See also:

• FAUNA

FAUNA AND  See also:

• FLORA

FLORA] See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands . In summer the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun has See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, and the temperature reaches oo° in the shade, with hot winds blowing from the interior . The See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather on the whole is remarkably dry . At See also:

• ADELAIDE
• ADELAIDE (Ger. Adelheid) (931-999)

Adelaide there are on an See also:

• AVERAGE

average 120 See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy days per annum, with a mean rainfall of 2o•88 in . The See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country is naturally very healthful, as See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of which may be mentioned that no great epidemic has ever visited the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . Western See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia has practically only two seasons, the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter or wet See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season, which commences in See also:

• APRIL

April and ends in See also:

• OCTOBER

October, and Western the summer or dry season, which comprises the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder Australia. of the See also:

• YEAR

year . During the wet season frequent and heavy rains fall, and thunderstorms, with See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp showers, occur in the summer, especially on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, which is some-times visited by hurricanes of great violence . In the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern and See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early-settled parts of the state the mean temperature is about 64°, but in the more See also:

• NORTHERN

northern portions the See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat is excessive, though the dryness of the See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere makes it preferable to moist tropical climates . The average rainfall at See also:

• PERTH
• PERTH, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Perth is 33 in. per annum . The See also:

• CLIMATE

climate of the Northern Territory is extremely hot, except on the elevated tablelands; altogether, the temperature of this See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent is very similar to that of northern See also:

• QUEENSLAND

Queensland, and the climate is not favourable to Europeans . The rainfall in the extreme north, especially in See also:

• JANUARY

January and See also:

• FEBRUARY

February, is very heavy, and the See also:

• ANNUAL

annual average along the coast is about 63 in . The whole of the See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula north of 15° S. has a rainfall considerably exceeding 4o in .

This region is backed by a See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt of about See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo m. wide, in which the rainfall is from 30 to 40 in., from which inwards the rainfall gradually declines until between Central See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount See also:

• STUART, ARABELLA (1575-1615)
• STUART, GILBERT (1755-x828)
• STUART, JAMES EWELL BROWN (1833-1864)
• STUART, JOHN
• STUART, MOSES (1780-1852)
• STUART, SIR JOHN, COUNT

Stuart and See also:

• MACDONNELL (or MACDONELL), ALESTAIR (i.e. Alexander) RUADH (c. 1725-1761)
• MACDONNELL, SORLEY BOY (c. 1505-1590)

Macdonnell ranges it falls to between 5 and to in . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna and Flora.—The origin of the fauna and flora of Australia has attracted considerable See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention . Much accumulated evidence, biological and See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological, has pointed to a southern See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, an eastern extension of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, and a western extension of Australia into the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian Ocean . The See also:

• COMPARATIVE

comparative richness of proteaceous See also:

• PLANTS

plants in Western Australia and South Africa first suggested a See also:

• COMMON

common source for these See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive types . Dr H . O . See also:

• FORBES
• FORBES, ALEXANDER PENROSE (1817-1875)
• FORBES, ARCHIBALD (1838-1900)
• FORBES, DAVID (1828--1876)
• FORBES, DUNCAN
• FORBES, EDWARD (1815—1854)
• FORBES, JAMES DAVID (1809—1868)
• FORBES, SIR JOHN (1787—1861)

Forbes See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew attention to a certain community amongst birds and other vertebrates, invertebrates, and amongst plants, on all the lands stretching towards the south See also:

• POLE (FAMILY)
• POLE, REGINALD (1500-1558)
• POLE, RICHARD DE LA (d. 1525)
• POLE, WILLIAM (1814—1900)

pole . A theory 'was therefore propounded that these known types were all derived from a continent which has been named Antarctica . The supposed continent extended across the south pole, practically joining Australia and South See also:

• AMERICA

America . Just as we have evidence of a former mild climate in the See also:

• ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

arctic regions, so a similar mild climate has been postulated for Antarctica . See also:

• MODERN

Modern naturalists consider that many of the problems of Australia's remarkable fauna and flora can be best explained by the following See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis:—The region now covered by the See also:

• ANTARCTIC
• ANTARCTIC (Gr. &vri, opposite, and apKTos, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

antarctic See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice-cap was in early See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary times favoured by a mild climate; here See also:

• LAY

lay an antarctic continent or See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

archipelago . From an See also:

• AREA

area corresponding to what is now South America there entered a fauna and flora, which, after undergoing modification, passed by way of See also:

• TASMANIA

Tasmania to Australia .

These immigrants then See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed, with some exceptions, into the See also:

• PRESENT

present Australian flora and fauna . This theory has advanced from the position of a disparaged See also:

• HERESY

heresy to See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance by leading thinkers . The See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery as fossil, in South America, of primitive or ancestral forms of marsupials has given it much support . One of these, Prothylacinus, is regarded as the forerunner of the marsupial See also:

• WOLF
• WOLF (Canis lupus)
• WOLF, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1759-1824)
• WOLF, HUGO (1860-1903)
• WOLF, JOSEPH (1820-1899)

wolf of Tasmania . An interesting See also:

• LINK

link between divergent marsupial families, still living in See also:

• ECUADOR (officially La Republica del Ecuador)

Ecuador, the Coenolestes, is another discovery of See also:

• RECENT

recent years . On the Australian See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side the fact that Tasmania is richest in marsupial types indicates the See also:

• GATE

gate by which they entered . It is not to be supposed that this antarctic See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element, to which See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor See also:

• TATE, JAMES (1771-1843)
• TATE, NAHUM (1652-1715)
• TATE, RALPH (1840-1901)
• TATE, SIR HENRY, BART

Tate has applied the name Euronotian, entered a See also:

• DESERT

desert barren of all See also:

• LIFE

life . Previous to its arrival Australia doubtless possessed considerable vegetation and a scanty fauna, chiefly invertebrate . At a comparatively recent date Australia received its third and newest constituent . The islands of Torres Strait have been shown to be the denuded remnant of a former extension of Cape See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York peninsula in North Queensland . Previous to the existence of the strait, and across its site, there poured into Australia a See also:

• WEALTH

wealth of Papuan forms . Along the Pacific slope of the Queensland See also:

• CORDILLERA

Cordillera these found in See also:

• SOIL

soil and climate a congenial See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home .

Among the plants the See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• BANANA

banana, See also:

• PEPPER
• PEPPER, WILLIAM (1843–1898)

pepper, See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

orange and See also:

• MANGOSTEEN (Garcinia Mangostana)

mangosteen, See also:

• RHODODENDRON

rhododendron, epiphytic See also:

• ORCHIDS

orchids and the See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm; among mammals the bats and947 rats; among birds the See also:

• CASSOWARY (Casuarius)

cassowary and See also:

• RIFLE

rifle birds; and among See also:

• REPTILES (Lat. Reptilia, creeping things, from reptilis; ref ere, to creep; Gr. Ep7rety, whence the term " herpetology," for the science dealing with them)

reptiles the See also:

• CROCODILE

crocodile and See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree See also:

• SNAKES

snakes, characterize this element . The numerous facts, geological, See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical and biological, which when linked together lend great support to this theory, have been well worked out in Australia by Mr See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles Hedley of the Australian Museum, See also:

• SYDNEY

Sydney . The See also:

• ZOOLOGY (from Gr. Nov, a living thing, and ?byos, theory)

zoology of Australia and Tasmania presents a very conspicuous point of difference from that of other regions of the globe, in the prevalence of non-placental See also:

• MAMMALIA (from Lat. mamma, a teat or breast)

mammalia . The vast Fauna. See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of the mammalia are provided with an See also:

• ORGAN

organ in the uterus, by which, before the See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth of their See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young, a vascular connexion is maintained between the embryo and the See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal . There are two orders, the See also:

• MARSUPIALIA
• MARSUPIALIA (from Lat. marsupium, a "pouch," or "bag")

Marsupialia and the See also:

• MONOTREMATA (a name referring to the single outlet for all the excretory channels of the body)

Monotremata, which do not possess this organ; both these are found in Australia, to which region indeed they are not absolutely confined . The geographical limits of the marsupials are very interesting . The opossums of America are marsupials, though not showing anomalies as great as kangaroos and bandicoots (in their feet), and Myrmecobius (in the number of See also:

• TEETH (O.E. Eel); plural of tooth, O.E. top)

teeth) . Except the opossums, no single living marsupial is known outside the Australian zoological region . The forms of life characteristic of India and the See also:

• MALAY

Malay peninsula come down to the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of See also:

• BALI

Bali . Bali is separated from See also:

• LOMBOK (called by the natives Sasak)

Lombok by a strait not more than 15 M. wide . Yet this narrow belt of See also:

• WATER

water is the boundary See also:

• LINE

line between the Australasian and the Indian regions . The zoological boundary passing through the Bali Strait is called " See also:

• WALLACE, ALFRED RUSSEL (1823— )
• WALLACE, LEWIS [LEW] (1827—1905)
• WALLACE, SIR RICHARD
• WALLACE, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1270-1305)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1768-1843)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1844-1897)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM VINCENT (1814-1865)

Wallace's line," after the eminent naturalist who was its discoverer .

He showed that not only as regards beasts, but also as regards birds, these regions are thus sharply limited . Australia, he pointed out, has no woodpeckers and no pheasants, which are widely-spread Indian birds . Instead of these it has See also:

• MOUND

mound-making turkeys, See also:

• HONEY (Chin. me ; Sansk. madhu, mead, honey; cf. A.S. medo, medu, mead; Gr. p Xt, in which 0 or b is changed into X; Lat. mel ; Fr. miel ; A.S. hung ; Ger. Honig)

honey-suckers, cockatoos and See also:

• BRUSH (from Fr. brosse, which, like the English word, means both the undergrowth of a wood and the instrument; if the word in both these meanings is ultimately the same, then the origin is from a bundle of brushwood used as a brush or broom, but this is h
• BRUSH, GEORGE DE FOREST (1855– )

brush-tongued lories, all of which are found nowhere else in the See also:

• WORLD

world . The marsupials constitute two-thirds of all the Australian See also:

• SPECIES

species of mammals . It is the well-known peculiarity of this See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order that the See also:

• FEMALE

female has a pouch or See also:

• FOLD

fold of skin upon her See also:

• ABDOMEN (a Latin word, either from abdere, to hide, or from a form adipomen, from adeps, fat)

abdomen, in which she can See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place the young for suckling within reach of her teats . The See also:

• OPOSSUM
• OPOSSUM, AUSTRALIAN
• OPOSSUM, RINGTAILED
• OPOSSUM, TASMANIAN (grey and black)

opossum of America is the only species out of See also:

• AUSTRALASIA

Australasia which is thus provided . Australia is inhabited by at least 1 Io different species of marsupials, which is about two-thirds of the known species; these have been arranged in five tribes, according to the See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food they eat, viz., the grass-eaters (kangaroos), the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root-eaters (wombats), the See also:

• INSECT

insect-eaters (bandicoots), the flesh-eaters (native See also:

• CATS, JACOB (1577-1660)

cats and rats), and the See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit-eaters (phalangers) . The See also:

• KANGAROO

kangaroo (Macropus) lives in droves in the open grassy plains . Several smaller forms of the same See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance are known as wallabies, and are common everywhere . The kangaroo and most of its congeners show an extraordinary disproportion of the See also:

• HIND

hind limbs to the fore part of the See also:

• BODY

body . The See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock wallabies again have See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short tarsi of the hind legs, with a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long pliable tail for climbing, like that of the tree kangaroo of New See also:

• GUINEA

Guinea, or that of the See also:

• JERBOA

jerboa . Of the larger kangaroos, which attain a See also:

• WEIGHT

weight of 200 lb and more, eight species are named, only one of which is found in Western Australia .

