See also:

• FAN (Lat. vannus; Fr. eventail)

FAN (See also:

• LAT

Lat. vannus; Fr. eventail)  , in its usually restricted meaning, a See also:

• LIGHT

light See also:

• IMPLEMENT (Lat. implementum, a filling up, from implere, to fill)

implement used for giving See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion to the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to produce coolness to the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face; the word is, however, also applied to the winnowing See also:

• FAN (Lat. vannus; Fr. eventail)

fan, for separating See also:

• CHAFF (from the A.S. ceaf, allied to the O. High Ger. cheva, a husk or pod)

chaff from See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain, and to various See also:

• ENGINEERING

engineering appliances for See also:

• VENTILATION (Lat. ventilare, from ventus, wind)

ventilation, &c . Venlilabrum and flabellum are names under which ecclesiastical fans are mentioned in old inventories . Fans for cooling the face have.been in use in hot climates from remote ages . A bas-See also:

• RELIEF

relief in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Museum represents See also:

• SENNACHERIB (Ass. Sin-akhi-erba, " the Moon-god has increased the brethren ")

Sennacherib with See also:

• FEMALE

female figures carrying See also:

• FEATHER (0. Eng. (ether, Ger. Feder, from an Indo-European root seen also in Gr. lrrepov, and aEreo-Oat, to fly)

feather fans . They were attributes of See also:

• ROYALTY (0. Fr. realte, reialte, royaulte, from Med. Lat. regalitas, the substantive of regalis, of or belonging to a king, rex)

royalty along with See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse-See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly-flappers and umbrellas . Examples may be seen in plates of the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian sculptures at See also:

• THEBES (anciently &Oat, Thebae, or in poetry sometimes Oif3a, in modern Greek Phiva, or, according to the corrected pronunciation, Thivae)
• THEBES (e 3a1)
• THEBES, ROMANCE OF

Thebes and other places, and also in the ruins of See also:

• PERSEPOLIS

Persepolis . In the museum of Boulak, near See also:

• CAIRO
• CAIRO (Arabic Misr-al-Kahira, or simply Misr)

Cairo, a wooden fan handle showing holes for feathers is still preserved . It is from. the See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of Amenhotep, of the 18th See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty, 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C . In See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India fans were also attributes of men in authority, and sometimes sacred emblems . A See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart-shaped fan, with an See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory handle, of unknown See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, and held in See also:

• GREAT

great veneration by the See also:

• HINDUS

Hindus, was given to See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• EDWARD

Edward VII. when See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales . Large punkahs or screens, moved by a servant who does nothing else, are in See also:

• COMMON

common use in hot countries, and particularly India . Fans were used in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages to keep flies from the sacred elements during the celebrations of the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian mysteries .

Sometimes they were See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round, with bells attached—of See also:

• SILVER

silver or silver gilt . Notices of such fans in the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient records of St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul's, See also:

• LONDON

London, See also:

• SALISBURY
• SALISBURY, EARLS OF
• SALISBURY, ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNECECIL, 3RD MARQUESS OF (1830-1903)
• SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1565-1612)
• SALISBURY, THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, 4TH EARL OF (1388-1428)
• SALISBURY, WILLIAM LONGSWORD (or LONGESPEE), EARL OF (d. 1226)

Salisbury See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral and many other churches exist still . For these purposes they are no longer used in the Western See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, though they are retained in some See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental See also:

• RITES

rites . The large feather fans, however, are still carried in the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state processions of the supreme pontiff in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, though not used during the celebration of the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass . The fan of See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen Theodolinda (7th century) is still preserved in the See also:

• TREASURY

treasury of the cathedral of See also:

• MONZA (locally Monscia)

Monza . Fans made See also:

• PART

part of the bridal outfit, or mundus muliebris, of See also:

• ROMAN

Roman ladies . Folding fans had their origin in See also:

• JAPAN

Japan, and were imported thence to See also:

• CHINA

China . They were in the shape still used—a segment of a circle of See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper pasted on a light radiating framework of See also:

• BAMBOO

bamboo, and variously decorated, some in See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours, others of See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white paper on which verses or sentences are written . It is a compliment in China to invite a friend or distinguished See also:

• GUEST (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Gast, and Swed. gust; cognate with Lat. hostis, originally a stranger, hence enemy; cf. " host " )
• GUEST, EDWIN (1800–188o)

guest to write some sentiment on your fan as a memento of any See also:

• SPECIAL

special occasion, and this practice has continued . A fan that has some celebrity in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France was presented by the See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador to the comtesse de Clauzel at the See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

coronation of See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon I. in 1804 . When a site was given in 1635, on an artificial See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island, for the See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of Portuguese merchants in Nippo in Japan, the space was laid out in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of a fan as emblematic of an See also:

• OBJECT

object agreeable for See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general use . Men and See also:

• WOMEN

women of every See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank both in China and Japan carry fans, even artisans using them with one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand while working with the other .

