See also:

• FARS (the name Farsistan is not used)

FARS (the name Farsistan is not used)  , one of the five mamlikats (See also:

• GREAT

great provinces) of See also:

• PERSIA

Persia, extending along the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• SHORE

shore of the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian Gulf and bounded on the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west by See also:

• ARABISTAN (formerly KHUZISTAN)

Arabistan, on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north by See also:

• ISFAHAN (older form Ispahan)

Isfahan and on the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east by See also:

• KERMAN
• KERMAN (the ancient Karmania)

Kerman . It lies between 490 30' and 56° 10' E. and 26° 20' and 31° 45' N. and has an See also:

• AREA

area of nearly 6o,000 sq. m . See also:

• FARS (the name Farsistan is not used)

Fars is the same word as the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek See also:

• PERSIS (mod. Fars, q.v.)

Persis, and, originally the name of only a See also:

• PART

part of the Persian See also:

• EMPIRE

empire (See also:

• IRAN

Iran), has become the name which Europeans have applied to the whole (see PERSIS) . The See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province is popularly, but not for administrative purposes, divided according to See also:

• CLIMATE

climate into germsir and sardsir, or the warm and See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold regions . The former extends from the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea to the central See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of hills and contains all the lowlands and many mountainous districts, some of the latter rising to an See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of between 3000 and 4000 ft. and the sardsir comprises the remaining and northern districts of the province . In See also:

• ARRIAN (FLAvrus ARRIANUS)

Arrian's relation of the voyage of See also:

• NEARCHUS

Nearchus (Indica, 40), these two regions are well described . " The first part of Persis which lies along the Persian Gulf is hot, sandy and barren and only the date See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm thrives there . The other part comprehends inner Persis lying northwards; it enjoys a pleasant climate and has fertile and well-watered plains, gardens with trees of all kinds, See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich pasturages and forests abounding with See also:

• GAME

game; with the exception of the See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive all fruits are produced in profusion, particularly the See also:

• VINE

vine . Horses and other See also:

• DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught animals are reared in the province, and there are several lakes frequented by See also:

• WATER

water-See also:

• FOWL (Dan. Fugl, Ger. Vogel)

fowl, and streams of clear water flow through it, as for instance the Kyros (Kur) formed by the junction of the Medos and Araxes." The mountains of Fars may be considered as a continuation of the Zagros and run parallel to the shores of the Persian Gulf . They comprise several ranges which the roads from the sea to the interior have to See also:

• CROSS

cross at right angles, thereby rendering communication and transport very difficult . The highest of the mountains of Fars (14,000 ft.) is the Kuh Dina in the north-western part of the province . Of the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers of Fars only three important ones flow into the sea: (1) the Mand (Arrian's Sitakos), Karaaghach in its upper course; (2) the See also:

• SHAPUR (Pahlavi, Shahpuhre, " son of the king "; Greek Sapores, commonly Sapor)

Shapur or Khisht See also:

• RIVER

river (Granis); (3) the Tab (Oroatis) .

Some rivers, notably the Kur (Kyros, Araxes) which flows into the Bakhtegan See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake east of See also:

• SHIRAZ

Shiraz, drain into inland depressions or lakes . The See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the province is Shiraz, and the subdivision in districts, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief places of the districts and their estimated See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population, and the number of inhabited villages in each as they appear in lists dated 1884 and 19c,5 are shown on the following See also:

• PAGE
• PAGE, THOMAS NELSON (1853- )
• PAGE, WILLIAM (1811-1885)

page . Name of See also:

• DISTRICT

District . Chief See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

Place or Seat of Number of See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

Government. inhabited Villages in District . Name . Popula- tion . t See also:

• ABADEH

Abadeh Iklid . Abadeh 4,000 33 2 Abadeh-Tashk Tashk 600 8 3 Abarj Dashtek 2,000 6 4 Abbasi (1) Bander Abbasi 1 Bander Abbasi 10,000 14 and villages . (2) Issin and Tazian Issin 6 (3) Shamil . . Shamil 1,000 t8 (4) Moghistan . See also:

• ZIARAT (" a Mahommedan shrine ")

Ziarat to (5) Minab . Minab 4,000 23 5 Afzar .