Fossil bones of See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct kangaroo species are met with; these kangaroos must have been of enormous See also:

• SIZE

size, twice or thrice that of any species now living . There are some twenty smaller species in Australia and Tasmania, besides the rock wallabies and the See also:

• HARE
• HARE, SIR JOHN (1844– )

hare kangaroos; these last are wonderfully See also:

• SWIFT
• SWIFT, JONATHAN (1667—1745)

swift, making clear jumps 8 or to ft. high . Other terrestrial marsupials are the See also:

• WOMBAT
• WOMBAT, KOALA

wombat (Phascolomys), a large, clumsy, burrowing animal, not unlike a See also:

• PIG
• PIG (a word of obscure origin, connected with the Low Ger. and Dut. word of the same meaning, bigge)

pig, which attains a weight of from 6o to too lb; the See also:

• BANDICOOT

bandicoot (Perameles), a See also:

• RAT (a word common to Teut. and Rom. languages; probably first adopted in Teut.; the ultimate origin is not known; Skeat suggests the root rad-, to scratch; cf. Ger. Ratte, Dan. rotte, Fr. rat, &c.)

rat-like creature whose depredations See also:

• ANNOY (like the French ennui, a word traced by etymologists to a Lat. phrase, in odio esse, to be " in hatred " or hateful of someone)

annoy the agriculturist; the native See also:

• CAT
• CAT, CIVET
• CAT, HOUSE

cat (Dasxurus), noted robber of the poultry yard; the Tasmanian wolf (Thylacinus), which preys on large See also:

• GAME

game; and the recently discovered Notoryctes, a small animal which burrows like a See also:

• MOLE
• MOLE, LOUIS MATHIEU, COMTE (1781—1855)
• MOLE, MATHIEU (1584—1656)

mole in the desert of the interior . Arboreal species include the well-known opossums (See also:

• PHALANGER

Phalanger) ; the extraordinary tree-kangaroo of the Queensland tropics; the flying See also:

• SQUIRREL
• SQUIRREL (Fr. ecureuil)

squirrel, which expands a membrane between the legs and arms, and by its aid makes long sailing jumps from tree to tree; and the native See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear (Phascolarctos), an animal with no See also:

• AFFINITIES

affinities to the bear, and having a long soft See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur and no tail . The Myrmecobius of Western Australia is a bushy-tailed See also:

• ANT
• ANT (O. Eng. aemete, from Teutonic a, privative, and maitan, cut or bite off, i.e. " the biter off "; aemete in Middle English became differentiated in dialect use to (mete, then amte, and so ant, and also to emete, whence the synonym " emmet," now only u

ant-eater about the size of a squirrel, and from its lineage and structure of more than passing See also:

• INTEREST

interest . It is, See also:

• MIVART, ST GEORGE JACKSON (1827-1900)

Mivart remarks, a survival of a very See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient state of things . It had ancestors in a flourishing See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition during the Secondary See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch . Its congeners even then lived in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, as is proved by the fact that their See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics have been found in the Stonesfield oolitic rocks, the deposition of which is separated from that which gave rise to the See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris Tertiary strata by an See also:

• ABYSS (Gr. as, privative, ,6u6QOs, bottom)

abyss of past See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time which we cannot venture to See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express even in thousands of years . We pass on to the other curious order of non-placental mammals,' that of the Monotremata, so called from the structure of their See also:

• ORGANS

organs of evacuation with a single orifice, as in birds . Their abdominal bones are like those of the marsupials; and they are furnished with pouches for their young, but have no teats, the See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk being distilled into their pouches from the mammary glands . Australia and Tasmania possess two animals of this order—the See also:

• ECHIDNA, or PORCUPINE

echidna, or spiny 948 ant-eater (hairy in Tasmania), and the See also:

• PLATYPUS

Platypus anatinus, the See also:

• DUCK

duck-billed water mole, otherwise named the Ornithorhynchus paradoxus . This See also:

• ODD (in middle English odde, from old Norwegian oddi, an angle of a triangle; the old Norwegian oddamann is used of the third man who gives a casting vote in a dispute)

odd animal is provided with a See also:

• BILL

bill or See also:

• BEAK (early forms beke and becke, from Fr. bec, late Lat. beccus, supposed to be a Gaulish word; the Celtic bec and beq, however, are taken from the English)

beak, which is not, like that of a See also:

• BIRD

bird, affixed to the See also:

• SKELETON

skeleton, but is merely attached to the skin and muscles .

Australia has no apes, monkeys or baboons, and no ruminant beasts . The comparatively few indigenous placental mammals, besides the See also:

• DINGO

dingo or wild See also:

• DOG

dog—which, however, may have come from the islands north of this continent—are of the See also:

• BAT

bat tribe and of the rodent or rat tribe . There are four species of large fruit-eating bats, called flying foxes, twenty of insect-eating bats, above twenty of See also:

• LAND

land-rats, and five of water-rats . The See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea produces three different See also:

• SEALS

seals, which often ascend See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers from the coast, and can live in lagoons of fresh water; many cetaceans, besides the " right See also:

• WHALE

whale " and sperm whale; and the See also:

• DUGONG

dugong, found on the northern shores, which yields a valuable medicinal oil . The birds of Australia in their number and variety of species may be deemed some See also:

• COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation for its poverty of mammals; yet it will not stand comparison in this respect with regions of Africa and South America in the same latitudes . The See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• SWAN (A. S. swan and swan, Icel. svanr, Du. zwaart, Ger. Schwan)
• SWAN, J
• SWAN, JOHN MACALLAN (1847-1910)
• SWAN, SIR JOSEPH WILSON (1828– )

swan was thought remarkable when discovered, as belying an old Latin See also:

• PROVERB (Lat. proverbium, from pro, forth, publicly, verbum, word; the Greek equivalent is irapolµia, from 7rapa, alongside, and oiµos, way, road, i.e. a wayside saying; Ger. Sprichwort)

proverb . There is also a See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• EAGLE (Fr. aigle, from the Lat. aquila)

eagle . The See also:

• VULTURE

vulture is wanting . Sixty species of parrots, some of them very handsome, are found in Australia The emu corresponds with the See also:

• AFRICAN

African and Arabian See also:

• OSTRICH

ostrich, the See also:

• RHEA

rhea of South America, and the cassowary of the See also:

• MOLUCCAS, or SPICE ISLANDS

Moluccas and New Guinea . In New See also:

• ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand this See also:

• GROUP

group is represented by the apteryx, as it formerly was by the gigantic See also:

• MOA

moa, the remains of which have been found likewise in Queensland . The graceful Menura superba, or See also:

• LYRE (Gr. Xupa)

lyre-bird, with its tail feathers spread in the shape of a lyre, is a very characteristic See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form . The mound-raising megapodes, the See also:

• BOWER, WALTER (1385-1449)

bower-See also:

• BUILDING

building satin-birds, and several others, display See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar habits .