In China they are often made of carved ivory, the sticks being plates very thin and sometimes carved on both sides, the intervals between the carved parts pierced with astonishing delicacy, and the plates held together by a ribbon . The See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese make the two See also:

• OUTER

outer See also:

• GUARDS, AND HOUSEHOLD TROOPS

guards of the stick, which See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the others, occasionally of beaten See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, extremely thin and light, damascened with See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold and other metals . Fans were used by Portuguese ladies in the 14th century, and were well known in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England before the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the reign of See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard II . In France the See also:

• INVENTORY (post-class. Lat. inventarium, a list or repertory, from invenire to find)

inventory of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V. at the end of the 14th century mentions a folding ivory fan . They were brought into general use in that See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country by See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine de' See also:

• MEDICI
• MEDICI, GIACOMO (1817-1882)

Medici, probably from See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, then in advance of other countries in all matters of See also:

• PERSONAL

personal luxury . The See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court ladies of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VIII.'s reign in England were used to handling fans . A See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady in the "See also:

• DANCE
• DANCE (Fr. danse; of obscure origin, connected with Old High Ger. danson, to stretch)

Dance of See also:

• DEATH

Death" by See also:

• HOLBEIN, HANS

Holbein holds a fan . Queen See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth is painted with a round feather fan in her portrait at Gorham-See also:

• BURY
• BURY, JOHN BAGNELL (1861- )

bury; and as many as twenty-seven are enumerated in her inventory (16o6) . Coryat, the See also:

• ENGLISH

English traveller, in 16o8 describes them as common in Italy . They also became of general use from that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain . In Italy, France and Spain fans had special conventional uses, and various actions in handling them See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew into a See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code of signals, by which ladies were supposed to convey hints or signals to admirers or to rivals in society . A' paper in the Spectator humorously proposes to establish a See also:

• REGULAR

regular See also:

• DRILL

drill for these purposes .

The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief seat of the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European manufacture of fans during the 17th century was See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, where the sticks or frames, whether of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood or ivory, were made, and the decorations painted on mounts of very carefully prepared vellum (incorrectly called chicken skin)—a material stronger and tougher than paper, which breaks at the folds . Paris makers exported fans unpainted to See also:

• MADRID

Madrid and other See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish cities, where they were decorated by native artists . Many were exported See also:

• COMPLETE

complete; of old fans called Spanish 'a great number were in fact made in France . See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XIV. issued edicts at various times to regulate the manufacture . Besides fans mounted with See also:

• PARCHMENT

parchment, Dutch fans of ivory were imported into Paris, and- decorated by the heraldic painters in the See also:

• PROCESS

process called " Vernis See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin," after a famous See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage painter and inventor of colourless See also:

• LAC

lac See also:

• VARNISH

varnish . Fans of this See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind belonging to Queen See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria and the baroness de See also:

• ROTHSCHILD

Rothschild were exhibited in 187o at See also:

• KENSINGTON

Kensington . A fan of the date of 166o, representing sacred subjects, is attributed to Philippe de See also:

• CHAMPAGNE

Champagne, another to See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter See also:

• OLIVER, ISAAC (c. 1566--1617)
• OLIVER, PETER (1594-1648)

Oliver in England in the 17th century . Carlo de Arevalo, a Spanish painter of the 17th century, devoted himself to fan See also:

• PAINTING

painting . Some harsh expressions of Queen See also:

• CHRISTINA (1626–1689)
• CHRISTINA [MARIA CHRISTINA HENRIETTA DESIREE FELICITE RENIERE]

Christina to the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young ladies of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French court are said to have caused an increased ostentation in the splendour of their fans, which were set with jewels and mounted in gold . Rosalba Carriera was the name of a fan painter of celebrity in the 17th century . Le Brun and Romanelli were much employed during the same See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . Klingstet, a Dutch artist, enjoyed a considerable reputation in the latter part of the 17th and the first See also:

• THIRTY

thirty years of the 18th century .