. . . Nimdeh 12 6 `Alemrud . . Sabzpushan 1,000 16 7 Arb'ah (the four) (1) Deh Rud Deh See also:

• RAM
• RAM, PIERRE FRANCOIS XAVIER DE (18o4-1865)

Ram 1,500 19 (2) Deh Ram 8 (3) Hengam Ardakan 5,000 to (4) Rudbal Ardakan 9 Arsinjan Arsinjan 5,000 25 to See also:

• ASIR

Asir Asir 500 10 t i Baiza Baiza 2,000 55 12 Bidshahr and Juvim . Bidshahr 3,000 23 13 Bovanat Surian 500 23 14 See also:

• DARAB (originally DARABGERD)

Darab Darab 5,000 62 15 Dashti (I) Bardistan . Bander Dair 1,000 28 (2) Buluk Bushgan 18 (3) Mandistan . Kaki 1,500 40 (4) Tassuj Tang Bagh 500 1i (5) Shumbeh . . Shumbeh 15 t6 Dashtistan (1) Angali . . Haftjush to (2) Ahrom . . Ahrom 1,500 5 (3) Borazjan . . Borazjan 4,000 19 (4) Bushirel . . See also:

• BUSHIRE, or BANDER BUSHIRE

Bushire 25,000 20 (5) Daliki Daliki 1,500 7 (6) Gonavah . Gonavah 1,000 12 (7) Hayat Daud Bander Rig 1,000 6 (8) Khurmuj Khurmuj 1,000 5 (9) Rud See also:

• HILLAH

Hillah .

Kelat Sukhteh to (to) Shaban Kareh . Deh Kohneh 27 (t1) Tangistan . Tangistan 1,000 31 (12) Zengeneh . Salnal 750 4 (13) Zirah Zirah 6 17 Dizkurd . . . Cherkes 500 6 18 Famur Pagah 300 3 19 Ferrashband Ferrashband 1,000 14 20 See also:

• FESSA

Fessa Fessa 5,000 40 21 See also:

• FIRUZABAD

Firuzabad . . Firuzabad 4,000 20 22 Gillehdar Gillehdar 1,000 43 23 Humeh of Shiraz .Lerkan 1,000 89 24 Istahbanat Istahbanat .10,000 12 25 See also:

• JAHRUM

Jahrum . . Jahrum 1o,000 33 26 Jireh Ishfayikan 23 27 Kamfiruz . Palangeri 34 28 Kamin Kalilek n 29 Kazerun Kazerun 8,000 46 30 Kavar . Kavar 26 31 Kir and Karzin Kir 1,000 23 32 Khafr Khafr 1,000 41 33 Khajeh Zanjiran 500 15 34 Khisht Khisht 2,500 25 35 Khunj Khunj 1,500 27 36 Kongan . Bander Kongan 12 37 Kuh Gila and Beh- bahan See also:

• BEHBAHAN

Behbahan I0,000 182 38 Kurbal . . Gavkan 600 67 39 Kuh i Marreh Shikeft Shikeft 41 40 Kunkuri .

. . . Kazian 29 41 See also:

• LARISTAN

Laristan (1) See also:

• LAR

Lar . Lar 8,000 34 (2) Bikhah Ihsham . See also:

• BAIRAM

Bairam 1 (3) Bikhah Fal . Ishkenan To (4) Jehangiriyeh Bastak 4,000 30 (5) Shib Kuh . Bander Charak 36 (6) Fumistan or Gav- Gavbandi 13 bandi . . (7) Kauristan . Kauristan 4 (8) Lingah 1 . . Bander Lingah 10,000 II (9) Mazayijan . Mazayijan 6 42 See also:

• MAHAR

Mahar Milati Jemalgird 5 1 Are forming See also:

• SEPARATE

separate administrative See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of " Persian Gulf Ports . Name of District . Chief Place or Seat of Number of Government .

inhabited Villages in District . Name . Popula- tion . 43 See also:

• MAIMAND

Maimand . Maimand 5,000 14 44 Maliki . Bander Assalu 1,000 25 45 Mamasenni (Shulistan) (1) Bekesh 8 (2) Javidi or Javi 6 (3) Dushmanziaris i6 (4) Rustami KaPah See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

Sand 26 (5) Fahlian 7 (6) Kakan 5 46 I Mayin . Mayin 8 47 Mervast and See also:

• HERAT

Herat • Mervast 14 48 Mervdasht (I) Upper Khafrek 14 (2) See also:

• LOWER

Lower Khafrek Fathabad 1,250 16 (3) Mervdasht .22 49 _ See also:

• MURGHAB

Murghab 800 6 MeshhedMaderSuliman 5o See also:

• NIRIZ

Niriz . . . . Niriz 9,000 24 51 Ramjird Jashian 36 52 Rudan and Ahmedi . Dehbariz 21 53 Sabah (the seven) (1) Bivunj (Bivanej) Durz 14 (2) Hasanabad . Hasanabad 7 (3) See also:

• TAROM

Tarom . . Tarun 2,000 15 (4) Faraghan Faraghan 1,500 13 (5) Forg .

