See also:

• EXCOMMUNICATION (Lat. ex, out of, away from; communis, common)

EXCOMMUNICATION (See also:

• LAT

Lat. ex, out of, away from; communis, See also:

• COMMON

common)  , the judicial exclusion of offenders from the rights and privileges of the religious community to which they belong . The See also:

• HISTORY

history of the practice of See also:

• EXCOMMUNICATION (Lat. ex, out of, away from; communis, common)

excommunication may be traced through (I) See also:

• PAGAN
• PAGAN (Lat. paganus, of or belonging to a pagus, a canton, county district, village, commune)

pagan analogues, (2) See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom, (3) See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian practice, (4) See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval and monastic usage, (5) See also:

• MODERN

modern survivals in existing Christian churches . r . Among pagan analogues are the Gr. xepvi.!3cuv e'ipyeoOac (Demosth . 505, 14), the exclusion of an offender from See also:

• PURIFICATION

purification with See also:

• HOLY

holy See also:

• WATER

water . This exclusion was enforced in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of persons whose hands were defiled with bloodshed . Its See also:

• CON

con-sequences are described Aesch . Choeph . 283, Eum . 625 f., Soph . Oed . See also:

• TYR

Tyr .

236 ff . The See also:

• ROMAN

Roman exsecratio and diris devotio was a See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn pronouncement of a religious curse by priests, intended to See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call down the divine wrath upon enemies, and to devote them to destruction by See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers human and divine . The See also:

• DRUIDS, ORDER OF

Druids claimed the dread See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of excluding offenders from See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice (Caes . B.G. vi . 13) . Primitive Semitic customs recognize that when persons are laid under a See also:

• BAN

ban or See also:

• TABOO (also written tapu and tabu)

taboo (herem) restrictions are imposed on contact with them, and that the See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach of these involves supernatural dangers . Impious sinners, or enemies of the community and its See also:

• GOD

god, might be devoted to utter destruction . 2 . Hebrew Custom.=fn a See also:

• THEOCRACY (Gr. Oeoeparia, the rule of God, from Oebr, god, and -Kparca, Kpare v, to rule)

theocracy excommunication is necessarily both a See also:

• CIVIL

civil and a religious See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty . The word used in the New Testament to describe an excommunicated See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person,avaOeµa (1 See also:

• COR

Cor. xvi . 22, Gal. i . 8-p, Rom. ix .

3), is the See also:

• SEPTUAGINT, THE (Gr. of 0', Lat. LXX.)

Septuagint rendering of the Hebrew herem . The word means " set apart " (cf. See also:

• HAREM

harem), and does not distinguish originally between things set apart because devoted to God and things devoted to destruction . Lev. See also:

• XXVII

xxvii . 16-34 defines the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law for dealing with " devoted " things; according to v . 28 " No devoted thing that a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man shall devote unto the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord, of all that he hath, whether of man or beast, or of the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field of his See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession, shall be sold or redeemed . None devoted shall be ransomed, he shall surely be put to See also:

• DEATH

death." As in See also:

• GREECE

Greece and See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome whole cities or nations might be devoted to destruction by pronouncement of a ban (See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

Numbers xxi . 2, 3, Deut. ii . 34, iii . 6, vii . 2) . Occasionally Israelites as well as aliens fall under the curse (Judg. xxi . 5, 11) .

A milder See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of penalty was the temporary separation or seclusion (niddah) prescribed for ceremonial uncleanness . This was the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary form of religious discipline . In the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of See also:

• EZRA (from a Hebrew word meaning " help ")
• EZRA, FOURTH BOOK (or APOCALYPSE) OF
• EZRA, THIRD BOOK OF [I Esdras]

Ezra the Jewish " magistrates and See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges " among their ecclesiastico-civil functions have the right of pronouncing See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence whether it be unto death, or to " rooting out," or to See also:

• CONFISCATION (from Lat. confiscare, to consign to the fiscus, or imperial treasury)

confiscation'4of goods, or to imprisonment (Ezra vii . 26) . There is also a lighter form of excommunication which " devotes " the goods of an offender, but only separates him from the See also:

