See also:

• FALCON
• FALCON (Lat. Falco;' Fr. Faucon; Teutonic, Falk or Valken)

FALCON (See also:

• LAT

Lat. Falco;' Fr. Faucon; See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic, See also:

• FALK, JOHANN DANIEL (1768-1826)
• FALK, PAUL LUDWIG ADALBERT (1827-1900)

Falk or Valken)  , a word now restricted to the high-couraged and See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long-winged birds of See also:

• PREY (0. Fr. preie, mod. proie, Lat. praeda, booty, from prae and the root hed—seen in prehendere, prendere, to grasp)

prey which take their See also:

• QUARRY

quarry as it moves; but formerly it had a very different meaning, being by the naturalists of the 18th and even of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century extended to a See also:

• GREAT

great number of birds comprised in the genus Falco of See also:

• LINNAEUS

Linnaeus and writers of his See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day,' while, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, by falconers, it was, and still is, technically limited to the See also:

• FEMALE

female of the birds employed by them in their vocation (see See also:

• FALCONRY (Fr. fauconnerie, from Late Lat. falco, falcon)

FALCONRY), whether " long-winged " and therefore " See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble," or " See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short-winged " and " ignoble." According to See also:

• MODERN

modern usage, the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the falcons, in the sense first given, may be separated into five very distinct See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups: (I) the falcons pure and See also:

• SIMPLE

simple (Falco proper); (2) the large See also:

• NORTHERN

northern falcons (Hierofalco, See also:

• CUVIER, GEORGES LEOPOLD CHRETIEN FREDERIC DAGOBERT, BARON (1769-1832)

Cuvier); (3) the " See also:

• DESERT

desert falcons " (Gennaea, See also:

• KAUP, JOHANN JAKOB (1803-1873)

Kaup); (4) the merlins (Aesalon, Kaup); and (5) the hobbies (Hypotriorchis, See also:

• BOIE, HEINRICH CHRISTIAN (1744-1806)

Boie) . A See also:

• SIXTH

sixth See also:

• GROUP

group, the kestrels 1 Unknown to classical writers, the earliest use of this word is said to be by Servius Honoratus (circa A.D . 390–480) in his notes on Aen. x . 145 . It seems possibly to be the Latinized See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of the See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic See also:

• FALK, JOHANN DANIEL (1768-1826)
• FALK, PAUL LUDWIG ADALBERT (1827-1900)

Falk, though falx is commonly accounted its See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root . The nomenclature of nearly all the older writers on this point is extremely confused . What many of them, even so lately as See also:

• PENNANT, THOMAS (1726-1798)

Pennant's See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, termed the " See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle See also:

• FALCON
• FALCON (Lat. Falco;' Fr. Faucon; Teutonic, Falk or Valken)

falcon " is certainly the See also:

• BIRD

bird we now See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call the goshawk (i.e. See also:

• GOOSE (a common Teut. word, O. Eng. gOs, pl. ges, Ger. Gans, O. Norse gas, from Aryan root, ghans, whence Sans. hansa, Lat. anser (for hanser)
• GOOSE (GAME OF)

goose-See also:

• HAWK (O. Eng. hafoc or heafoc, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch havik, Ger. Habicht; the root is hab-, haf-, to hold, cf. Lat. accipiter, from capere)

hawk), which name itself may have been transferred to the Astur palumbarius of modern ornithologists, from one of the long-winged birds of prey . (Tinnunculus, Vieillot), is often added . This, however, appears to have been justifiably reckoned a distinct genus . The typical falcon is by See also:

• COMMON

common consent allowed to be that almost See also:

• COSMOPOLITAN (Gr. Kbvµos, world, and IroXirgs, citizen)

cosmopolitan See also:

• SPECIES

species to which unfortunately the See also:

• ENGLISH

English epithet " peregrine " (i.e. See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange or wandering) has been attached . It is the Falco peregrinus of See also:

• TUNSTALL
• TUNSTALL (or TONSTALL), CUTHBERT (1474-1559)

Tunstall (1771) and of most See also:

• RECENT

recent ornithologists, though some prefer the specific name communis applied by J . F .

See also:

• GMELIN

Gmelin a few years later (1788) to a bird which, if his diagnosis be correct, could not have been a true falcon at all, since it had yellow irides—a See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour never met with in the eyes of any bird now called by naturalists a " falcon . " This species inhabits suitable localities throughout the greater See also:

• PART

part of the globe, though examples from See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AMERICA

America have by some received specific recognition as F. anatum (the " See also:

• DUCK

duck-hawk "), and those from See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia have been described as distinct under the name of F. melanogenys . Here, as in so many other cases, it is almost impossible to decide as to which forms should, and which should not, be accounted merely See also:

• LOCAL

local races . In See also:

• SIZE

size not surpassing a See also:

• RAVEN (O.E. hrafn, ,Icel. hrafn, Dan. ravn, Du. raaf, Ger. Rabe)

raven, this falcon (fig . 1) is perhaps the most powerful bird of prey for its bulk that flies, and its courage is not less than its See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . It is the species, in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, most commonly Fin. i.—Peregrine Falcon . trained for the See also:

• SPORT (a contracted or shortened form of "disport," to amuse, divert oneself, O. Fr. se dis porter or deporter, to leave off work, hence to play, Lat. dis-, away, and portare, to carry; the origin of the meaning lies in the notion of turning away from ser

sport of hawking (see FALCONRY) . Volumes have been written upon it, and to See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of it is, within the limits now available, impossible . The plumage of the adult is generally blackish-See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue above, and See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white, with a more or less deep cream-coloured tinge, beneath—the See also:

• LOWER

lower parts, except the See also:

• CHIN

chin and See also:

• THROAT (O. Eng. protu, prote or }Prota, possibly from preotan, to press, whence threat, or, with loss of initial s, connected with strut, to swell)

throat, being barred transversely with See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black, while a black patch extends from the See also:

• BILL

bill to the See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear-coverts, and descends on either See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side beneath the mandible . The See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young have the upper parts deep blackish-See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown, and the lower white, more or less strongly tinged with ochraceous-brown, and striped longitudinally with blackish-brown . From See also:

• PORT

Port See also:

• KENNEDY
• KENNEDY, BENJAMIN HALL (1804-1889)
• KENNEDY, THOMAS FRANCIS (1788-1879)
• KENNEDY, WALTER (c. 1460–c. 1508)

Kennedy, the most northern part of the See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent, to See also:

• TASMANIA

Tasmania, and from the shores of the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea of See also:

• OKHOTSK, SEA OF

Okhotsk to See also:

• MENDOZA
• MENDOZA, ANTONIO HURTADO DE (1593?-1644)
• MENDOZA, DIEGO HURTADO DE (1503-1575)
• MENDOZA, PEDRO GONZALEZ DE (1428-1495)

Mendoza in the See also:

• ARGENTINE

Argentine territory, there is scarcely a See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country in which this falcon has not been found . Specimens have been received from the Cape of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

Good See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

Hope, and it is only a question of the technical differentiation of species whether it does not extend to Cape See also:

• HORN
• HORN (a common Teutonic word, cognate with Lat. cornu; cf. Gr. Kipas)
• HORN (Lat. cornu; corresponding terms being Fr. cor, trompe; Ger. Horn; Ital. corno)
• HORN, ARVID BERNHARD, COUNT (1664-1742)
• HORN, PHILIP DE MONTMORENCY, COUNT

Horn .

Fearless as it is, and adapting itself to almost every circumstance, it will form its eyry equally on the sea-washed cliffs, the craggy mountains, or (though more rarely) the drier spots of a See also:

• MARSH (O. F. mersc, for merisc, a place full of "meres" or pools; cf. Ger. Meer, sea, Lat. mare)
• MARSH, ADAM (ADAM DE MARISCO) (d. c. 1258)
• MARSH, GEORGE PERKINS (1801-1882)
• MARSH, HERBERT (1757–1839)
• MARSH, NARCISSUS (1638-1713)
• MARSH, OTHNIEL CHARLES (1831-1899)

marsh in the northern hemisphere, as on trees (says H . See also:

• SCHLEGEL, AUGUST WILHELM VON (1767-1845)
• SCHLEGEL, JOHANN ELIAS (1719-1749)
• SCHLEGEL, KARL WILHELM FRIEDRICH VON (1772-1829)

Schlegel) in the forests of See also:

• JAVA

Java or the waterless ravines of Australia . In the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom it was formerly very common, and hardly a high See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock from the Shetlands to the Isle of See also:

• WIGHT, ISLE OF

Wight but had a pair as its tenants . But the See also:

• BRITISH

British gamekeeper has long held the mistaken faith that it is his worst foe, and the number of pairs now allowed to See also:

• REAR

rear their brood unmolested in the British Islands is very small . Yet its utility to the See also:

• GAME

game-preserver, by destroying every one of his most See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious wards that shows any sign of infirmity, can hardly be questioned by See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason, and G . E . See also:

• FREEMAN
• FREEMAN, EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1823-1892)

Freeman (Falconry) has earnestly urged its claims to See also:

• PROTECTION

protection.' Nearly allied to this falcon are several species, such as F. barbarus of See also:

• MAURETANIA

Mauretania, F. See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, the See also:

• ASIATIC

Asiatic F. babylonicus, F. peregrinator of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India (the shaheen), and perhaps F. See also:

• CASSINI

cassini of South America, with some others . Next to the typical falcons comes a group known as the " great northern " falcons (Hierofalco) . Of these the most remarkable is the gyrfalcon (F. gyrfalco), whose See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home is in the Scandinavian mountains, though the young are yearly visitants to the plains of See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland and See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . In plumage it very much resembles F. peregrinus, but its flanks have generally a bluer tinge, and its superiority in size is at once See also:

• MANIFEST (Lat. manifestus, clear, open to view)

manifest . Nearly allied to it is the Icelander (F. islandus), which externally differs in its paler colouring and in almost entirely wanting the black mandibular patch . Its proportions, however, differ a good See also:

• DEAL

deal, its See also:

• BODY

body being elongated .

