THIRD See also:

• BOOK

BOOK OF [I Esdras] See also:

• EZRA (from a Hebrew word meaning " help ")
• EZRA, FOURTH BOOK (or APOCALYPSE) OF
• THIRD BOOK OF [I Esdras] EZRA

EZRA  . The titles of the various books of the See also:

• EZRA (from a Hebrew word meaning " help ")
• EZRA, FOURTH BOOK (or APOCALYPSE) OF
• EZRA, THIRD BOOK OF [I Esdras]

Ezra literature are very confusing . The See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek, the Old Latin, the See also:

• SYRIAC

Syriac, and the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible from 156o See also:

• GOG (possibly connected with the Gentilic Gagaya, " of the land of Gag," used in Amarna Letters i. 38, as a synonym for " barbarian," or with Ass. Gagu, a ruler of the land of Sahi, N. of Assyria, or with Gyges, Ass. Gugu, a king of Lydia)

Gog probably represents a Scythian See also:

• HORDE

horde (though such an invasion never took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place)—certainly not See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander the See also:

• GREAT

Great, who would have been called "See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• GREECE

Greece," and would have been regarded not as an enemy but as a friend . onwards designate this See also:

• BOOK

book as 1 Esdras, the canonical books Ezra and See also:

• NEHEMIAH (Heb. for " Yah[weh] comforts ")

Nehemiah being 2 Esdras in the Greek . In the See also:

• VULGATE (from Lat. vulgus, the common people)

Vulgate, however, our author was, through the See also:

• ACTION

action of See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome, degraded into the third place and called 3 Esdras, whereas the canonical books Ezra and Nehemiah (see EZRA AND NEHEMIAH, BOOKS OF, below) were called i and 2 Esdras, and the See also:

• APOCALYPSE
• APOCALYPSE (Gr. aaoKaXvti/hr, disclosure)
• APOCALYPSE, KNIGHTS OF THE

Apocalypse of Ezra 4 Esdras . Thus the nomenclature of our book follows, and possibly wrongly, the usage of the Vulgate) . In the Ethiopic version a different usage prevails . The Apocalyspe is called 1 Esdras, our author 2 Esdras, and Ezra and Nehemiah 3 Esdras, or 3 and 4 Esdras . Throughout this See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article we shall use the best attested designation of this book, i.e . 1 Esdras . Contents.—With the exception of one See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section, namely, that of See also:

• DARIUS (Pers. Darayavaush; Old Test. Daryavesh)

Darius and the three See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young men, our author contains essentially the same materials as the canonical Ezra and some sections of 2 See also:

• CHRONICLES, BOOKS OF

Chronicles and Nehemiah . To the various explanations of this phenomenon we shall recur later .

The book may be divided as follows (the See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division is that of the See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge LXX) : See also:

• CHAP

Chap. i . =2 Chron. See also:

• XXXV

xxxv . 1-See also:

• XXXVI

xxxvi . 21.—Great See also:

• PASSOVER

passover of See also:

• JOSIAH (Heb. yo' shiyydhu, perhaps " Yah [weh] supports ")

Josiah: his See also:

• DEATH

death at Megiddo . His successors down to the destruction of See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem and the Captivity . (Verses i . 21-22 are not found else-where, though the LXX of 2 Chron. xxxv . 20 exhibits a very distant parallel.) Chap. ii . 1-14=Ezra i.—The See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict of See also:

• CYRUS
• CYRUS (Gr. KDpos; Pers. Kuru-sh; Babyl. Kurash; Hebr. Koresh)

Cyrus . Restoration of the sacred vessels through Sanabassar to Jerusalem . Chap. ii . 15-25—Ezra iv .

6-24.—First See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to rebuild the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

Temple: opposition of the See also:

• SAMARITANS

Samaritans . See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

Decree of See also:

• ARTAXERXES

Artaxerxes: See also:

• WORK

work abandoned till the second See also:

• YEAR

year of Darius . Chap. iii . 1—v . 6.—This section is See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to our author . The contest between the three pages waiting at the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of Darius and the victory of the Jewish youth " Zerubbabel," to whom as a See also:

• REWARD

reward Darius decrees the return of the See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews and the restoration of the Temple and See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship . Partial See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of those who returned with " See also:

• JOACHIM, JOSEPH (1831—1907)

Joachim, son of Zerubbabel." Chap. v . 7-70 = Ezra ii.—iv . 5.—List of exiles who returned with Zerubbabel . Work on the Temple begun . Offer of the Samaritans' co-operation rejected . Suspension of the work through their intervention till the reign of Darius .

Chap. vi . 1—vii . 9 = Ezra v . 1—vi . 18.—Work resumed in the second year of Darius . See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

Correspondence between Sisinnes and Darius with reference to the See also:

• BUILDING

building of the Temple . Darius' favourable decree . Completion of the work by Zerubbabel . Chap. vii . 10-15=Ezra vi . 19-22.-Celebration of the completion of the Temple . Chap. viii .