• CONGREGATION (Lat. congregatio, a gathering together, from cum, with, grex, gregis, a flock, herd)

congregation . Both See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major and See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor kinds of excommunication are recognized by the See also:

• TALMUD

Talmud . The lesser (niddah) involved exclusion from the See also:

• SYNAGOGUE (avvaywyii)
• SYNAGOGUE, UNITED

synagogue for See also:

• THIRTY

thirty days, and other penalties, and might be renewed if the offender remained impenitent . The major excommunication (See also:

• HERON (Fr. heron; Ital. aghirone, airone; Lat. ardea; Gr. ipw&bs: A.-S. hragra; Icelandic, hegre; Swed. hager; Dan. heire; Ger. Heiger, Reiher, Heergans; Dutch, reiger)

heron) excluded from the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Temple as well as the synagogue and from all association with the faithful . See also:

• SPINOZA, BARUCH (1632-1677)

Spinoza was excommunicated (See also:

• JULY

July 16, 1656) for contempt of the law . Seldon (De jure nat. et gen., iv . 7) gives the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text of the curse pronounced on the See also:

• CULPRIT

culprit . The Exemplar Humanae Vitae of Uriel d'See also:

• ACOSTA, JOSE DE (1 J39?-1600)
• ACOSTA, URIEL (d. 1647)

Acosta also deserves reference .

The practice of the Jewish courts in New Testament times may be inferred from certain passages in the Gospels . See also:

• LUKE
• LUKE, GOSPEL OF ST

Luke vi . 22, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John ix . 22, xii . 42 indicate that exclusion from the synagogue was a recognized penalty, and that it was probably inflicted on those who confessed Jesus as the See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ . John xvi . 2 (" Whosoever killeth you," &c.) may point to the power of inflicting the major penalty . The Talmud itself says that the See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment of See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital cases was taken away from See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel See also:

• FORTY

forty years before the destruction of the Temple . " Forty " is probably a See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round number without See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical value, but the circumstance recorded by this tradition and confirmed by the evangelist's See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the trial of Jesus is historical, and is to be regarded as one of several restrictions imposed on the Jewish courts in the time of the Roman procurators . 3 . Primitive Christian Practice.—The use of excommunication as a form of Christian discipline is based on the See also:

• PRECEPT (Lat. praeceptum, a rule, from praecipere, literally to take beforehand, to give rules, instructions or orders)

precept of Christ and on apostolic practice . The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general principles which govern the exclusion of members from a religious community may be gathered from the New Testament writings .

Matt. xviii . 15-17 prescribes a threefold admonition, first privately, then in the presence of witnesses (cf . See also:

• TITUS
• TITUS, FLAVIUS SABINUS VESPASIANUS
• TITUS, THE EPISTLE TO

Titus iii. so), then before the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church . This is a graded See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure as in the Jewish synagogue and makes exclusion a last resort . Nothing is said as to the nature and effects of excommunication . The See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone of the passage when compared with the disciplinary methods of the synagogue indicates that its purpose was to introduce elements of See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason and moral suasion in See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of sterner methods . Its See also:

• OBJECT

object is rather the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of the church than the See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment of the sinner . The offender is only treated as a See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen and publican when the purity and safety of the church demand it . In the See also:

• LOCUS (Lat. for " place "; in Gr. rinros)

locus classicus on this subject (1 Cor. v . 5) See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul refers to a formal See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting of the Corinthian church at which the incestuous person is " delivered unto Satan for the destruction of the flesh that the spirit may be saved in the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day of the Lord Jesus." These are mysterious words implying (I) a formal ecclesiastical censure, (2) a See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical penalty, (3) the See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of a spiritual result . The form of penalty which would meet these conditions is not explained . There is a reference in 2 Cor. ii .

