See also:

• FOURTH

FOURTH See also:

• BOOK

BOOK See also:

• EZRA (from a Hebrew word meaning " help ")
• FOURTH BOOK EZRA (or APOCALYPSE) OF
• EZRA, THIRD BOOK OF [I Esdras]

EZRA (or See also:

• APOCALYPSE
• APOCALYPSE (Gr. aaoKaXvti/hr, disclosure)
• APOCALYPSE, KNIGHTS OF THE

APOCALYPSE) OF  . This is the most profound and touching of the Jewish Apocalypses . It stands in the relation of a See also:

• SISTER

sister See also:

• WORK

work to the See also:

• APOCALYPSE
• APOCALYPSE (Gr. aaoKaXvti/hr, disclosure)
• APOCALYPSE, KNIGHTS OF THE

Apocalypse of See also:

• BARUCH

Baruch, but though the relation is so See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close, they have many points of divergence . Thus, whereas the former represents the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary Judaism of the 1st See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian era, the teaching of 4 See also:

• EZRA (from a Hebrew word meaning " help ")
• EZRA, FOURTH BOOK (or APOCALYPSE) OF
• EZRA, THIRD BOOK OF [I Esdras]

Ezra on the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

Law, See also:

• WORKS

Works, See also:

• JUSTIFICATION

Justification, See also:

• ORIGINAL

Original See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

Sin and See also:

• FREE

Free Will approximates to the school of See also:

• SHAMMAI

Shammai and serves to explain the Pauline doctrines on those subjects; but to this subject we shall return . Original See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

Language and Versions.—In the Latin version our See also:

• BOOK

book consists of sixteen chapters, of which, however, only iii.-xiv. are found in the other versions . To iii.-xiv., accordingly, the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• NOTICE

notice is confined . After the example of most of the Latin See also:

• MSS

MSS. we designate the book 4 Ezra (see Bensly-See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James, See also:

• FOURTH

Fourth Book of Ezra, pp. See also:

• XXIV

xxiv-See also:

• XXVII

xxvii) . In the First Arabic and Ethiopic versions it is called i Ezra; in some Latin MSS. and in the See also:

• ENGLISH

English Authorized Version it is 2 Ezra, and in the Armenian 3 Ezra . Chapters i.-ii. are sometimes called 3 Ezra, and xv.-xvi . 5 Ezra . All the versions go back to a See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text . This is shown by the See also:

• LATE

late Greek apocalypse of Ezra (See also:

• TISCHENDORF, LOBEGOTT FRIEDRICH KONSTANTIN VON (1815-1874)

Tischendorf, Apocalypses A pocryphae, 1866, pp .

24-33), the author of which was acquainted with the Greek of 4 Ezra; also by quotations from it in See also:

• BARN

Barn. iv . 4; xii . 1=4 Ezra xii. so sqq., v . 5; Clem . Alex . Strom. iii . 16 (here first expressly cited) =4 Ezra v . 35, &c . (see Bensly-James, op. cit. pp. xxvii-xxxviii . The derivation of the Latin version from the Greek is obvious when we consider its very numerous Graecisms . Thus the genitive is found after the See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative (v . 13) horum majora; xi .

29 duorum capitum majus, even the genitive See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute as in x . 9, the See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double negative, de and ex with the genitive . See also:

• PECULIAR

Peculiar genders can only be accounted for by the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the original forms in Greek, as x . 23 signasulum (a4payis) . . . tradita est; xi.4 caput (KecbaXi) . . . sed et ipsa . In vi . 25 we have the Greek attraction of the relative—See also:

• OMNIBUS (Lat. " for all ")

omnibus istis quibus praedixi tibi . In his Messias Judaeorum (1869), pp . 36-IIo, See also:

• HILGENFELD, ADOLF BERNHARD CHRISTOPH (1823—1907)

Hilgenfeld has given a reconstruction of the Greek text . Till 1896 only See also:

• EWALD, GEORG HEINRICH AUGUST VON (1803-1875)
• EWALD, JOHANNES (1743-1781)

Ewald believed that 4 Ezra was written originally in See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew . In that See also:

• YEAR

year See also:

• WELLHAUSEN, JULIUS (1844— )

Wellhausen (Grit ..