The revocation of the See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict of See also:

• NANTES
• NANTES, EDICT OF

Nantes drove many fan-makers out of France to See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland and England . The See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade in England was well established under the See also:

• STUART, ARABELLA (1575-1615)
• STUART, GILBERT (1755-x828)
• STUART, JAMES EWELL BROWN (1833-1864)
• STUART, JOHN
• STUART, MOSES (1780-1852)
• STUART, SIR JOHN, COUNT

Stuart sovereigns . Petitions were addressed by the fan-makers to Charles II. against the importation of fans from India, and a See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty was levied upon such fans in consequence . This importation of See also:

• INDIAN

Indian fans, according to See also:

• SAVARY, ANNE JEAN MARIE RENE, DUKE

Savary, extended also to France . During the reign of Louis XV. carved Indian and China fans displaced to some extent thoseformerly imported from Italy, which had been painted on swanskin parchment prepared with various perfumes . During- the 18th century all the luxurious ornamentation of the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day was bestowed on fans as far as they could display it . The sticks were made of See also:

• MOTHER

mother-of-See also:

• PEARL
• PEARL, THE

pearl or ivory, carved with extraordinary skill in France, Italy, England and other countries . They were painted from designs of See also:

• BOUCHER, FRANCOIS (1703-1770)
• BOUCHER, JONATHAN (1738-1804)

Boucher, See also:

• WATTEAU, ANTOINE (1684-1721)

Watteau, See also:

• LANCRET, NICOLAS (1660-1743)

Lancret and other " genre " painters; See also:

• HEBERT, EDMOND (s812-189o)
• HEBERT, JACQUES RENE (1757-1794)

Hebert, See also:

• RAU, KARL HEINRICH (1792-1870)

Rau, See also:

• CHEVALIER, ALBERT (1861– )
• CHEVALIER, MICHEL (1806-1879)
• CHEVALIER, ULYSSE (1841– )

Chevalier, See also:

• JEAN

Jean Boquet, Mme . Write, are known as fan-painters . These fashions were followed in most countries of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, with certain See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences . Taffeta and See also:

• SILK

silk, as well as See also:

• FINE

fine parchment, were used for the mounts . Little circles of See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass were let into the stick to be looked through, and small telescopic glasses were sometimes contrived at the See also:

• PIVOT (Fr. pivot; probably connected with Ital. pivolo, peg, pin, diminutive of piva, pipa, pipe)

pivot of the stick .

They were occasionally mounted with the finest point See also:

• LACE (corresponding to Ital. merletto, trina; Genoese Pizzo; Ger. spitzen; Fr. dentelle; Dutch kanten; Span. encaje; the English word owes something to the Fr. lassis or laces, but both are connected with the earlier Lat. laqueus; early French laces were

lace . An interesting fan (belonging to Madame de Thiac in France), the See also:

• WORK

work of Le Flamand, was presented by the See also:

• MUNICIPALITY

municipality of See also:

• DIEPPE

Dieppe to See also:

• MARIE

Marie Antoinette on the See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth of her son the dauphin . From the time of the Revolution the old luxury expended on fans died out . Fine examples ceased to be exported to England and other countries . The painting on them represented scenes or personages connected with See also:

• POLITICAL

political events . At a later period fan mounts were often prints coloured by hand . The events of the day See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark the date of many examples found in See also:

• MODERN

modern collections . Among the fan-makers of modern days the names of See also:

• ALEXANDRE, NOEL (NATALIS ALEXANDER) (1639-1724)

Alexandre, Duvelleroy, Fayet, Vanier became well known in Paris; and the designs of Charles See also:

• CONDER, CHARLES (1868—1909)

Conder (1868–1909) have brought his name to the front in this See also:

• ART

art . Painters of distinction often See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design and paint the mounts, the best designs being figure subjects . A great impulse was given to the manufacture and painting of fans in England after the See also:

• EXHIBITION

exhibition which took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place at See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Kensington in 187o . Modern collections of fans take their date from the See also:

• EMIGRATION (from Lat. emigrare; e, ex, out of, and migrare, to depart)

emigration of many See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble families from France at the time of the Revolution . Such See also:

• OBJECTS

objects were given as souvenirs, and occasionally sold by families in straitened circumstances .

A large number of fans of all sorts, principally those of the 18th century, French, English, See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German, See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian, Spanish, &c., have been bequeathed to the South Kensington (Victoria and See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert) Museum . The sticks of folding fans are called in French brins, the two outer guards panaches, and the See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

mount feuille . See also See also:

• BLONDEL, DAVID (1591-1655)
• BLONDEL, JACQUES FRANCOIS (1705-1774)

Blondel, Histoire See also:

• DES

des eventails (1875) ; See also:

• OCTAVE (from Lat. octavus, eighth, octo, eight)

Octave Uzanne, L'eventail (1882) ; and especially G . Wooliscroft Rhead, See also:

• HISTORY

History of the Fan (1909) . (J . H .