6-11 to a case of discipline which may or may not be the same . If it be the same it indicates that the ex-communication had not been final; the offender had been received back . If it be not the same it shows the Corinthian church exercising discipline independently of apostolic See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice . Up to this point there is no established formal practice . I Tim. i . 20 (" Hymenaeus and See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander whom I delivered unto Satan that they might he taught not to blaspheme ") seems to refer to an excommunication, but it does not appear whether the apostle had acted as representing a church, nor is there anything to explain the exact consequences or limits of the deliverance to Satan. i Cor. xvi . 22, Gal. i . 8, 9, Rom. ix . 3 refer to the practice of regarding a person as See also:

• ANATHEMA (from Gr. avarz6 'cu, to lift up)

anathema . Taking these passages as a whole they seem to point to an exclusion from church fellowship rather than to a final cutting off from the hope of salvation . In the See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

pastoral letters there is already a formal and recognized method of procedure in cases of church discipline. r Tim. v . 19, 20 requires two or three witnesses in the case of an See also:

• ACCUSATION (Lat. accusatio, accusare, to challenge to a causa, a suit or trial at law)

accusation against an See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder, and a public reproof .

Tit. iii . 20 recognizes a factious spirit as a reason for excommunication after two admonitions (cf . Tim. vi. and 2 John v . 1o) . In 3 John v . 9-re . Diotrephes appears to have secured an excommunication by the See also:

• ACTION

action of a party in the church . It is clear from these illustrations that within the New Testament there is development from spontaneous towards strictly regulated methods; also that the use of excommunication is chiefly for disciplinary and protective rather than punitive purposes . A See also:

• PROCESS

process which is intended to produce penitence and ultimate restoration cannot at the same time contemplate handing the offender over to eternal punishment . 4 . Medieval and Monastic Usage.—The writings of the church Fathers give sufficient See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence that two degrees of excommunication, the 64 opeaµos and the 64opiaues 7ravreXrts, as they were generally called, were in use during, or at least soon after, the apostolic See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . The former, which involved exclusion from participation in the eucharistic service and from the See also:

• EUCHARIST (Gr. evXapurria, thanksgiving)

eucharist itself, though not from the so-called " service of the catechumens," was the usual punishment of comparatively See also:

• LIGHT

light offences; the latter, which was the penalty for graver scandals, involved " exclusion from all church privileges,"—a vague expression which has sometimes been interpreted as meaning See also:

• TOTAL

total exclusion from the very precincts of the church See also:

• BUILDING

building (inter hiemantes orare) and from the favour of God (See also:

• BINGHAM, JOSEPH (1668-1723)

Bingham, Antiquities of Christian Church, xvi .

2 . 16) . For some sins, such as See also:

• ADULTERY (from Lat. adulterium)

adultery, the sentence of excommunication was in the 2nd See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century regarded as 7ravr€Xils in the sense of being irrevocable . Difference of See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion as to the absolutely " irremissible." See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of mortal sins led to the important controversy associated with the names of See also:

• ZEPHYRINUS, ST

Zephyrinus, See also:

• TERTULLIAN (c. 155-c. 222)

Tertullian, Calistus, See also:

• HIPPOLYTUS
• HIPPOLYTUS, THE CANONS OF

Hippolytus, See also:

• CYPRIAN, SAINT [Caecilius Cyprianus, called THASCIUS] (c. 200–258)

Cyprian and Novatian, in which the stricter and more montanistic party held that for those who had been guilty of such sins as See also:

• THEFT

theft, See also:

• FRAUD (Lat. fraus, deceit)

fraud, denial of the faith, there should be no restoration to church fellowship even in the See also:

• HOUR

hour of death . On this point the provincial synods of Illiberis (See also:

• ELVIRA, SYNOD OF

Elvira) in 305 and of See also:

• ANCYRA (mod. Angora, q.v.)