Gel . Anz. pp .. 12-13) and See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles (Apoc . See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

Bar. p. lxxii) pointed out that a Hebrew original must be assumed on various grounds; and this view the former established in his Skizzen u . Vorarbeiten, vi . 234-240 (1899) . Of the numerous grounds for this See also:

• ASSUMPTION, FEAST OF

assumption it will be necessary only to adduce such constructions as " de qdo me interrogas de co," iv . 28, and xiii . 26, " qui per semet ipsum liberabit = " through whom he will deliver," or to point to such a mistranslation as vii . 33, " longanimitas congregabitur," where for " congregabitur " (= 9as') we require " evanescet," which is another and the actual meaning of the Hebrew verb in this passage . The same mistranslation is found in the See also:

• VULGATE (from Lat. vulgus, the common people)

Vulgate in See also:

• HOSEA

Hosea iv . 3 .

Gunkel has adopted this view in his See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of the book in Kautzsch's Apok. and Pseud. See also:

• DES

des A . Testaments, ii . 332-333, and brought forward in See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation the following remarkable instance in viii . 23, where though the Latin, See also:

• SYRIAC

Syriac, Ethiopic, Arabic and Armenian Versions read testificatur, the Second Arabic version and the Apostolic Constitutions have Able. eis Tov aii,va, which are to be explained as See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations of (i?') 1275 runt' . Another interesting See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case is found in xiv . 3, where the Latin and all other versions but Arabic 2 read super rubum and the Arabic 2 in See also:

• MONTE

monte See also:

• SINAI

Sinai . Here there is a corruption of mil " See also:

• BUSH

bush " into 'r'c " Sinai." Latin Version.—All the older See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of this version, as those of See also:

• FABRICIUS, GAIUS LUSCINUS (i.e. " the one-eyed ")
• FABRICIUS, GEORG (1516-1571)
• FABRICIUS, HIERONYMUS
• FABRICIUS, JOHANN ALBERT (1668-1736)
• FABRICIUS, JOHANN CHRISTIAN (1745-18o8)

Fabricius, See also:

• SABATIER, LOUIS AUGUSTE (1839-1901)

Sabatier, Volkmar, Hilgenfeld, Fritzsche, as well as in the older editions of the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible, are based ultimately on only one MS., the Codex Sangermanensis (written A.D . 822), as Gildemeister proved in 1865 from the fact that the large fragment between verses 36 and 37 in See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter vii., which is omitted in all the above editions, originated through the excision of a See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf in this MS . A splendid edition of this version based on MSS, containing the missing fragment, which have been subsequently discovered, has been published by Bensly-James, op. cit . This edition has taken See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of all the important MSS. known, See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save one at See also:

• LEON
• LEON, LUIS PONCE DE (1527-1591)
• LEON, MOSES BEN SI
• LEON, or LEON DE LAS ALDAMAS

Leon in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain . Syriac Version.—This version, found in the Ambrosian Library in See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan, was translated into Latin by Ceriani, Monumenta sacra et profana, II. ii. pp . 99-124 (1866) .

Two years later this See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar edited the Syriac text, op. cit . V. i. pp . 4-111, and in 1883 reproduced the MS.' by photo-See also:

• LITHOGRAPHY (Gr. MOOS, a stone, and ypakecv, to write)

lithography (Translatio See also:

• SYRA, or SYROS (anc. E6pos, perhaps Homeric lapin}, a Greek island in the middle of the Cyclades, which in the 19th century became the commercial centre of the Archipelago, and is also the residence of the nomarch of the Cyclades and the seat of the centr

Syra See also:

• PESHITTO, or PESHITO (i.e. " simple ")

Peshitto V.T . II. iv. pp . 553—572) . Hilgenfeld incorporated Ceriani's Latin translation in his Messias Judaeorum . This translation needs revision and correction . Ethiopic Version.—First edited and translated by Laurence, Primi Ezrae libri versio Aethiopica (182o) . Laurence's Latin translation was corrected by See also:

• PRAETORIUS, MICHAEL (1571_1621)

Praetorius and reprinted in Hilgenfeld's Messias Judaeorum . In 1894 See also:

• DILLMANN, CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1823-1894)

Dillmann's text based on ten MSS. was published—V . T . Aeth.libri apocryphi, v .

