FERNANDINA  , a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, a See also:

• PORT

port of entry, and the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county-seat of See also:

• NASSAU

Nassau ccunty, See also:

• FLORIDA

Florida, U.S.A., a See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter and summer resort, in the N.E. See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, 36 m . N.E. of See also:

• JACKSONVILLE

Jacksonville, on Amelia See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island (about 22 M. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and from z m. to 11 m. wide), which is separated from the mainland by an See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm of the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, known as Amelia See also:

• RIVER

river and See also:

• BAY

bay . Pop . (1900) 3245; (1905, state See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census), 4959 (2957 negroes); (1910) 348.2 . Fernandina is served by the Seaboard See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

Air See also:

• LINE

Line railway, and by steamship lines connecting with domestic and See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign ports; its See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour, which has the deepest See also:

• WATER

water on the E. See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of Florida, opens on the N. to See also:

• CUMBERLAND
• CUMBERLAND, DUKES AND EARLS OF
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1632-1718)
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1732-1811)
• CUMBERLAND, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS

Cumberland See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

Sound, which was improved by the Federal See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, beginning in 1879, reducing See also:

• FREIGHT, (pronounced like " weight "; derived from the Dutch vracht or vrecht, in Fr. fret, the Eng. " fraught " being the same word, and formerly used for the same thing, but now only as an adjective= " laden ")

freight rates at Fernandina by 25 to 40% . Under an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of 1907 the channel of Fernandina harbour, 1300 ft. wide at the entrance and about 2 m. long, was dredged to a See also:

• DEPTH

depth of 20 to 24 ft. at mean See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low water with a width of 400 to boo ft . The " inside " water-route between See also:

• SAVANNAH

Savannah, See also:

• GEORGIA

Georgia and Fernandina is improved by the Federal government (1892 sqq.) and has a 7-ft. channel . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal places of See also:

• INTEREST

interest are " Amelia See also:

• BEACH

Beach," more than 20 m. long and 200 ft. wide, connected with the city by a compact See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell road nearly 2 M. long and by electric line; the Amelia Island See also:

• LIGHT

light-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, in the N. end of the island, established in 1836 and re-built in 188o; Fort Clinch, at the entrance to the harbour; Cumberland Island, in Georgia, N. of Amelia Island, where See also:

• LAND

land was granted to See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General See also:

• NATHANAEL

Nathanael See also:

• GREENE, GEORGE WASHINGTON (1811-1883)
• GREENE, MAURICE (1695-1755)
• GREENE, NATHANAEL (1742-1786)
• GREENE, ROBERT (c. 1560-1592)

Greene after the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War of See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

Independence by the state of Georgia; and See also:

• DUNGENESS

Dungeness, the See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate of the See also:

• CARNEGIE
• CARNEGIE, ANDREW (1837– )

Carnegie See also:

• FAMILY

family . Ocean City, on Amelia Beach, is a popular See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure resort . The principal See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries are the manufacture of See also:

• LUMBER

lumber, See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton, See also:

• PALMETTO

palmetto See also:

• FIBRES
• FIBRES (or FIBERS, in American spelling; from Lat. fibra, apparently connected either with filum, thread, or findere, to split)

fibres, and cigars, the See also:

• CANNING, CHARLES JOHN, EARL (1812-1862)
• CANNING, GEORGE (1770-1827)

canning of oysters, and the See also:

• BUILDING

building and repair of railway cars . The foreign exports, chiefly lumber, railway ties, cotton, phosphate See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock, and See also:

• NAVAL

naval stores, were valued at $9,346,704 in 1907; and the imports in 1907 at $116,514 . The harbour of Fernandina was known to the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early explorers of Florida, and it was here that See also:

• DOMINIC, SAINT (1170-1221)

Dominic de Gourgues landed when he made his expedition against the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish at See also:

• SAN

San Mateo in 1568 .

An See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• MISSION

mission was established by Spanish priests later in the same See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, but it was not successful . When Georgia was founded, General See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• OGLETHORPE, JAMES EDWARD (1696—1785)

Oglethorpe placed a military guard on Amelia Island to prevent sudden attack upon his See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony by the Spanish, and the first See also:

• BLOOD

blood See also:

• SHED

shed in the See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty warfare between Georgia and Florida was the See also:

• MURDER

murder of two unarmed members of the guard by a See also:

• TROOP (an adaptation of Fr. troupe, O. Fr. trope; cf. Ital. troppa, troppa; Med. Lat. truppus; the origin is doubtful; suggestions have been made that it represents a German conception of Latin turba, crowd, or is an adaptation of Norw. tarp, flock)

troop of Spanish soldiers and See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians in 1739 . The first permanent See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement was made by the Spanish in 18o8, at what is now the See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Old Fernandina, about 1 m. from the city . The island was a centre for See also:

• SMUGGLING

smuggling during the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of the See also:

• EMBARGO (a Spanish word meaning " stoppage ")

embargo and non-importation acts preceding the war of 1812 . This was the pretext for General See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• MATTHEWS, STANLEY (1824-1889)

Matthews (1738–1812) to gather a See also:

• BAND

band of adventurers at St See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary's, Georgia, invade the island, and See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture Fernandina in 1812 . In the following See also:

• YEAR

year the American forces were with-See also:

• DRAWN

drawn . In 1817 Gregor See also:

• MACGREGOR, JOHN [" Roc RoY "] (1825-1892)

MacGregor, a See also:

• FILIBUSTER

filibuster who had aided the Spanish provinces of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AMERICA

America in their revolt against See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, fitted out an expedition in See also:

• BALTIMORE
• BALTIMORE, GEORGE CALVERT, 1ST BARON (C. 1580—1632)

Baltimore and seized Fernandina, but departed soon after . Later in the same year See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis Aury, another adventurer, appeared with a small force from See also:

• TEXAS

Texas, and took See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in the name of the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic of See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico . In the following year Aury was expelled by See also:

• UNITED

United States troops, who held Fernandina in See also:

• TRUST

trust for Spain until Florida was finally ceded to the United States in 1821 . Fernandina was first incorporated in 1859 . In 1861 Fort Clinch was seized by the Confederates, and Fernandina harbour was a centre of See also:

• BLOCKADE
• BLOCKADE (Fr. blocus, Ger. Blokade)

blockade See also:

• RUNNING

running in the first two years of the See also:

• CIVIL

Civil War . In 1862 the place was captured by a Federal naval force from Port Royal, South Carolina, commanded by See also:

• COMMODORE (a form of " commander"; in the 17th century the term " commandore " is used)

Commodore S .

F . Du See also:

• PONT (or KYLPONT), ROBERT (1524–1606)

Pont .