Ancyra in 315 subsequently came to conflicting decisions, the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of Elvira forbidding the reception of offenders into communion during See also:

• LIFE

life, and the council of Ancyra fixing a limit to the penalty in the same cases . But the excommunication was on all hands regarded as being " medicinal " in its character . It is See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note-worthy that the word av60eµa had fallen into disuse about the beginning of the 4th century, and that, throughout the same See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, no instance of the judicial use of the phrase 7rapa5o0vac rw Xarav¢. can be found . A new See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter in the history of the church censure may be said to have begun with the publication of those imperial edicts against See also:

• HERESY

heresy, the first of which, De summa trinitate et fide catholica, See also:

• DATES

dates from 380 . Till then exclusion from church privileges had been a spiritual discipline merely; thenceforward it was to expose a man to serious temporal risks . Excommunication still continued to be occasionally used in the spirit of genuine Christian fidelity, as by See also:

• AMBROSE (AMBROISE), AUTPERT (d.' 778)
• AMBROSE (ANDREY SERTIS-KAMENSKIY) (1708-1771)
• AMBROSE (fl. 119o)
• AMBROSE, ISAAC (1604-1663/4)
• AMBROSE, SAINT (c. 340-307)

Ambrose in the case of See also:

• THEODOSIUS

Theodosius himself (39C); but the temptation to wield it as an See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument of See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular tyranny too often proved to be irresistible . The church See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell back on carnal weapons in her warfare and invoked the secular powers to uphold the ecclesiastical . In the See also:

• FORMULA
• FORMULA (Lat. diminutive of forma, shape, pattern, &c., especially used of rules of judicial procedure)

formula used by See also:

• SYNESIUS (c. 373-c. 414)

Synesius (410) which is to be found in Bingham's Antiquities,we already find the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of magistrates specially called to the censured person .

The history of the next thousand years shows that the magistrates were seldom slow to See also:

• RESPOND

respond to the See also:

• APPEAL

appeal . Even the hastiest survey of that See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and interesting period enables the student to See also:

• NOTICE

notice a marked development in the theory and practice of excommunication . One or two points may be specially noted . (I) When the See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire became nominally Christian and the quality of the church life was sacrificed to the quantity of its adherents, the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original character of excommunication was lost . The power of excommunication was transferred from the community to the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop, and was liable to abuse from See also:

• PERSONAL

personal motives: See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory the See also:

• GREAT

Great rebukes a bishop for using for private ends power conferred for the public See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good (Epist. ii . 34) . Excommunication became a See also:

• COMMON

common penalty applied in numberless cases (see the See also:

• PENITENTIAL (Lat. poenitentiale, libellus poenitentialis, &c.)

Penitential of See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

Archbishop Theodosius: Haddan and See also:

• STUBBS [STUBBES], PHILIP (c. 1555-c. 161o)
• STUBBS [STUnnE], JOHN
• STUBBS, WILLIAM (1825-1901)

Stubbs, See also:

• COUNCILS

Councils and Documents, iii . 1737), and was invested with superstitious terrors . (2) While it had been held as an undoubted principle by the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient church that this sentence could only be passed on living individuals whose See also:

• FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault had been distinctly stated and fully proved, we find the medieval church on the one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand sanctioning the practice of excommunication of the dead (Morinus, De poenit. x. c . 9), and, on the other hand, by means of the papal See also:

• INTERDICT (Lat. interdictum, from interdicere, to forbid by decree, lit., interpose by speech)

interdict, excluding whole countries and kingdoms at once from the means of See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace . The earliest well-authenticated instance of such an interdict is that which was passed (998) by See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope Gregory V. on See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, in consequence of the See also:

• CONTUMACY (Lat. contumacia, obstinacy; derived from the root tem-, as in temnere,' t'o_despise, or possibly from the root tum-, as in tumere, to swell, with anger, &c.)

contumacy of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert the See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

Wise . Other instances are those laid respectively on See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany in 1102 by Gregory VII .

