See also:

• PIERRE

PIERRE DE See also:

• PIERRE DE FERMAT (1601-1665)

FERMAT (1601-1665)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French mathematician, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 17th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 16or, at See also:

• BEAUMONT
• BEAUMONT, BELMONT, or BELLOMONT
• BEAUMONT, CHRISTOPHE DE (1703-1781)
• BEAUMONT, SIR JOHN (1583–1627)

Beaumont-de-Lomagne near See also:

• MONTAUBAN
• MONTAUBAN, ARTHUR DE (d. 1479)

Montauban . While still See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young, he, along with Blaise See also:

• PASCAL, BLAISE (1623-1662)
• PASCAL, JACQUELINE (1625-T661)

Pascal, made some discoveries in regard to the properties of See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers, on which he afterwards built his method of calculating probabilities . He discovered a simpler method of quadrating parabolas than that of See also:

• ARCHIMEDES (c. 287–212 B.C.)
• ARCHIMEDES, SCREW OF

Archimedes, and a method of finding the greatest and the smallest ordinates of curved lines analogous to that of the then unknown See also:

• DIFFERENTIAL

differential calculus . His See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• WORK

work De maximis et minimis brought him into conflict with Rene See also:

• DESCARTES, RENE (1596-1650)

Descartes, but the dispute was chiefly due to a want of explicitness in the statement of See also:

• FERMAT, PIERRE DE (1601-1665)

Fermat (see INFINITESIMAL CAL-cutus) . His brilliant researches in the theory of numbers entitle him to See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank as the founder of the See also:

• MODERN

modern theory . They origin-ally took the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of marginal notes in a copy of Bachet's See also:

• DIOPHANTUS

Diophantus, and were published in 1670 by his son See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel, who incorporated them in a new edition of this See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek writer . Other theorems were published in his See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

Opera See also:

• VARIA (mod. Vicovaro)

Varia, and in See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• WALLIS, JOHN (1616-1703)

Wallis's Commercium epistolicum (1658) . He died in the belief that he had found a relation which every See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime number must satisfy, namely 223+1= a prime . This was afterwards disproved by Leonhard See also:

• EULER, LEONHARD (1707-1783)

Euler for the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case when n= 5 . Fermat's Theorem, if p is prime and a is prime to p then a P-1-1 is divisible by p, was first given in a See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter of 164o . Fermat's Problem is that x"+y"=z" is impossible for integral values of x, y and z when n is greater than 2 . Fermat was for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time councillor for the See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament of See also:

• TOULOUSE
• TOULOUSE, LOUIS ALEXANDRE DE BOURBON, COUNT OF (1678-1737)

Toulouse, and in the See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge of the duties of that See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office he was distinguished both for legal knowledge and for strict integrity of conduct .

Though the sciences were the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• OBJECTS

objects of his private studies, he was also an accomplished See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar and an excellent linguist . He died at Toulouse on the 12th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1665 . He See also:

• LEFT

left a son, Samuel de Fermat (163o-169o) who published See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations of several Greek authors and wrote certain books on See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law in addition to editing his See also:

• FATHER

father's See also:

• WORKS

works . The Opera mathematica of Fermat were published at Toulouse, in 2 vols. See also:

• FOLIO (properly the ablative case of the Lat. folium, leaf, but also frequently an adaptation of the Ital. foglio)

folio, 167o and 1679 . The first contains the " See also:

• ARITHMETIC (Gr. apeOµ7run7, sc. TEXVn, the art of counting, from (ipLBµos, number)

Arithmetic of Diophantus," with notes and additions . The second includes a " Method for the See also:

• QUADRATURE (from Lat. quadratura, a making square)

Quadrature of Parabolas," and a See also:

• TREATISE

treatise " on See also:

• MAXIMA

Maxima and Minima, on Tangents, and on Centres of Gravity," containing the same solutions of a variety of problems as were after-wards incorporated into the more extensive method of fluxions by See also:

• NEWTON
• NEWTON, ALFRED (1829–1907)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1725-1807)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1823-1895)
• NEWTON, SIR CHARLES THOMAS (1816-1894)
• NEWTON, SIR ISAAC (1642-1727)

Newton and See also:

• LEIBNITZ (LEIBNIZ), GOTTFRIED WILHELM

Leibnitz . In the same See also:

• VOLUME

volume are See also:

• TREATISES

treatises on "Geometric Loci, or Spherical Tangencies," and on the " Rectification of Curves," besides a restoration of " See also:

• APOLLONIUS

Apollonius's See also:

• PLANE

Plane Loci," together with the author's See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence addressed to Descartes, Pascal, See also:

• ROBERVAL, GILLES PERSONNE (or PERSONIER) DE (1602-1675)

Roberval, See also:

• HUYGENS, CHRISTIAAN (1629-1695)
• HUYGENS, SIR CONSTANTIJN (1596-1687)

Huygens and others . The fEuvres of Fermat have been re-edited by P . Tannery and C . See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1891–1894) . See See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul Tannery, ' Sur la date See also:

• DES

des principales decouvertes de Fermat," in the Bulletin Darboux (1883) ; and " See also:

• LES

Les Manuscrits de Fermat," in the Annales de la faculte des lettres de See also:

• BORDEAUX

Bordeaux .