The honey-eaters present a great diversity of plumage . There are also many kinds of game birds, pigeons, ducks, geese, plovers and quails . The See also:

• ORNITHOLOGY

ornithology of New South See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales and Queensland is more varied and interesting than that of the other provinces . As for reptiles, Australia has a few tortoises, all of one See also:

• FAMILY

family, and not of great size . The " leathery turtle," which is herbivorous, and yields abundance of oil, has been caught at sea off the See also:

• ILLAWARRA

Illawarra coast so large as 9 ft. in length . The saurians or lizards are numerous, chiefly on dry sandy or rocky ground in the tropical region . The great crocodile of Queensland has been known to attain a length of 30 ft.; there is a smaller one about 6 ft. in length to be met with in the shallow lagoons of the interior of the Northern Territory . Lizards occur in great profusion and variety . The See also:

• MONITOR (from Lat. monere, to warn, advise)

monitor, or See also:

• FORK (Lat. furca)

fork-tongued See also:

• LIZARD (Lat. lacertal)

lizard, which burrows in the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, climbs and swims, is said to grow to a length of 8 to 9 ft . This species and many others do not extend to Tasmania . The monitor is popularly known as the goanna, a name derived from the See also:

• IGUANA

iguana, an entirely different animal . There are about twenty kinds of See also:

• NIGHT

night-lizards, and many which hibernate .

One species can utter a cry when pained or alarmed, and the tall-See also:

• STANDING

standing frilled lizard can lift its forelegs, and squat or See also:

• HOP (Ger. Hopfen, Fr. houblon)

hop like a kangaroo . There is also the See also:

• MOLOCH, or MOLECH (in Hebrew, with the doubtful exception of i Kings xi. 7, always " the Molech ")

Moloch horridus of South and Western Australia, covered with tubercles bearing large spines, which give it a very See also:

• STRANGE, SIR ROBERT (1721-1792)

strange aspect . This and some other lizards have power to See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change their See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, not only from See also:

• LIGHT

light to dark, but over some portions of their bodies, from yellow to See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey or red . Frogs of many kinds are plentiful, the brilliant See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green frogs being especially conspicuous and noisy . Australia is See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in snakes, and has more than a See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred different kinds . Most of these are venomous, but all are not equally dreaded . Five rather common species are certainly deadly—the See also:

• DEATH

death See also:

• ADDER

adder, the See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown, the black, the superb and the See also:

• TIGER
• TIGER (Felis tigris)

tiger snakes . During the colder months these reptiles remain in a torpid state . No certain cure has been or is likely to be discovered for their See also:

• POISON

poison, but in less serious cases See also:

• STRYCHNINE

strychnine has been used with See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage . In tropical See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters a sea snake is found, which, though' very poisonous, rarely bites . Among the inoffensive species are counted the graceful green " tree snake," which pursues frogs, birds and lizards to the topmost branches of the See also:

• FOREST

forest; also several species of pythons, the commonest of which is known as the See also:

• CARPET

carpet snake . These great reptiles may attain a length of to ft.; they feed on small animals which they crush to death in their folds .

The Australian seas are inhabited by many fishes of the same genera as exist in the southern parts of See also:

• ASIA

Asia and Africa . Of those peculiar to Australian waters may be mentioned the arripis, represented by what is called among the colonists a See also:

• SALMON
• SALMON, GEORGE (1819-1904)

salmon See also:

• TROUT (Salmo trutta)

trout . A very See also:

• FINE

fine fresh-water See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish is the See also:

• MURRAY
• MURRAY (or MORAY), EARLS OF
• MURRAY (or MORAY), JAMES STUART, EARL OF (c. 1531-1570)
• MURRAY (or MORAY), SIR ROBERT (c. 1600-1673)
• MURRAY, ALEXANDER STUART (1841-1904)
• MURRAY, DAVID (1849– )
• MURRAY, EUSTACE CLARE GRENVILLE (1824–1881)
• MURRAY, JAMES (c. 1719-1794)
• MURRAY, JOHN
• MURRAY, JOHN (1778–1820)
• MURRAY, LINDLEY (1745–1826)
• MURRAY, LORD GEORGE (1694–1760)
• MURRAY, SIR JAMES AUGUSTUS HENRY (1837– )
• MURRAY, SIR JOHN (1841– )

Murray See also:

• COD

cod, which sometimes weighs too lb; and the See also:

• GOLDEN

golden See also:

• PERCH (through Fr. from Lat. perca, Gr. 7rEpKo; the last word is connected with 2repev6r, dark-coloured, spotted)
• PERCH (through Fr. perche from Lat. pertica, a pole or rod used for measurement)

perch, found in the same See also:

• RIVER

river, has rare beauty of colour . Among the sea fish, the schnapper is of great value as an See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article of food, and its weight comes up to 50 lb . This is the Pagrus unicolor, of the family of Sparidae, which includes also the See also:

• BREAM (Abramis)

bream . Its See also:

• COLOURS, MILITARY

colours are beautiful, See also:

• PINK

pink and red with a silvery See also:

• GLOSS, GLOSSARY

gloss; but the male as it grows old takes on a singular deformity of the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, with a swelling in the shape of a monstrous human-like See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose . These fish frequent rocky shoals off the eastern coast and are caught in See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers outside See also:

• PORT

Port See also:

• JACKSON
• JACKSON, ANDREW (1767-1845)
• JACKSON, CYRIL (1746-1819)
• JACKSON, FREDERICK GEORGE (186o– )
• JACKSON, HELEN MARIA (1831–1885)
• JACKSON, MASON (c. 1820-1903)
• JACKSON, THOMAS (1579-1640)
• JACKSON, THOMAS JONATHAN (1824-1863)
• JACKSON, WILLIAM (1730-1803)

Jackson for the Sydney See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market . Two species of See also:

• MACKEREL

mackerel, differing some-what from the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European species, are also caught on the coasts . The so-called red See also:

• GARNET
• GARNET, or GARNETT, HENRY (1555—1606)

garnet, a See also:

• PRETTY

pretty fish, with hues of carmineand See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue stripes on its head, is much esteemed for the table . The Trigla[FAUNA AND FLORA polyommata, or flying garnet, is a greater beauty, with its body of See also:

• CRIMSON

crimson and See also:

• SILVER

silver, and its large See also:

• PECTORAL

pectoral fins, spread like wings, of a rich green, bordered with See also:

• PURPLE

purple, and relieved by a black and white spot . See also:

• WHITING
• WHITING (Gadus merlangus)

Whiting, See also:

• MULLET

mullet, gar-fish, rock cod and many others known by See also:

• LOCAL

local names, are in the lists of edible fishes belonging to New South Wales and See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria . Oysters abound on the eastern coast, and on the shelving See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of a vast extent of the northern coast the See also:

• PEARL
• PEARL, THE

pearl See also:

• OYSTER

oyster is the source of a considerable See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry .

Two existing fishes may be mentioned as ranking in interest with the Myrmecobius (ant-eater) in the eyes of the naturalist . These are the Ceratodus Forsteri and the Port Jackson See also:

• SHARK

shark . The " mud-fish " of Queensland (Ceratodus Forsteri) belongs to an ancient order of fishes—the Dipnoi, only a few species of which have survived from past geological periods . The Dipnoi show a distinct transition between fishes and See also:

• AMPHIBIA

amphibia . So far the mud-fish has been found only in the See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary and the See also:

• BURNETT, FRANCES ELIZA HODGSON (1849– )

Burnett rivers . Hardly of less scientific interest is the Port Jackson shark (Heterodonius) . It is a harmless helmeted ground-shark, living on molluscs, and almost the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole survivor of a genus abundant in the Secondary rocks of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . The eastern parts of Australia are very much richer both in their See also:

• BOTANY (from Gr. l3or6v17, plant; ,66vicety, to graze)

botany and in their zoology than any of the other parts . This is due in part to the different See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical conditions there prevail- Flora. See also:

• ING

ing and in part to the invasion of the north-eastern portion of the continent by a number of plants characteristically Melanesian . This element was introduced via Torres Strait, and spread down the Queensland coast to portions of the New South Wales littoral, and also See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the Gulf of See also:

• CARPENTARIA, GULF OF

Carpentaria, but has never been able to obtain a hold in the more arid interior . It has so completely obliterated the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original flora, that a Queensland coast See also:

• JUNGLE (Sans. jangala)

jungle is almost an exact replication of what may be seen on the opposite shores of the straits, in New Guinea . This wealth of plant life is confined to the littoral and the coastal valleys, but the central valleys and the plateaux have, if not a varied flora, a considerable wealth of See also:

• TIMBER

timber trees in every way See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior to the flora inland in the same latitudes .