(See also:

• HILDEBRAND, LAY OF (Deis Hildebrandslied)

Hildebrand), on See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England in r208 by See also:

• INNOCENT (INNOCENTIUS)
• INNOCENT (POPES)

Innocent III., on Rome itself in 1155 by See also:

• ADRIAN
• ADRIAN, SAINT

Adrian IV . (3) While in the ancient church the See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language used in excommunicating had been carefully measured, we find an amazing. recklessness in the phraseology employed by the medieval See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy . The curse of Ernulphus or Arnulphus of See also:

• ROCHESTER
• ROCHESTER, JOHN WILMOT, 2ND EARL
• ROCHESTER, LAWRENCE HYDE, EARL OF (1641-1711)

Rochester (c. moo), often quoted by students of See also:

• ENGLISH

English literature, is a very See also:

• FAIR

fair specimen of that class of See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition . With it may be compared the formula transcribed by Dr See also:

• BURTON, JOHN HILL (1809–1881)
• BURTON, ROBERT (1577-1640)
• BURTON, SIR FREDERICK WILLIAM (1816–f goo)
• BURTON, SIR RICHARD FRANCIS (1821-1890)
• BURTON, WILLIAM EVANS (1804-1860)

Burton in his History of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland (iii . 317 ff.) . To the spoken word was added the language of See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol . By means of lighted candles violently dashed to the ground and extinguished the faithful were graphically taught the meaning of the greater excommunication—though in a somewhat misleading way, for it is a fundamental principle of the See also:

• CANON

canon law that disciplina est excommunicatio, non eradicatio . The first instance, however, of excommunication by " See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

bell, See also:

• BOOK

book and See also:

• CANDLE (Lat. candela, from candere, to glow)

candle " is comparatively See also:

• LATE

late (c . 1190) . 5 . Modern Survivals in Existing Christian Churches.—At the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity for church discipline did not cease to be recognized; but the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of it in many Reformed churches has passed through a period of some confusion . In some instances the old episcopal power passed more or less into the hands of the civil See also:

• MAGISTRATE (Lat. magistratus, from magister, master, properly a public office, hence the person holding such an office)

magistrate (a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of matters which was highly approved by See also:

• ERASTUS, THOMAS (1524-1583)

Erastus and his followers), in other cases it was conceded to the presbyterial courts .

In the See also:

• ANGLICAN

Anglican Church the bishops (subject to appeal to the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign) have the right of excommunicating, and their sentence, if sustained, may in certain cases carry with it civil consequences . But this right is in practice never exercised . In the law of England sentence of excommunication, upon being properly certified by the bishop, was followed by the See also:

• WRIT (O. Eng. gewrit, writ, from writan, to write)

writ de excommunicato capiendo for the See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest of the offender . The See also:

• STATUTE

statute 5 Eliz. c . 23 provided for the better See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution of this writ . By the 53 Geo . III . C . 127 (which does not, however, extend to See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland) it was enacted that " excommunication, together with all proceedings following thereupon, shall in all cases, See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save those hereafter to be specified, be discontinued." Disobedience to or contempt of the ecclesiastical courts is to be punished by a new writ, de contumace capiendo, to follow on the certificate of the See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge that the defender is contumacious and in contempt . See also:

• SECT

Sect . 2 provides that nothing shall prevent " any ecclesiastical See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court from pronouncing or declaring persons to be excommunicate on definite sentences pronounced as spiritual censures for offences of ecclesiastical See also:

• COGNIZANCE (Lat. cognoscere, to know)

cognizance." No persons so excommunicated shall incur any civil penalty or incapacity whatever, save such sentence of imprisonment, not exceeding six months, as the court shall See also:

• DIRECT

direct and certify to the king in See also:

• CHANCERY

chancery . In the churches which consciously shaped their polity at or after the Reformation the principle of excommunication is preserved in the practice of church discipline .