153-193• Arabic Versions.—The First Arabic version was translated from a MS. in the Bodleian Library into English by See also:

• OCKLEY, SIMON (1678–1720)

Ockley (in See also:

• WHISTON, WILLIAM (1667-1752)

Whiston's See also:

• PRIMITIVE

Primitive See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity, vol. iv . 1711) . This was done into Latin and corrected by See also:

• STEINER, JAKOB (1796-1863)

Steiner for Hilgenfeld's See also:

• MESS (an adaptation of O. Fr. mes, mod. mets; Ital. messo; derived from the Late Lat. missum, past participle of mittere " to send or place in position ")

Mess . See also:

• JUD, LEO (1482–1542)

Jud . The Second Arabic version,'which is See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent of the first, has been edited from a Vatican MS. and translated into Latin by Gildemeister, 1877 . Armenian Version.—First printed in the Armenian Bible (1805) . Translated into Latin by See also:

• PETERMANN, AUGUST HEINRICH (1822–1878)

Petermann for Hilgenfeld's Mess . Jud.; next with Armenian text and English translation by Issaverdens in the Uncanonical Writings of the Old Testament, pp . 488 sqq . (See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice, 190I) . Georgian Version.—According to F . C .

See also:

• CONYBEARE, WILLIAM DANIEL (1787–1857)
• CONYBEARE, WILLIAM JOHN (1815–1857)

Conybeare an accurate Georgian version made from the Greek exists in an 11th-century MS. at See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem . Relation of the above Versions.—These versions stand in the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth as follows: Latin, Syriac, Ethiopic . The remaining versions are paraphrastic and less accurate, and are guilty of additions and omissions . All the versions, save the Second Arabic one, go back to the same Greek version . The Second Arabic version presupposes a second Greek version . See also:

• MODERN

Modern Versions.—All the English versions are now antiquated, except those in the Variorum Apocrypha and the Revised Version of the Apocrypha, and even these are far from satisfactory . Similarly, all the German versions are behindhand, except the excellent version of Gunkel in Apok. u . Pseud. ii . 252-401, which, however, needs occasional correction . Contents.—The book (iii.-xiv.) consists of seven visions or parts, like the apocalypse of Baruch . They are : (t) iii . 1-v.19; (2) V .

20-vi . 34; (3) VI . 35-ix . 25; (4) ix . 26-x . 6o; (5) xi . 1-xii . 51; (6) xiii.; (7) xiv . These See also:

• DEAL

deal with (I) religious problems and speculations and (2) eschatological questions . The first three are devoted to the discussion of religious problems affecting in the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main the individual . The presuppositions underlying these are in many cases the. same as those in the Pauline Epistles . The next three visions are principally concerned with eschatological problems which relate to the nation .

The seventh See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

vision is a fragment of the Ezra See also:

• SAGA (literally a story committed to writing)

Saga recounting the rewriting of the Scriptures, which had been destroyed . This has no organic connexion with what precedes . First Vision. iii.-v . 19.—" In the thirtieth year after the ruin of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city I Salathiel (the same is Ezra) was in See also:

• BABYLON (mod. Hillah)

Babylon and See also:

• LAY

lay troubled-upon my See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed." In a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer Ezra asks how the desolation of See also:

• SION [Ger. Sitten]

Sion and the prosperity of Babylon can be in keeping with the See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice of See also:

• GOD

God . The See also:

• ANGEL

angel Uriel answers that God's ways are unsearchabie and past See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man's understanding . When Ezra asks when the end will be and what are the signs of it, the angel answers that the end is at See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand and enumerates the signs of it . Second Vision. v . 14-vi . 34.—Phaltiel, See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, reproaches Ezra for forsaking his See also:

• FLOCK

flock . Ezra fasts, and in his prayer asks why God had given up his people into the hands of the See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen . Uriel replies: " Lovest See also:

• THOU, JACQUES AUGUSTE DE [THUANUS] (1553-1617)
• THOU, NOM

thou that people better than He that made them?" Man cannot find out God's See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment . The end is at hand; its signs are recounted .

Third Vision. vi . 35-ix . 25.—Ezra recounts the works of creation, and asks why See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel does not possess the See also:

• WORLD

world since the world was made for Israel . The See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer is that the present See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state is a necessary See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage to the coming one . Then follows an account of the Messianic See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age and the resurrection: the See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment of the wicked and the blessings of the righteous . There can be no inter-cession for the departed . Few will he saved—only as it were a See also:

• GRAPE

grape out of a cluster or a plant out of a See also:

• FOREST

forest . Fourth Vision. ix . 26-x . 6o.—Ezra eats of herbs in the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field of Ardat, and See also:

• SEES

sees in a vision a woman See also:

• MOURNING (from the verb " to mourn," to be sorrowful, 0. Eng. murnan; cf. O.H.G. mornen, Goth. maurnan, to be anxious, O.N. morna, to pine away; by some referred to root seen in Gr. jdptpva, sorrow, by others to root mer-, to die)

mourning for her only son . Ezra reminds her of the greater desolation of Sion . Suddenly she is transfigured and vanishes, and in her See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place appears a city .