1—ix . 36—Ezra vii.-x.—Return of the exiles under Ezra . Mixed marriages forbidden . Chap. ix . 37-55 = Nehemiah vii . 73—viii . 12.—The See also:

• READING

reading of the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

Law . Thus, apart from iii . 1-v . 3, which gives an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the pages' contest, the contents of the book are doublets of the canonical Ezra and portions of 2 Chronicles and Nehemiah . The beginning of the book seems imperfect, with its abrupt opening " And Josiah held the passover ": its conclusion is mutilated, as it breaks off in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of a See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence . As See also:

• THACKERAY, WILLIAM MAKEPEACE (1811-1863)

Thackeray suggests, it probably continued the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the feast of See also:

• TABERNACLES, FEAST OF

Tabernacles described in Neh. viii.—a view that is supported by See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph .

See also:

• ANT
• ANT (O. Eng. aemete, from Teutonic a, privative, and maitan, cut or bite off, i.e. " the biter off "; aemete in Middle English became differentiated in dialect use to (mete, then amte, and so ant, and also to emete, whence the synonym " emmet," now only u

Ant. xi . 5 . 5, " who describes that feast using an Esdras word eirav6pOwocs and . . having hitherto followed Esdras as his authority passes on to the Book of Nehemiah." Claims to Canonicity.—It would seem that even greater value was attached to 1 Esdras than to the See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew Ezra . (1) For in the best See also:

• MSS

MSS . (BA) it stands before 2 Esdras —the verbal See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of the Hebrew Ezra and Nehemiah . (2) It is used by See also:

• JOSEPHUS, FLAVIUS (c. 37-C. 95?)

Josephus, who in fact does not seem aware of the existence of 2 Esdras . (3) x Esdras is frequently quoted by the Greek fathers—Clem . Alex., See also:

• ORIGEN (c. 185-c. 254)

Origen, See also:

• EUSEBIUS
• EUSEBIUS (Gr. EuOi/3tos, from ebaegils, pious, cf. the Latin name Pius)
• EUSEBIUS [OF CAESAREA] (c. 260-c. 340)
• EUSEBIUS [OF EMESA] (d. c. "36o)

Eusebius, and by the Latin—See also:

• TERTULLIAN (c. 155-c. 222)

Tertullian, See also:

• CYPRIAN, SAINT [Caecilius Cyprianus, called THASCIUS] (c. 200–258)

Cyprian, See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine . The adverse See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church is due to Jerome, who, from his See also:

• FIRM

firm See also:

• ATTACHMENT

attachment to the Hebrew Old Testament, declined to translate the "dreams " of 3 and 4 Esdras . This judgment influenced alike the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council At the Council of See also:

• TRENT
• TRENT (Lat. Tridentum; Ital. Trento; Ger. relent)
• TRENT, COUNCIL OF

Trent (when the See also:

• SEPTUAGINT, THE (Gr. of 0', Lat. LXX.)

Septuagint See also:

• CANON

Canon was virtually accepted as authoritative), by a most curious See also:

• ABERRATION (Lat. ab, from or away, errare,, to wander)

aberration, Esdras iii. and iv. and the See also:

• EPISTLE

Epistle of See also:

• MANASSEH (7th cent. B.C.)
• MANASSEH (apparently Hebrew for " he who causes to for-get," but see H. W. Hogg, Encyc. Bib., s.v.); in the Bible, a tribe of Israel, the elder but less important of the "sons" of Joseph. Its seat lay to the north of Ephraim, but its boundaries can scarce

Manasseh were alone exciuded from the canon and remitted to our appendix."—Howorth, " Unconventional Views on the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

Text of the Bible," in the P.S.B.A., 1901, p . 149.of Trent and the Lutheran church in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany; for See also:

• LUTHER, MARTIN (1483-1546)

Luther also refused to translate Esdras and the Apocalypse of Ezra .

Origin and Relation to the Canonical Ezra.—Various theories have been given as to the relation of the book and the canonical Ezra . 1 . Some scholars, as Keil, See also:

• BISSELL, GEORGE EDWIN (1839– )

Bissell and formerly Schiffer, regarded 1 Esdras as a See also:

• FREE

free compilation from the Greek of 2 Esdras(2 Chron. and Ezra-Nehemiah) . This theory has now given place to others more accordant with the facts of the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case . 2 . Others, as See also:

• EWALD, GEORG HEINRICH AUGUST VON (1803-1875)
• EWALD, JOHANNES (1743-1781)

Ewald, Hist. of 1st. v . 126-128, and Thackeray in See also:

• HASTINGS
• HASTINGS, FRANCIS
• HASTINGS, FRANK ABNEY (1794-1828)
• HASTINGS, WARREN (1732-1818)

