FARNESE  , the name of one of the most illustrious and powerful See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian families, which besides including eminent prelates, statesmen and warriors among its members, ruled the duchy of See also:

• PARMA

Parma for two centuries . The See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• HISTORY

history of the See also:

• FAMILY

family is involved in obscurity, but they are first heard of as lords of Farneto or Farnese, a See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle near the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake of See also:

• BOLSENA (anc. Volsinii)

Bolsena, and they played an important See also:

• PART

part as consuls and signori of See also:

• ORVIETO (anc. Volsinii (q.v.)

Orvieto . They seem to have always been Guelphs, and in the See also:

• CIVIL

civil broils of Orvieto they sided with the Monaldeschi See also:

• FACTION (through the French, from Lat. factio, a company of persons combined for action, facere, to do; from the other French derivative facon comes " fashion ")

faction againstthe Ghibelline Filippeschi . One Pietro Farnese commanded the papal armies under See also:

• PASCHAL (Paschalis)

Paschal II . (1099–1118); another Pietro led the Florentines to victory against the Pisans in 1363 . Ranuccio Farnese served See also:

• EUGENE

Eugene IV. so well that the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope endowed him with large fiefs, and is reported to have said, " The See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church is ours because Farnese has given it back to us." The family derived further advantages at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of Pope See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander VI., who was the See also:

• LOVER, SAMUEL (1797-1868)

lover of the beautiful Giulia Farnese, known as Giulia Bella, and created her See also:

• BROTHER

brother Alessandro a See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal (1493) . The latter was elected pope as See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul III. in 1534, and it is from that moment that the See also:

• GREAT

great importance of the family See also:

• DATES

dates . An unblushing nepotist, he alienated immense fiefs belonging to the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See in favour of his natural See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children . Of these the most famous was Pierluigi Farnese (1503_1547), who served in the papal See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army in various compaigns, but also took part in the See also:

• SACK

sack of See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome in 1527 . On his See also:

• FATHER

father's See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation to the papacy he was made See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of the Church, and received the duchy of See also:

• CASTRO, INEZ DE (d. 1355)
• CASTRO, JOAO DE (1500-1548)

Castro in the See also:

• MAREMMA (a corruption of Marittima, " situated on the sea ")

Maremma, besides See also:

• FRASCATI

Frascati, See also:

• NEPI (anc. Nepet or Nepete)

Nepi, Montalto and other fiefs . A shameless See also:

• RAKE (O.E. rata, cognate with Du. raak, Ger. Rechen, from a root meaning to scrape together, heap up)

rake and a See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of uncontrollable See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper, his See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre of the See also:

• PEOPLE

people of See also:

• PERUGIA (anc. Perusia)

Perugia after a See also:

• REBELLION

rebellion in 1540 and the unspeakable See also:

• OUTRAGE (through O. Fr. ultrage, oltrage, oultrage, from Lat. ultra, beyond, exceeding, cf. Ital. oltraggio; the meaning has been influenced by connexion with " rage," anger)

outrage he committed on the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• FANO (anc. Fanum Fortunae, q.v.)

Fano are typical of his See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . In 1545 his father conferred on him the duchy of Parma and See also:

• PIACENZA (Lat. Placentia)

Piacenza, which likewise belonged to the Holy See, and his See also:

• RULE

rule proved cruel and tyrannical .

He deprived the nobles of their privileges, and forced them to dwell in the tdwns, but to some extent he improved the conditions of the See also:

• LOWER

lower classes . Pierluigi being an uncompromising opponent of the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V., See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don Ferrante See also:

• GONZAGA
• GONZAGA, THOMAZ ANTONIO (1744-1809)

Gonzaga, the imperial See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan, was ever on the See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch for a pretext to deprive him of Piacenza, which the emperor greatly coveted . When the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke proceeded to build a castle in that See also:

• TOWN

town in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to overawe its inhabitants, the nobles were furiously indignant, and a See also:

• PLOT
• PLOT, ROBERT (164o-1696)

plot to See also:

• MURDER

murder him was organized by the See also:

• MARQUIS

marquis Anguissola and others with the support both of Gonzaga and of See also:

• ANDREA, GIOVANNI (1275-1348)

Andrea See also:

• DORIA, ANDREA (1466-156o)

Doria (q.v.), Charles's See also:

• ADMIRAL

admiral, who wished to be revenged on Pierluigi for the part he had played in the See also:

• FIESCO (DE' FIESCIII), GIOVANNI LUIGI (c. 1523–1547)

Fiesco See also:

• CONSPIRACY (from Lat. conspirare, literally to breathe together, to agree, combine, and especially to form a secret plot)

conspiracy (see FIEsco) . The See also:

• DEED (in O. Eng. dead, from the stem of the verb " to do ")

deed was done while the duke was superintending the See also:

• BUILDING

building of the above-mentioned citadel, and his See also:

• CORPSE (Lat. corpus, the body)

corpse was flung into the See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street (See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December loth, 1 547) . Piacenza was thereupon occupied by the imperialists . Pierluigi had several children, for all of whom Paul made generous See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision . One of them, Alessandro (1520–1589), was created cardinal at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of fourteen; he was a man of learning and See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic tastes, and lived with great splendour surrounded by scholars and artists, among whom were Annibal See also:

• CARO, ANNIBALE (1507-1566)
• CARO, ELME MARIE (1826-1887)

Caro, See also:

• PAOLO (GIROLAMO GASPARE)5 (1532-1600)

Paolo Giovio, See also:

• MONS (Flemish Bergen)

Mons . Della Casa, See also:

• BEMBO, PIETRO (1470—1547)

Bembo, See also:

• VASARI, GIORGIO (1511-1571)

Vasari, &c . It was he who completed the magnificent Farnese See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace in Rome . He displayed See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic ability on various See also:

• MISSIONS (Lat. missio, a sending)

missions to See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign courts, but failed to get elected to the papacy . See also:

• ORAZIO (c. 1565—1646)

Orazio, Pierluigi's third son, was made duke of Castro when his father became duke of Parma, and married Diane, a natural daughter of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry II. of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . Ottavio, the second son (1521-'586), married See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret, the natural daughter of Charles V. and widow of Alessandro de' See also:

• MEDICI
• MEDICI, GIACOMO (1817-1882)

Medici, at the age of fifteen, she being a See also:

• YEAR

year older; at first she disliked her youthful bridegroom, but when he returned wounded from the expedition to See also:

• ALGIERS (Fr. Alger, Arab. Jezair, i.e. The Islands)

Algiers in 1541 her aversion was turned to See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection (see MARGARET OF See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

AUSTRIA) .

Ottavio had been made See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord of See also:

• CAMERINO (anc. Camerinum)

Camerino in 1540, but he gave up that See also:

• FIEF

fief when his father became duke of Parma . When, on the murder of the latter in 1547, Piacenza was occupied by the imperialists, Paul determined to make an effort to regain the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city; he set aside Ottavio's claims to the See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of Parma, where he appointed a papal See also:

• LEGATE (Lat. legatus, past part. of legare, to send as deputy)
• LEGATE, BARTHOLOMEW (c. 1575-1612)

legate, giving him back Camerino in See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange, and then claimed Piacenza of the emperor, not for the Farnesi, but for the Church . But Ottavio would not be put ofi; he attempted to seize Parma by force, and having failed, entered into negotiations with Gonzaga . This unnatural rebellion on the part of one See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson, combined with the fact that it was supported by the other grandson, Cardinal Alessandro, hastened the pope's See also:

• DEATH

death, which occurred on the loth of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1549 . During the interregna, that followed Ottavio again tried to induce the governor of Parma to give up the city to him, but met with no better success; however, on the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of Giovan Maria Ciocchi (See also:

• JULIUS

Julius III.) the duchy was conferred on him (1551) . This did not end his See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel with the emperor, for Gonzaga refused to give up Piacenza and even threatened to occupy Parma, so that Ottavio was driven into the arms of France . Julius, who was anxious to be on See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good terms with Charles on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• TRENT
• TRENT (Lat. Tridentum; Ital. Trento; Ger. relent)
• TRENT, COUNCIL OF

