See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

EXILE (See also:

• LAT

Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, See also:

• SOIL

soil, See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country is now generally considered wrong)  , banishment from one's native See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country by the compulsion of authority . In 'a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general sense See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile is applied to prolonged See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence from one's country either through force of circumstances or when undergone voluntarily . Among the Greeks, in the Homeric See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, banishment (4 vyil) was sometimes inflicted as a See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment by the authorities for crimes affecting the general interests, but is chiefly known in connexion with cases of See also:

• HOMICIDE (Lat. homicidium)

homicide . With these the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state had nothing to do; the punishment of the murderer was the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty and See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege of the relatives of the murdered See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man . Unless the relatives could be induced to accept a See also:

• MONEY

money See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment by way of See also:

• COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation (See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

Iron* weregeld; see especially See also:

• HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer, Iliad, xviii . 497), in which See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case the murderer was allowed to remain in the country, his only means of escaping punishment was See also:

• FLIGHT

flight to a See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• LAND

land . If, during his self-imposed exile, the relatives expressed their willingness to accept the See also:

• INDEMNITY (through Fr. indemnite, Lat. indemnis, free from damage or loss; in-, negative, and damnum, loss)

indemnity, he was at See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty to return and resume his position in society . In later times banishment is (I) a legal punishment for particular offences; (2) voluntary . 1 . Banishment for See also:

• LIFE

life with See also:

• CONFISCATION (from Lat. confiscare, to consign to the fiscus, or imperial treasury)

confiscation of See also:

• PROPERTY

property was inflicted upon those who destroyed or uprooted the sacred See also:

• OLIVES, MOUNT OF, or MOUNT OLIVET ("Opus 'EXc uwos or riov 'EXauav; mod. Jebel-et-Tur)

olives at See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens; upon those who remained neutral during a See also:

• SEDITION (Lat. se or sed, apart, and ire, to go, a going apart, dissension)

sedition (by a See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law of See also:

• SOLON (7th and 6th century n.c.)

Solon, which subsequently See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into See also:

• ABEYANCE (O. Fr. abeance, " gaping")

abeyance); upon those who gave See also:

• REFUGE

refuge to or received on See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board See also:

• SHIP

ship a man who had fled to avoid punishment; upon those who wounded with See also:

• INTENT (from Lat. intend ere, to stretch out, extend, particularly in the phrase intendere animum, to turn one's mind to, purpose)

intent to kill and those who prompted them to such an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act (it is uncertain whether in this case exile was for life or temporary); upon any one who wilfully murdered an See also:

• ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

alien; for impiety . Certain See also:

• POLITICAL

political crimes were also similarly punished—See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason, laconism, sycophancy (see See also:

• SYCOPHANT (Gr. aveoOv'rns)

SYCOPHANT), attempts to subvert existing decrees . For the See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of banishment called See also:

• OSTRACISM

OSTRACISM, see See also:

• SEPARATE

separate See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article .

In cases of voluntary homicide the punishment was See also:

• DEATH

death; but (except in cases of See also:

• PARRICIDE (probably for Lat. patricidia, from pater, father, and caedere, to slay); strictly the murder of a parent; the term however has been extended to include the murder of any relative or of an ascendant by a descendant. The first Roman law against p

parricide) the murderer could leave the country unmolested after the first See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day of the trial . He was See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to remain outside See also:

• ATTICA

Attica, and when on foreign See also:

• SOIL

soil was not allowed to appear at the public See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games, to enter the temples or take See also:

• PART

part in sacrifices; but provided that he adhered to the prescribed regulations, he was accorded a certain amount of See also:

• PROTECTION

protection . Even when a general See also:

• AMNESTY (from the Gr. &µvrly-ria, oblivion)

amnesty was proclaimed, he was not allowed to return; if he did so, he might at once be put to death . Temporary exile (the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of which is uncertain) without confiscation, was the punishment for involuntary homicide . As soon as the relatives of the deceased became reconciled to the man who had slain him, the latter was permitted to return; further, since banishment was only temporary, it is reasonable to suppose that the law insisted upon such reconciliation . 2 . Citizens sometimes voluntarily See also:

• LEFT

left the country for other reasons (See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt, inability to pay a See also:

• FINE

fine) . Since See also:

• EXTRADITION (Lat. cx, out, and traditio, handing over)

extradition was only demanded in cases of high treason or other serious offences against the state, the fugitive was not interfered with . He was at liberty to return after a certain See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time had elapsed . Little is known about exile as it affected See also:

• SPARTA (Gr. Eirapril or AaKe5atycav)

Sparta and other See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek towns, but it is probable that the same conditions prevailed as at Athens . At See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, in See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early times, exile was not a punishment, but rather a means of escaping punishment . Before See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment had been finally pronounced it was open to any See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen condemned to death to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape the See also:

• PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty by voluntary exile (solum vertere exsilii causa) .