Hastings' Bible See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary, assume a lost Greek version of Chronicles, Ezra and Nehemiah, from which were derived 1 Esdras—a free redaction of the former and 2 Esdras . Thackeray, claims that we have " a satisfactory explanation of the coincidences in translation and deviation from the Hebrew in r . Esdras and 2 Esdras, if we suppose both are to some extent dependent on a lost Greek original.", But later in the same article Thackeray is compelled to modify this view and admit that 1 Esdras is not a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere redaction of a no longer extant version of the canonical books, but shows not only an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent knowledge of the Hebrew text but also of a Hebrew text See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior in not a few passages to the Massoretic text, where 2 Esdras gives either an inaccurate version or a version reproducing the secondary Massoretic text . 3 . Others like See also:

• MICHAELIS, JOHANN DAVID (1717-1791)

Michaelis, See also:

• TRENDELENBURG, FRIEDRICH ADOLF (1802-1872)

Trendelenburg, Pohlmann, Herzfeld, Fritzsche hold it to be a See also:

• DIRECT

direct and independent translation of the Hebrew . There is much to be said in favour of this view .

It presupposes in reality two independent recensions of the Hebrew text, such as we cannot reasonably doubt existed at one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of the Book of See also:

• DANIEL
• DANIEL (DANIL)
• DANIEL, BOOK
• DANIEL, GABRIEL (1649-1728)

Daniel . Against this it has been urged that the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of the three pages was written originally in Greek (Ewald, Schiffer, Thackeray) . The only grounds for this theory are the easiness of •the Greek See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style and the paronomasia in iv . 62 See also:

• BEAN (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Bohne)

bean, Kai 4€ocv . But the former is no real objection, and the latter may be purely accidental . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand there are several undoubted Semiticisms . Thus we have two instances of the split relative ou . . . avro6 iii . 5; ov . . . ir' avrc iv . 63 and the phrase pointed out by Fritzsche ra S&Kaca aocei See also:

• ART

art!, 7ravrwv=See also:

• INN

inn=ran ?IrY . It must, however, be admitted that there are fewer Hebraisms in this section of the book than in the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest .

4 . See also:

• SIR

Sir H . H . Howorth in the See also:

• TREATISES

treatises referred to at the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of this article has shown cogent grounds for regarding 1 Esdras as the original and genuine Septuagint translation, and 2 Esdras as probably that of Theodotion . For this view he adduces among others the following grounds: (i.) Its use by Josephus, who apparently was not acquainted with 2 Esdras . (ii.) Its See also:

• PRECEDENCE (from Lat. praecedere, to go before, precede)

precedence of 2 Esdras in the great See also:

• UNCIALS

uncials . (iii.) Its origin at a time when Chronicles, Ezra and Nehemiah formed a single work . (iv.) its preservation of a better Hebrew text in many instances than 2 Esdras . (v.) The fact that 1 Esdras and the Septuagint of Daniel go back to one and the same translator, as Dr Gwynn (See also:

• DIET

Diet . See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ . Biog. iv . 977) has pointed out (cf .

1 Esdr. vi . 31, and See also:

• DAN

Dan. ii . 5) . This contention of Howorth has been accepted by Nestle, See also:

• CHEYNE, THOMAS KELLY (1841— )

Cheyne, Bertholet, See also:

• GINSBURG, CHRISTIAN DAVID (1831– )

Ginsburg and other scholars, though they regard the question of an Aramaic original of chapters iii . 1-v . 6 as doubtful . Howorth's further claim that he has established the See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical credibility of the See also:

• HOOK, JAMES CLARKE (1819-1907)
• HOOK, THEODORE EDWARD (1788-1841)
• HOOK, WALTER FARQUHAR (1798-1875)

hook as a whole and its See also:

• CHRONOLOGICAL

chronological accuracy as against the canonical Ezra has not as yet met with See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance; but his arguments have not been fairly met and answered . 5 . Volz (Encyc . Bibl. ii . 1490) thinks that the See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution of the problem is to be found in a different direction . The text is of unequal value, and the inequalities are so great as to exclude the supposition that the Greek version was produced aus einem Guss. iii .

1-v . 3 is an independent narrative written originally in Greek and itself a composite See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production, the praise of truth being an addition. vi . 1-vii . 15, ii . 15-25a is a fragment of an Aramaic narrative . Some in Josephus (Ant. xi . 4 . 9) an account of Samaritan intrigues is introduced immediately after 1 Esdras vii . 15, it is natural to infer that something of the same See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind has fallen out between vi. and ii . 15-25 . The Aramaic text behind 1 Esdras here is better than that behind the canonical Ezra . Next, viii.-ix. is from the Ezra document (=Ezra vii.-x.; Neh. vii .

73, viii . 1 sqq.), though implying a different Hebrew text. ii . 1-15; V . 7-73; vii . 2-4, 6-15 are from the Chronicles: likewise i. is from 2 Chron. xxxv.-vi., 2 Esdras being at the same time before the translator . Date.—The book must be placed between 300 B.C. and A.D . 100, when it was used by Josephus . It is idle to attempt any nearer limits until definite conclusions have been reached on the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief problems of the book .