Forg 3,000 18 (6) Fin and Guhrah . Fin 13 54 (7) Gileh Gah (aban- Ziaret 1,000 u doped) Sarchahan 55 ' Sarhad Chahar Dungeh (i) Dasht U'an See also:

• KUSHK

Kushk Zard 31 (2) Dasht Ktosro va Shirin 56 (3) Dasht Khungasht (4) Dasht KushkZard Sarhad Shesh Nahiyeh (1) See also:

• PATINA (probably from the Latin word for a flat dish, from patere, to lie open; cf. " paten ")

Patina (See also:

• FOOT

foot of Khur 24 See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount Dina) . See also:

• HENNA

Henna (2) Henna . Samiram (3) Samiram . . Felard (4) Felard . . 57 (5) Vardasht . . Germabad 4,500 23 (6) Vank . . . . Vank Sarvistan . . . Sarvistan 58 Shiraz (See also:

• TOWN

town) in 1884 53,6072 59 Siyakh . . .

. Darinjan t3 6o Simian Duzeh 28 The above sixty districts are grouped into eighteen sub-provinces under See also:

• GOVERNORS

governors appointed by the See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of Fars, but the towns of Bushire, Lingah and Bander Abbasi, together with the villages in their immediate neighbourhood, See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a separate government known as that of the " Persian Gulf Ports " (Benadir i J(halij i Fars), under a governor appointed from See also:

• TEHERAN
• TEHERAN (more properly TEHRAN)

Teheran . The population of the province has been estimated at 750,000 and the yearly See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue it pays to the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state amounts to about f150,000 . Many districts are fertile, but some, particularly those in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-eastern part of the province, do not produce sufficient See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain for the requirements of the sparse population . In consequence of droughts, ravages of locusts and misgovernment by See also:

• LOCAL

local governors the province has been much impoverished and hundreds of villages are in ruins and deserted . About a third of the population is composed of turbulent and lawless nomads who, when on the See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march between their See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter and summer camping grounds, frequently render the roads insecure and occasionally See also:

• PLUNDER

plunder whole districts, leaving the inhabitants without means of subsistence . The province produces much See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat, See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

rice, See also:

• MILLET (Fr. millet; Ital. miglietto, diminutive of miglio= Lat. mille, a thousand, in allusion to its fertility)
• MILLET (or MILE), JEAN FRANCOIS (c. 1642–1679)
• MILLET, FRANCIS DAVIS (1846- )
• MILLET, JEAN FRANCOIS (1814–1875)

millet, See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton, but the authorities every now and then prohibiting the export of cereals, the See also:

• PEOPLE

people generally sow just as much as they think will suffice for their own wants . Much See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco of excellent quality, principally for See also:

• CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumere)

consumption in Persia, is also grown (especially in Fessa, Darab and Jahrom) and a considerable quantity of See also:

• OPIUM (Gr. amov, dim. from Orbs, juice)

opium, much of it for export to See also:

• CHINA

China, is produced . See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

Salt, See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime and See also:

• GYPSUM

gypsum are abundant . There are also some oil 2 Persian See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census in 1884; 25,284 See also:

• MALES

males, 28,323 See also:

• FEMALES

females . See also:

• WELLS
• WELLS, CHARLES JEREMIAH (1798?–1879)
• WELLS, DAVID AMES (1828—1898)
• WELLS, HERBERT GEORGE (1866— )
• WELLS, SIR THOMAS SPENCER, 1ST BART

wells at Daliki, near Bushire, but several attempts to tap the oil have been unsuccessful . There are no valuable See also:

• OYSTER

oyster-See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks in Persian See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters, and all the Persian Gulf pearls are obtained from banks on the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• ARABIA

Arabia and near Bahrein . (A .