The woman, Uriel explains, represents Sion . Fifth Vision. xi . 1-xii . 39.—Vision of an See also:

• EAGLE (Fr. aigle, from the Lat. aquila)

eagle with three heads, twelve wings and eight winglets, which is rebuked by a See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

lion and destroyed . The eagle is the fourth See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom seen by See also:

• DANIEL
• DANIEL (DANIL)
• DANIEL, BOOK
• DANIEL, GABRIEL (1649-1728)

Daniel, and the lion is the See also:

• MESSIAH (Dan. x. 25, 26)

Messiah . See also:

• SIXTH

Sixth Vision. xiii.—Vision of a man (i.e. the Messiah) arising from the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, who destroys his enemies who assemble against him, and gathers to him another multitude, i.e. the lost Ten Tribes . Seventh Vision. xiv.—Ezra is told of his approaching translation . He asks for the restoration of the Law, and is enabled by God to dictate in See also:

• FORTY

forty days ninety-four books (the twenty-four canonical books of the Old Testament that were lost, and seventy See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret books for the.See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise among the people) . Ezra's translation is found in the See also:

• CANON

Canon only in the See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental Versions . In the Latin it was omitted when xv.-xvi. were added . Integrity.—According to Gunkel (Apok. u . Pseud. ii .

335-352) the whole book is the work of one writer . Thus down to vii . 16 he deals with the problem of the origin of suffering in the vrorld, and from vii . 17 to ix . 25 with the question who is worthy to See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share in the blessedness of the next world . As regards the first problem the writer shows, in the first vision, that suffering and See also:

• DEATH

death come from sin—no less truly on the See also:

• PART

part of Israel than of all men, for God created man to be immortal; that the end is nigh, when wrongs will be righted; God's See also:

• RULE

rule will then be recognized . In the second he emphasizes the See also:

• CONSOLATION (Fr. consolation, Lat. consolatio, from consolari, to assuage, comfort, console)

consolation to be found in the coming See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, and in the third he speaks solely of the next world, and then addresses himself to the second problem . The fourth, fifth and sixth visions are eschatological . In these the writer turns aside from the religious problems of the first three visions and concerns himself only with the future See also:

• NATIONAL

national :supremacy of Israel . See also:

• ZION, or SION (Heb. iiag, perhaps from runs " to be dry," nqs " to set up," or is " to protect "; Arabic analogies favour the meaning " hump," " summit of a ridge," and so " citadel ")

Zion's See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory will certainly be revealed (vision four), Israel will destroy See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome (five) and the hostile !Gentiles (six) . Then the book is brought to a close with the See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend of Ezra's restoration of the lost Old Testament Scriptures . In the course of the above work there are many inconsistencies and contradictions .

These Gunkel explains by admitting that the writer has See also:

• DRAWN

drawn largely on tradition, both oral and written, for his materials . Thus he concedes that eschatological materials in v . 1-13, vi: 18-28, vii . 26 sqq., also ix . 1 sqq., are from this source, and apparently from an originally independent work, as Kabisch urges, but that it is no longer possible to See also:

• SEPARATE

separate the borrowed elements from the text . Again, in the four last visions he is obliged to make the same concession on a very large See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale . Vision four is based on a current novel, which the author has taken up and put into an allegorical See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form . Visions five and six are drawn from oral or written tradition, and relate only to the See also:

• POLITICAL

political expectations of Israel, and seven is a See also:

• REPRODUCTION

reproduction of a legend, for the independent existence of which See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence is furnished by the quotations in Bensly-James pp. See also:

• XXXVII

xxxvii-xxxviii . Thus the chief See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion of the unity of the book makes so many concessions as to its dependence on previously existing See also:

• SOURCES

sources that, to the student of See also:

• ESCHATOLOGY
• ESCHATOLOGY (Gr. &rXaros, last, and A6yos, science; the " doctrine of last things ")

eschatology, there is little to choose between his view and that of Kabisch . In fact, if the true meaning of the borrowed materials is to be discovered, the sources must be disentangled . Hence the need of some such See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis as that of Kabisch (Das vierte See also:

• BUCK
• BUCK, CARL DARLING (1866– )
• BUCK, DUDLEY (1839-1909)

Buck Ezra, 1889) : S =an Apocalypse of Salathiel, C . A.D .

