See also:

• LUIGI

LUIGI CARLO See also:

• LUIGI CARLO FARINI (1812–1866)

FARINI (1812–1866)  , See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian statesman and historian, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Russi, near See also:

• RAVENNA
• RAVENNA, EXARCHATE OF

Ravenna, on the 22nd of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1812 . After completing a brilliant university course at See also:

• BOLOGNA
• BOLOGNA, GIOVANNI DA (1524–1608)

Bologna, which he interrupted to take See also:

• PART

part in the revolution of 1831 (see See also:

• CARBONARI (an Italian word meaning " charcoal-burners ")

CARBONARI), he practised as a physician at Russi and at Ravenna . He acquired a considerable reputation, but in 1843 his See also:

• POLITICAL

political opinions brought him under the suspicion of the See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police and caused his See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion from the papal states . He resided successively in See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence and See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, and travelled about See also:

• EUROPE

Europe as private physician to See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome See also:

• BONAPARTE

Bonaparte, but when See also:

• PIUS

Pius IX. was elected to the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See and began his reign with apparently Liberal and nationalist tendencies, See also:

• FARINI, LUIGI CARLO (1812–1866)

Farini returned to See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and was appointed secretary-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general to G . Recchi, the See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of the interior (See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1848) . But he held See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office for little more than a See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month, since like all the other Italian Liberals he disapproved of the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope's See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of front in refusing to allow his troops to fight against See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, and resigned with the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry on the 29th of See also:

• APRIL

April . Pius, wishing to counteract the effect of this policy, sent Farini to See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• SARDINIA (Gr. 'IXs'o"uva, from a fancied resemblance to a footprint in its shape, Ital. Sardegna)

Sardinia, to See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand over the command of the papal contingent to him . Elected member of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament for See also:

• FAENZA (anc. Faventia)

Faenza, he was again appointed secretary to the ministry of the interior in the Mamiani See also:

• CABINET

cabinet, and later director-general of the public See also:

• HEALTH

health See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department . He resigned office on the See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation of the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic after the See also:

• FLIGHT

flight of the pope to See also:

• GAETA (anc. Caietae Portus)

Gaeta in 1849, resumed it for a while when Pius returned to See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome with the See also:

• PROTECTION

protection of See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French arms, but when a reactionary and priestly policy was instituted, he went into See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile and took up his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence at See also:

• TURIN

Turin . There he became convinced that it was only through the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy that Italy could be liberated, and he expounded his views in See also:

• CAVOUR (anc. Caburrum or Forum Vibii)
• CAVOUR, CAMILLO BENSO, COUNT (1810–18.61)

Cavour's See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper Il Risorgimento, in La Frusta and Il Piemonte, of which latter he was at one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time editor . He also wrote his See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical See also:

• WORK

work, Lo Stato Romano dal 181-5 al 185o, in four volumes (Turin, 1850) . In 1851 he was appointed minister of public instruction in the D'See also:

• AZEGLIO, MASSIMO TAPARELLI, MARQUIS

Azeglio cabinet, an office which he held till May 1852 .

As a member of the Sardinian parliament and as a journalist Farini was one of the staunchest supporters of Cavour (q.v.), and strongly favoured the proposal that See also:

• PIEDMONT (Ital. Piemonte; Low Lat. Pedemons and Pedemontium)

Piedmont should participate in the Cimean See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, if indeed he was not actually the first to suggest that policy (see G . B..Ercolani's See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter in E . Parri's memoir of Farini) . In 1856 and 1857 he published two letters to Mr See also:

• GLADSTONE
• GLADSTONE, JOHN HALL (1827-1902)
• GLADSTONE, WILLIAM EWART (1809–1898)

Gladstone on Italian affairs, which created a sensation, while he continued to propagate his views in the Italian See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press . When on the outbreak of the war of 1859 See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis V., See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• MODENA (ancient Mutina)

Modena, was expelled and a provisional See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government set up, Farini was sent as Piedmontese See also:

• COMMISSIONER

commissioner to that See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city; but although recalled after the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of Villafranca he was determined on the See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation of central Italy to Piedmont and remained behind, becoming a Modenese See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen and See also:

• DICTATOR (from the Lat. dictare, frequentative of dicere, to speak)

dictator of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . He negotiated an See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with See also:

• PARMA

Parma, Romagna and See also:

• TUSCANY
• TUSCANY (Toscana)

Tuscany, when other provisional governments had been established, and entrusted the task of organizing an See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army for this central Italian See also:

• LEAGUE

league to General See also:

• FANTI
• FANTI, MANFREDO (1806-1865)

Fanti (q.v.) . Annexation to Piedmont having been voted by See also:

• PLEBISCITE (Lat. plebiscitum, a decree of the plebs)

plebiscite and the opposition of See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon III. having been overcome, Farini returned to Turin, when the king conferred on him the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the Annunziata and Cavour appointed him minister of the interior (See also:

• JUNE

June r86o), and subsequently See also:

• VICEROY (from O. Fr. viceroy, mod. viceroi, i.e. Lat. vice, in place of, and roy or roi, king)

viceroy of See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples; but he soon resigned on the See also:

• SCORE (O.E. scor, from sceran, to cut, notch, cf. " shear ")

score of See also:

• ILL

ill-health . Cavour died in 1861, and the following See also:

• YEAR

year , Farini succeeded Rattazzi as premier, in which office he endeavoured to carry out Cavour's policy . Over-exertion, however, brought on softening of the See also:

• BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain, which compelled him to resign office on the 24th of March 1863, and ultimately resulted in his See also:

• DEATH

death on the 1st of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1866 . He was buried at Turin, but in 1878 his remains were removed to his native See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Russi . His son Domenico Farini had a distinguished political career and was at, one time See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the chamber .