In the interior there is little change in the general aspect of the vegetation, from the Australian See also:

• BIGHT (O. Eng. bight, bend; cf. Ger. Bucht, a bay, and beugen, to bend)

Bight to the region of Carpentaria, where the See also:

• EXOTIC (Gr. EWTIK6s, foreign, from few, outside)

exotic element begins . Behind the luxuriant jungles of the sub-tropical coast, once over the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main range, we find the purely Australian flora with its apparent sameness and sombre dulness . Physical surroundings rather than See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude deter-mine the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the flora . The See also:

• CONTOUR

contour lines showing the heights above sea-level are the directions along which species spread to form zones . Putting aside the exotic vegetation of the north and See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east coast-line, the Australian See also:

• BUSH

bush gains its peculiar character from the prevalence of the so-called See also:

• GUM (Fr. gomme, Lat. gommi, Gr. Kµµ1, possibly a Coptic word; distinguish " gum," the fleshy covering of the base of a tooth, in O. Eng. gbma, palate, cf. Ger. Gaumen, roof of the mouth; the ultimate origin is probably the root gha, to open wide, seen in

gum-trees (See also:

• EUCALYPTUS

Eucalyptus) and the acacias, of which last there are 300 species, but the eucalypts above all are everywhere . Dwarfed eucalypts fringe the tree-limit on Mount See also:

• KOSCIUSCO

Kosciusco, and the soakages in the parched interior are indicated by a line of the same trees, stunted and straggling . Over the vast continent from See also:

• WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813)
• WILSON, HENRY (1812–1875)
• WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786–1860)
• WILSON, JAMES (1742—1798)
• WILSON, JAMES (1835— )
• WILSON, JAMES HARRISON (1837– )
• WILSON, JOHN (1627-1696)
• WILSON, JOHN (178 1854)
• WILSON, ROBERT (d. 1600)
• WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816–1892)
• WILSON, SIR ROBERT THOMAS (1777—1849)
• WILSON, SIR WILLIAM JAMES ERASMUS
• WILSON, THOMAS (1663-1755)
• WILSON, THOMAS (c. 1525-1581)
• WILSON, WOODROW (1856— )

Wilson's Promontory to Cape York, north, south, east and west—where anything can grow—there will be found a gum-tree . The eucalypts are remarkable for the oil secreted in their leaves, and the large quantity of astringent See also:

• RESIN (through O.Fr. resine, modern reline, from Lat. resina, prcbably Latinized from Greek Pirivrt, resin)

resin of their bark . This resinous exudation (Kino) somewhat resembles gum, hence the name " gum " tree . It will not dissolve in water as gums do, but it is soluble in See also:

• ALCOHOL

alcohol, as resin usually is . Many of the gum-trees throw off their bark, so that it hangs in long dry strips from the See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk and branches, a feature See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar in " bush " pictures . The bark, resin and " See also:

• OILS (adopted from the Fr. oile, mod. huile, Lat. oleum, olive oil)

oils " of the eucalyptus are well known as commercial products .

As early as 1866, tannic See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid, gallic acid, See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood spirit, acetic acid, essential oil and eucalyptol were produced from various species of eucalyptus, and researches made by Australian chemists, notably by Messrs . See also:

• BAKER, HENRY (1698-1774)
• BAKER, SIR BENJAMIN (1840-1907)
• BAKER, SIR RICHARD