See also:

• CALVIN, JOHN (1509-1564)

Calvin devotes a chapter in the Institutes (bk. iv. See also:

• CHAP

chap. xii.) to the " Discipline of the Church; its See also:

• PRINCIPAL

Principal Use in Censure and Excommunication." The three ends proposed by the church in such discipline are there stated to be, (I) that those who See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead scandalous lives may not to the dishonour of God be numbered among Christians, seeing that the church is the See also:

• BODY

body of Christ; (2) that the good may not be corrupted by See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant association with the wicked; (3) that those who are censured or excommunicated, confounded with shame, may be led to repentance . He differentiates decisively between excommunication and anathema . " When Christ promises that what his ministers bind on See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth shall be See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound in See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven, he limits the power of binding to the censure of the church; by which those who are excommunicated are not See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast into eternal ruin and condemnation, but by having their life and conduct condemned are also certified of their final condemnation unless they repent . For excommunication differs from anathema: anathema which ought to be very rarely, or never, resorted to, in precluding all See also:

• PARDON (through the Fr. from Late Lat. perdonare, to remit a debt or other obligation on a penalty)

pardon, execrates a person, and devotes him to eternal perdition: whereas excommunication rather censures and punishes his conduct . Yet in such a manner by warning him of his future condemnation it recalls him to salvation " (Inst. bk. iv. chap. xii. ro) . The Reformed churches in England and See also:

• AMERICA

America accepted the distinction between public and private offences . The usual See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision is that private offences are to be dealt with according to the See also:

• RULE

rule in Matt. v . 23-24, xviii . 15-17; public offences are to be dealt with according to the rule in I Cor. v . 3-5, 13 . The public See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion or suspension of the offender is necessary for the good repute of the church, and its See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence over the faithful members . The expelled member may be readmitted on showing the fruits of repentance .

In Scotland three degrees of church censure are recognized—admonition, suspension from sealing ordinances (which may be called temporary excommunication), and excommunication properly so-called . Intimation of the last-named censure may occasionally (but very rarely) be given by authority of a See also:

• PRESBYTERY

presbytery in a public and solemn manner, according to the following formula:—" Whereas See also:

• THOU, JACQUES AUGUSTE DE [THUANUS] (1553-1617)
• THOU, NOM

thou N. hast been by sufficient See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof convicted (here mention the See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

sin) and after due admonition and See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer remainest obstinate without any evidence or sign of true repentance: Therefore in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ, and before this congregation, I pronounce and declare thee N. excommunicated, shut out from the communion of the faithful, debar thee from privileges, and deliver thee unto Satan for the destruction of thy flesh, that thy spirit may be saved in the day of the Lord Jesus." This is called the greater excommunication . The congregation are thereafter warned to shun all unnecessary converse with the excommunicate (see Form of Process, c . 8) . Formerly excommunicated persons were deprived of feudal rights in Scotland; but in 1690 all acts enjoining civil pains upon sentences of excommunication were finally repealed (Burton's History, vii . 435) . The question whether the power of excommunication rests in the church or in the clergy has been an important one in the history of English and See also:

• AMERICAN

American churches . See also:

• HOOKER, JOSEPH (1814–1879)
• HOOKER, RICHARD (1553-1600)
• HOOKER, SIR JOSEPH DALTON (1817— English botanist and traveller, second son of the famous botanist Sir W.J.Hooker, was born on the 3oth of June 1817, at Halesworth, Suffolk. He was educated at Glasgow University, and almost immediately after taking his M.
• HOOKER, SIR WILLIAM JACKSON (1785–1865)
• HOOKER, THOMAS (1586–1647)

Hooker See also:

• LAYS

lays down (Survey, pt . 3, pp . 33-46) four necessary conditions for the execution of a sentence involving church discipline . " (I) The cause exactly recorded is fully and nakedly to be presented to the See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration of the congregation . (2) The elders are to go before the congregation in laying open the rule so far as reacheth any particular now to be considered, and to See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express their judgment and determination thereof, so far as appertains to them-selves .