Its country is shown by its name, but it also inhabits south See also:

• GREENLAND (Danish, &c., Gronland)

Greenland, and not unfrequently makes its way to the British Islands . Very See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to this comes the Greenland falcon (F. candicans), a native of north Greenland, and perhaps of other countries within the See also:

• ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

Arctic Circle . Like the last, the Greenland falcon from time to time occurs in the United Kingdom, but it is always to be distinguished by wearing a plumage in which at every See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age the prevailing colour is pure white . In north-eastern America these birds are replaced by a kindred form (F. labradorus), first detected by See also:

• AUDUBON, JOHN JAMES (1780-1851)

Audubon and subsequently recognized by See also:

• DRESSER

Dresser (Orn . Miscell. i . 135) . It is at once distinguished by its very dark colouring, the lower parts being occasionally almost as deeply tinted at all ages as the upper . All the birds hitherto named possess one See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character in common . The darker markings of their plumage are See also:

• LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal before the first real See also:

• MOULT

moult takes See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, and for ever afterwards are transverse . In other words, when young the markings are in the form of stripes, when old in the form of bars . The variation of tint is very great, especially in F. peregrinus; but the experience of falconers, whose business it is to keep their birds in the very highest See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition, shows that a falcon of either of these groups if See also:

• LIGHT

light-coloured in youth is light-coloured when adult, and if dark when young is also dark when old—age, after the first moult, making no difference in the complexion of the bird . The next group is that of the so-called " desert falcons " (Gennaea), wherein the difference just indicated does not obtain, for long as the bird may live and often as it may moult, the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of markings never gives way to any other .

Foremost among these are to be considered the lanner and the saker (commonly termed F. lanarius and F. sacer); both well known in the palmy days of falconry, but only since about 1845 readmitted to full recognition . Both of these birds belong properly to south-eastern Europe, North Africa and south-western See also:

• ASIA

Asia . They are, for their bulk, less powerful than the members of the preceding group, and though they may be trained to high flights are naturally captors of humbler game . The precise number of species is very doubtful, but among the many candidates for recognition are especially to be named the lugger (F. jugger) of India, and the See also:

• PRAIRIE (adopted from the Fr. prairie, a meadow-tract. Late Lat. prataria, Lat. pratum, meadow)

prairie falcon (F. mexicanus) of the western plains of North America . The systematist finds it hard to decide in what group he should place two somewhat large Australian species (F. hypoleucus i It is not to be inferred, as many writers have done, that falcons habitually prey upon birds in which disease has made any serious progress . Such birds meet their See also:

• FATE

fate from the less noble Accipitres or predatory animals of many kinds . But when a bird is first affected by any disorder, its power of taking care of itself is at once impaired, and hence in the majority of cases it may become an easy victim under circumstances which would enable a perfectly See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound bird to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape from the attack even of a falcon . 39 and F. subniger), both of which are rare in collections—the latter especially . A small but very beautiful group comes next—the merlins2 (Aesalon of some writers, Lithofalco of others) . The See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• MERLIN, ANTOINE CHRISTOPHE (1762-1833)
• MERLIN, PHILIPPE ANTOINE, COUNT (1754-1838)

merlin (F. aesalon) is perhaps the boldest of the Accipitres, not hesitating to attack birds of twice its own size, and even on occasion threatening human beings . Yet it readily becomes tame, if not affectionate, when reclaimed, and its See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary prey consists of the smaller Passeres . Its " pinion of glossy blue " has become almost proverbial, and a deep ruddy blush suffuses its lower parts; but these are characteristic only of the male—the female maintaining very nearly the sober brown plumage she wore when as a nestling she See also:

• LEFT

left her lowly See also:

• CRADLE (of uncertain etymology, possibly connected with " crate " and " creel," i.e. basket; the derivation from a Celtic word, with a sense of rocking, is scouted by the New English Dictionary)

cradle in the heather .

Very close to this bird comes the See also:

• PIGEON

pigeon-hawk (F. columbarius) of North America—so close, indeed, that none but an See also:

• EXPERT (Lat. expertus, from experiri, to try)

expert ornithologist can detect the difference . The turumti of Anglo-See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians (F. chicquera), and its representative from See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Africa (F. ruficollis), also belong to this group, but they are considerably larger than either of the former . Lastly, the Hobbies (Hypotriorchis) comprise a greater number of forms—though how_ many seems to be doubtful . They are in See also:

• LIFE

life at once recognizable by their bold upstanding position, and at any time by their long wings . The type of this group is the English See also:

• HOBBY

hobby (F. subbuteo), a bird of great power of See also:

• FLIGHT

flight, chiefly shown in the See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of See also:

• INSECTS

insects, which form its 2 See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, Emerillon; Icelandic, Smirill . ordinary See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food . It is a summer visitant to most parts of Europe, including the British Islands, and is most wantonly and needlessly destroyed by gamekeepers . A second European species of the group is the beautiful F. eleonorae, which hardly comes farther north than the countries bordering the Mediterranean, and, though in some places abundant, is an extremely local bird . The largest species of this See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section seems to be the Neotropical F. femoralis, for F. diroleucus though often ranked here, is now supposed to belong to the group of typical falcons . (A .