See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

LOUIS See also:

• LEON
• LEON, LUIS PONCE DE (1527-1591)
• LEON, MOSES BEN SI
• LEON, or LEON DE LAS ALDAMAS

LEON CESAR See also:

• LOUIS LEON CESAR FAIDHERBE (1818–1889)

FAIDHERBE (1818–1889)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general and colonial See also:

• ADMINISTRATOR

administrator, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 3rd of See also:

• JUNE

June 1818, at See also:

• LILLE

Lille, received his military See also:

• EDUCATION

education at the Ecole Polytechnique and at See also:

• METZ

Metz, and entered the See also:

• ENGINEERS, MILITARY

engineers in 184o . From 1844 to 1847 he served in See also:

• ALGERIA
• ALGERIA (Algerie)

Algeria, then two years in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Indies, and again in Algeria, taking See also:

• PART

part in many expeditions against the See also:

• ARABS

Arabs . In 1852 he was transferred to See also:

• SENEGAL

Senegal as sub-director of engineers, and in 1854 was promoted chef de bataillon and appointed See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of the See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony . He held this See also:

• POST

post with one brief See also:

• INTERVAL

interval until See also:

• JULY

July 1865 . The See also:

• WORK

work he accomplished in West See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa constitutes his most enduring See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument . At that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France possessed in Senegal little else than the See also:

• TOWN

town of St See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis and a See also:

• STRIP

strip of See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast . Explorers had, however, made known the riches and possibilities of the See also:

• NIGER
• NIGER, GAIUS PESCENNIUS

Niger regions, and See also:

• FAIDHERBE, LOUIS LEON CESAR (1818–1889)

Faidherbe formed the See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design of adding those countries to the French dominions . He even dreamed of creating a French See also:

• AFRICAN

African See also:

• EMPIRE

empire stretching from Senegal to the Red See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea . To accomplish even the first part of his design he had very inadequate resources, especially in view of the aggressive See also:

• ACTION

action of See also:

• OMAR (c. 581-644)

Omar Al-Hadji, the Moslem ruler of the countries of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle Niger . By boldly advancing the French outposts on the upper Senegal Faidherbe stemmed the Moslem advance, and by an advantageous treaty with Omar in 186o brought the French possessions into See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch with the Niger . He also brought into subjection the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country lying between the Senegal and See also:

• GAMBIA

Gambia . When he resigned his post French See also:

• RULE

rule had been firmly established over a very considerable and fertile See also:

• AREA

area and the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation laid upon which his successors built up the predominant position occupied now by France in West Africa .

In 1863 he became general of See also:

• BRIGADE (Fr. and Ger. brigade, Ital. brigata, Span. brigada; the English use of the word dates from the early 17th century)

brigade . From 1867 to the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early part of 1870 he commanded the subdivision of See also:

• BONA (BONE)
• BONA, JOHN (1609-1674)

Bona in Algeria, and was commanding the See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division at the commencement of the Franco-See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War . Promoted general of division inNovember 187o, he was on the 3rd of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December appointed by the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

Government of See also:

• NATIONAL

National See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

Defence to be See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North . In this post he showed himself to he possessed of the highest military talents, and the struggle between the I . German army and that commanded by Faidherbe, in which were included the hard-fought battles of See also:

• PONT (or KYLPONT), ROBERT (1524–1606)

Pont Noyelles, Bapaume and St Quentin, was perhaps the most See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable to the French army in the whole of the See also:

• PEOPLE

People's War . Even with the inadequate force of which he disposed he was able to maintain a steady resistance up to the end of the war . Elected to the National See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly for the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of the See also:

• NORD

Nord, he resigned his seat in consequence of its reactionary proceedings . For his services he was decorated with the See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• CROSS

cross, and made chancellot of the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the See also:

• LEGION (Lat. legio)

Legion of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

Honour . In 1872 he went on a scientific See also:

• MISSION

mission to Upper See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, where he studied the monuments and See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions . An enthusiastic geographer, philologist and archaeologist, he wrote numerous See also:

• WORKS

works, among which may be mentioned Collection See also:

• DES

des inscriptions numidiques (187o), Epigraphie phenicienne (1873), Essai sur la langue poul (1875), and Le See also:

• ZENAGA (SANHAJA, SENAJER)

Zenaga des tribes senegalaises (1877), the last a study of the See also:

• BERBER

Berber See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language . He also wrote on the See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

geography and See also:

• HISTORY

history of Senegal and the See also:

• SAHARA

Sahara, and La Campagne de l'armee du Nord (1872) . He was elected a senator in 1879, and, in spite of failing See also:

• HEALTH

health, continued to the last a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close student of his favourite subjects .

He died on the 29th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1889, and received a public funeral . Statues and monuments to his memory were erected at Lille, Bapaume, St Quentin and St Louis, Senegal .