100, preserved in a fragmentary See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition, iii . 1-31, iV . 1-51, V . 13b-vi. to, 30-vii . 25, vii . 45-viii . 62, ix . 13-x . 57, xii . 40-48, xiv . 28-35 . E=an Ezra Apocalypse, c .

31 B.C., iv . 52-V . 13a, Vi . 13-28, vii . 26-44, viii . 63-ix . 12 . A = an Eagle Vision, c . A.D . 90, X . 6o-xii . 35 .

M = a Son-of-Man Vision, xiii . E1=an Ezra fragment, c . A.D . 100, xiv . P-17a, 18-27, 36-47 . All these, according to Kabisch, were edited by a Zealot, c . 120, who supplied the connecting links and made many small additions . In the main this analysis is excellent . If we assume that the editor was also the author of S, and that such a vigorous stylist, as he shows himself to be, recast to some extent the materials he borrowed, there remains but slight difference between the views of Kabisch and Gunkel . Neither view, however, is quite satisfactory, and the problem still awaits See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution . Other attempts, such as Ewald's (See also:

• GAS

Gas-ch. d . Volkes Israel', vii .

69-83) and De Faye's (Apocalypses juives, 155-165), make no contribution . School of the Author.—The author or final redactor of the book was a pessimist, and herein his book stands in strong contrast with the Apocalypse of Baruch . Thus to the question See also:

• PRO

pro-pounded in the New Testament—"Are there few that be saved ? " he has no hesitation in answering, " There be many created, but few that be saved " (viii . 3) : " An evil See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

bath grown up in us which hath led us astray . . . and that not a few only but wellnigh all that have been created " (vii . 48) . In the Apocalypse of Baruch on the other hand it is definitely maintained that not a few shall be saved (xxi . II) . Moreover, the sufferings of the wicked are so See also:

• GREAT

great in the next world it were better, according to 4 Ezra (as also to the school of Shammai), that man had not been See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born . " It is much better (for the beasts of the field) than for us; for they expect not a judgment and know not of torments " (vii . 66) : yet " it would have been best not to have given a See also:

• BODY

body to See also:

• ADAM
• ADAM (or ADAN) DE LE HALE (died c. 1288)
• ADAM, ALEXANDER (1741–1809)
• ADAM, JULIETTE (1836– )
• ADAM, LAMBERT SIGISBERT (1700-1759)
• ADAM, MELCHIOR (d. 1622)
• ADAM, PAUL (1862– )
• ADAM, ROBERT (1728—1792)
• ADAM, SIR FREDERICK (1781-1853)
• ADAM, WILLIAM (1751-1839)

Adam, or that being done,.to have restrained him from sin; for what profit is there that man should in the present See also:

• LIFE

life live in heaviness and after death look for punishment" (vii .

116, 117) . In iv . 12 the nexus of life, sin and suffering just referred to, is put still more strongly: " It were better we had not been at all than that we should be born and sin and suffer." 1 The different attitude of these two writers towards this question springs from their respective views on the question of free will . The author of Baruch declares (iv . 15, 19) : " For though Adam sinned and brought untimely death upon all, yet of those who were born from him each one of them prepared for his own soul torment to come, and again each one of them has chosen for himself glories to come . . . each one of us has been the Adam of his own soul," Though the writer of Ezra would admit the possibility of a few Israelites attaining to salvation through the most strenuous endeavour, yet he holds that man is all but predoolned through his original evil disposition or through the fall of Adam (vii . 118) . " O Adam, yyhat hast thou done: for though it was thou that sinned, the evil is not fallen on thee alone, but upon all of us that come of thee,' Another contrast between the two books is that while Baruch shows some See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

mercy to the Gentiles (lxxii . 4-6) in the Messianic See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, none according to 4 Ezra and the Shammaites (Toseph, Sanh. xiii . 2) will be extended to them, iii . 30, ix, 22 sq., xii . 34, xiii .

37 sq.) . On the above grounds it is not unreasonable to conclude that whereas the Apocalypse of Baruch owes its leading characteristics to a See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil of See also:

• HILLEL

Hillel's school, 4 Ezra shows just as clearly its derivation from that of Shammai . Kohler (Jewish Encye . 1 In the Apocalypse of Baruch, x . 6, we find a similar expression " Blessed is he who was not born, or being born has died." But here death is said to be preferable to witnessing the present woes of Jerusalem . V . 221) points out that the view of 4 Ezra that the Ten Tribes will return was held by the Shammaites, whereas it was denied by Aqiba . The Apocalypse of Baruch is silent on this point . Time and Place.—The work was written towards the close of the 1st century (iii . 1, 29), and somewhere in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east .