Trent which was then sitting, ordered Farnese to See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand Parma over to the papal authorities once more, and on his refusal hurled censures and admonitions at his See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, and deprived him of his See also:

• ROMAN

Roman fiefs, while Charles did the same with regard to those in See also:

• LOMBARDY

Lombardy . A See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French army came to protect Parma, See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out, and Gonzaga at once laid See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege to the city . But the duke came to an arrangement with his father-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, by which he regained Piacenza and his other fiefs The See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of his See also:

• LIFE

life was spent quietly at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, where the moderation and See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom of his rule won for him the affection of his people . At his death in 1586 he was succeeded by his son Alessandro Farnese (1545-1592), the famous general of See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip II. of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, who spent the whole of his reign in the Flemish See also:

• WARS

wars . The first years of the reign of his son and successor Ranuccio I . (t569–1622), who had shown much spirit in a controversy with Pope See also:

• SIXTUS

Sixtus V., were uneventful, but in 1611 a conspiracy was formed against him by a See also:

• GROUP

group of discontented nobles supported by the See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes of See also:

• MODENA (ancient Mutina)

Modena and See also:

• MANTUA (Ital. Mantova)

Mantua .

The plot was discovered and the conspirators were barbarously punished, many being tortured and put to death, and their estates confiscated . Ranuccio was a reserved and gloomy See also:

• BIGOT

bigot; he instituted See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

savage persecutions against supposed witches and heretics, and lived in perpetual terror of plots . His eldest son Alessandro being See also:

• DEAF

deaf and dumb, the succession devolved on his second son Odoardo (1612–1646), who fought on the French See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side in the war against Spain . His failure to pay the See also:

• INTEREST

interest of the See also:

• MONEY

money borrowed in Rome, and the See also:

• DESIRE

desire of See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

Urban VIII. to obtain Castro for his relatives the See also:

• BARBERINI

Barberini (q.v.), resulted in a war between that pope and Odoardo . His son and successor Ranuccio II . (1630—1694) also had a war with the Holy See about Castro, which was eventually razed to the ground . His son See also:

• FRANCESCO
• FRANCESCO, 210

Francesco Maria (1678–1727) suffered from the wars between Spain and Austria, the latter's troops devastating his territory; but although this obliged him to See also:

• LEVY (Fr. levee, from lever, Lat. levare, to lift, raise)
• LEVY, AMY (1861–1889)
• LEVY, AUGUSTE MICHEL (1844– )

levy some burdensome taxes, he was a good ruler and practised See also:

• ECONOMY

economy in his See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration . Having no children, the succession devolved at his death on his brother See also:

• ANTONIO
• ANTONIO (1429—1498)
• ANTONIO, NICOLAS (1617-1684)

Antonio (1679–1731), who was also childless . The See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers had agreed that at the death of the latter the duchy should pass to Don See also:

• CARLOS, DON (1545-1568)
• CARLOS, DON (1788-1855)
• CARLOS, DON (CHARLES MARIA DE LOS DOLORES JUAN ISIDOR.E JOSEPH FRANCIS QUIRIN ANTONY MICHAEL GABRIEL RAPHAEL) (1848—1909)

Carlos of See also:

• BOURBON
• BOURBON, CHARLES, DUKE OF (149o-1527)

Bourbon, son of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King Philip V. of Spain by Elisabetta Farnese (1692-1766), granddaughter of Ranuccio II . Antonio died in 1731, and with him the See also:

• LINE

line of Farnese came to an end . The Palazzo Farnese in Rome, one of the finest specimens of Roman See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture, was begun under Paul III., while he was cardinal, by Antonio da See also:

• SAN

San Gallo, and completed by his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew Cardinal Alessandro under the direction of See also:

• MICHELANGELO (MICHELAGNIOLO BUONARROTI) (1475-1564)

Michelangelo (1526) . It was inherited by Don Carlos, afterwards king of See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples and Spain, and most of the pictures were removed to Naples .

It now contains the French See also:

• EMBASSY

embassy to the Italian See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, as well as the French school of Rome .