(3) Unless the See also:

• PEOPLE

people be able to convince them of errors and mistakes in their sentence, they are bound to joyn their judgment with theirs to the compleating of the sentence . (4) The sentence thus compleatly issued is to be solemnly passed and pronounced upon the delinquent by the ruling Elder whetherit be of censure or excommunication." In this passage it is clear that the effective power of discipline is regarded as being wholly in the power of the individual church or congregation . Hooker expressly denies the power of synods to excommunicate: " that there should be Synods, which have polestatem juridicam is nowhere proved in Scripture because it is not a truth " (Survey, Pt . 4, PP . 48 . 49)• The See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

confession of faith issued by the See also:

• LONDON

London-See also:

• AMSTERDAM
• AMSTERDAM (NEw AMSTERDAM)

Amsterdam church (the original of the See also:

• PILGRIM

Pilgrim Fathers' churches) in 1546 declares that the Christian congregation having power to elect its See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister has also power to excommunicate him if the case so require (See also:

• WALKER, FRANCIS AMASA (1840-1897)
• WALKER, FREDERICK (184o--1875)
• WALKER, GEORGE (c. 1618-169o)
• WALKER, HENRY OLIVER (1843— )
• WALKER, HORATIO (1858– )
• WALKER, JOHN (1732—1807)
• WALKER, OBADIAH (1616-1699)
• WALKER, ROBERT (d. c. 1658)
• WALKER, ROBERT JAMES (1801-1869)
• WALKER, SEARS COOK (1805—1853)
• WALKER, THOMAS (1784—1836)
• WALKER, WILLIAM (1824-1860)

Walker, See also:

• CREEDS (Lat. credo, I believe), or CONFESSIONS OF FAITH

Creeds and Platforms of See also:

• CONGREGATIONALISM

Congregationalism, p . 66) . In 1603 the document known as " Points of Difference " (i.e. from the established Anglicanism) submitted to See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James I. sets forth: " That all particular Churches ought to be so constituted as, having their owne See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• OFFICERS

Officers, the whole body of every Church may meet together in one place, and jointly performe their duties to God and one towards another . And that the censures of admonition and excommunication be in due manner executed, for sinne, convicted, and obstinately stood in . This power also to be in the body of the Church whereof the partyes so offending and persisting are members." The See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge See also:

• PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

Platform of 1648 by which the New England churches defined their practice, devotes ch. xiv. to " excommunication and other censures." It follows in the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main the See also:

• LINE

line of Hooker and Calvin, but adds (§ 6) an important See also:

• DEFINITION (Lat. definitio, from de-finire, to set limits to, describe)

definition: "Excommunication being a spirituall punishment it doth not See also:

• PREJUDICE (Lat. praejudicium)

prejudice the ex-communicate in, nor deprive him of his civil rights, therfore toucheth not princes, or other magistrates, in point of their civil dignity or authority . And, the excommunicate being but as a publican and a heathen, heathen being lawfully permitted to come to hear the word in church assemblyes; wee acknowledg therfore the like See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty of See also:

• HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing the word, may be permitted to persons excommunicate, that is permitted unto heathen . And because wee are not without hope of his recovery, wee are not to account him as an enemy but to admonish him as a See also:

• BROTHER

brother." The See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

Declaration of 1658 defines the theory and practice of the older English See also:

• NONCONFORMIST

Nonconformist churches in the See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section on the " Institution of Churches and the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

Order appointed in them by Jesus Christ" (xix.) .

The important See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article is as follows:—" The Censures so appointed by Christ, are Admonition and Excommunication; and whereas some offences are or may be known onely to some, it is appointed by Christ, that those to whom they are so known, do first admonish the offender in private: in publique offences where any sin, before all; or in case of non-See also:

• AMENDMENT (through the O. Fr. amender, to correct, from Lat. mendum, a fault)

amendment upon private admonition, the offence being related to the Church, and the offender not manifesting his repentance, he is to be duely admonished in the Name of Christ by the whole Church, by the Ministery of the Elders of the Church, and if this Censure prevail not for his repentance, then he is to be cast out by Excommunication with the consent of the Church." In contemporary English See also:

• FREE

Free Churches the purity of the church is commonly secured by the removal of persons unsuitable for membership from the church books by a See also:

• VOTE

vote of the responsible authority . . (D .