To prevent his return, he was interdicted from the use of See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire and See also:

• WATER

water; if he See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke the See also:

• INTERDICT (Lat. interdictum, from interdicere, to forbid by decree, lit., interpose by speech)

interdict and returned, any one had the right to put him to death . The See also:

• AQUAE (Lat. for "waters'')

aquae et ignis (to which et lecli "shelter" is sometimes added) inlerdiclio is variously explained as exclusion from the necessaries of life, from the symbols of civic communion, or from " the marks of a pure society, which the criminal would See also:

• DEFILE

defile by his further use of them." Subsequently (probably at the time of the Gracchi) it became a recognized legal penalty, practically See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent to " exile," taking the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital punishment . The criminal was permitted to withdraw from the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city after See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence was pronounced; but in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order that this withdrawal might as far as possible See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of a punishment, his departure was •sanctioned by a See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people which declared his exile permanent . Authorities are not agreed whether this exile by See also:

• INTERDICTION

interdiction entailed loss of civitas; according to some this did not ensue until (as in earlier times) the criminal had assumed the citizenship of the state in which he had taken refuge and thereby lost his rights as a citizen of Rome, while others hold that it was not until the time of Tiberius (A.D . 23) that capitis deminutio See also:

• MEDIA

media became the See also:

• DIRECT

direct See also:

• CON

con-sequence of trial and conviction . Interdictio was the punishment for treason, See also:

• MURDER

murder, See also:

• ARSON (from Lat. ardere, to burn)

arson and other serious offences which came under the See also:

• COGNIZANCE (Lat. cognoscere, to know)

cognizance of the quaestiones perpetuae (permanent judicial commissions for certain offences); confiscation of property was only inflicted in extreme cases . Under the See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire interdictio gradually fell into disuse and a new form of banishment, introduced by See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus, called deportatio, generally in insulam, took its place . For some time the two probably existed See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side by side . Deportatio consisted in transportation for life to an See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island (or some place prescribed on the mainland, not of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy), accompanied by loss of civitas and all See also:

• CIVIL

civil rights, and confiscation of property . The most dreaded places of exile were the islands of Gyarus, See also:

• SARDINIA (Gr. 'IXs'o"uva, from a fancied resemblance to a footprint in its shape, Ital. Sardegna)

Sardinia, an See also:

• OASIS (Gr. &toss, the name given by Herodotus to the fertile spots in the Libyan desert: it probably represents an Egyptian word, cf. Coptic ouahe, ouih, to dwell, from which the Egyptian Arabic sod is derived)

oasis in the See also:

• DESERT

desert (quasi in insulam) of See also:

• LIBYA

Libya; See also:

• CRETE (Gr. Kp;rrrr; Turk. Kirid, Ital. Candia)

Crete, See also:

• CYPRUS
• CYPRUS, CHURCH OF

Cyprus and See also:

• RHODES
• RHODES, CECIL JOHN (1853-1902)
• RHODES, JAMES FORD

Rhodes were considered more tolerable . Large bodies of persons were also transported in this manner; thus Tiberius sent 4000 freedmen to Sardinia for Jewish or See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian superstitious practices . Deportatio was originally inflicted upon political criminals, but in course of time became more particularly a means of removing those whose See also:

• WEALTH

wealth and popularity rendered them See also:

• OBJECTS

objects of suspicion .

It was also a punishment for the following offences: See also:

• ADULTERY (from Lat. adulterium)

adultery, murder, poisoning, See also:

• FORGERY (derived through the French from Latin fabricare, to construct)

forgery, See also:

• EMBEZZLEMENT (A.-Fr. embesilement, from beseler or besillier, to destroy)

embezzlement, See also:

• SACRILEGE

sacrilege and certain cases of immorality . Relegatio was a milder form of deportatio . It either excluded the See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person banished from one specified See also:

• DISTRICT

district only, with permission to choose a See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence elsewhere, or the place of exile was fixed . Relegatio could be either temporary or for life, but it did not in either case carry with it loss of civitas or property, nor was the exile under military surveillance, as in the case of deportatio . Thus, See also:

• OVID [PUBLIUS OvID1us NASO] (43 B.C.–A.D. 17)

Ovid, when in exile at Tomi, says (Tristia, v . II): " he (i.e. the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor) has not deprived me of life, nor of wealth, nor of the rights of a citizen . . . he has simply ordered me to leave my See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home." He calls himself relegalus, not exsul . In later writers the word exsilium is used in the sense of all its three forms—aquae et ignis interdictio, deportatio and relegatio . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England the first enactment legalizing banishment See also:

• DATES

dates from the reign of See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth (39 Eliz. c . 4), which gave See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to banish from the See also:

• REALM

realm "such rogues as are dangerous to the inferior people." A See also:

• STATUTE

statute of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles II . (18 See also:

• CAR (Late Lat. carra)

Car . II. c .

3) gave power to execute or to transport to See also:

• AMERICA

America for life the See also:

• MOSS

moss-troopers of See also:

• CUMBERLAND
• CUMBERLAND, DUKES AND EARLS OF
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1632-1718)
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1732-1811)
• CUMBERLAND, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS

Cumberland and See also:

• NORTHUMBERLAND
• NORTHUMBERLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• NORTHUMBERLAND, JOHN DUDLEY, VISCOUNT LISLE, EARL OF WARWICK
• NORTHUMBERLAND, JOHN NEVILLE, EARL OF (c. 1430-1471)

Northumberland . Banishment or transportation for criminal offences was regulated by an act of 1824 (5 Geo . IV. s . 84) and finally abolished by the Penal See also:

• SERVITUDE (Lat. servitus, from service, to serve)

Servitude Acts 1853 and 1857 (sec further See also:

• DEPORTATION

DEPORTATION) . The word exile has sometimes, though wrongly, been applied to the sending away from a country of those who are not natives of it, but who may be temporary or even permanent residents in it (see ALIEN; See also:

• EXPATRIATION (from Late Lat. expairiare, to exile, and patria, native land)

EXPATRIATION; See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

EXPULSION) .