185o)

Wordsworth, but he did for Denmark what each of these poets did for his own See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . Ewald found Danish literature given over to tasteless See also:

• RHETORIC (Gr. psroperctj TEXvq, the art of the orator)

rhetoric, and without See also:

• ART

art or vigour . He introduced vivacity of See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style, freshness and brevity of See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, and an imaginative study of nature which was then unprecedented . But perhaps his greatest claim to See also:

• NOTICE

notice is the fact that he was the first See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person to See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of the Scandinavian peoples to the treasuries of their See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• HISTORY

history and See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology, and to suggest the use of these in imaginative writing . With a colouring more distinctly See also:

• MODERN

modern than that of See also:

• COLLINS, ANTHONY (1676-1729)
• COLLINS, JOHN CHURTON (1848-1908)
• COLLINS, MORTIMER (1827-1876)
• COLLINS, WILLIAM (1721-1759)
• COLLINS, WILLIAM (1787–1847)
• COLLINS, WILLIAM WILKIE (1824–1889)

Collins and See also:

• GRAY
• GRAY (or GREY), WALTER DE (d. 1255)
• GRAY, ASA (1810-1888)
• GRAY, DAVID (1838-1861)
• GRAY, ELISHA (1835-1901)
• GRAY, HENRY PETERS (1819-18/7)
• GRAY, HORACE (1828–1902)
• GRAY, JOHN DE (d. 1214)
• GRAY, JOHN EDWARD (1800–1875)
• GRAY, PATRICK GRAY, 6TH BARON (d. 1612)
• GRAY, ROBERT (1809-1872)
• GRAY, SIR THOMAS (d. c. 1369)
• GRAY, THOMAS (1716-1771)

Gray, his lyrics yet resemble the odes of these his See also:

• ENGLISH

English contemporaries more closely than those of any See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental poet; from another point of view his See also:

• BALLADS

ballads remind us of those of Schiller, which they preceded . His dramas, which had an immense See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence on the Danish See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage, are now chiefly of antiquarian See also:

• INTEREST

interest, with the exception of " The Fishers," a work that must always live as a great national poem . In See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and in See also:

• FATE

fate Ewald seems to have been not unlike Heinrich See also:

• HEINE, HEINRICH, (1797-1856)

Heine . The first collected edition of Ewald's works began to appear in his lifetime . It is in four volumes, 1780-1784 . His works have constantly been reprinted, but the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard edition is that by Liebenberg, in 8 vols., 1850–1855 . The best See also:

• BIOGRAPHIES

biographies of him are those by C . Molbech (1831), Hammerich (186o) and Andreas Dolleris (1900) .

(E .