See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

JAMES See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

FREDERICK See also:

• FERRIER, ARNAUD DU (c. 1508-1585)
• JAMES FREDERICK FERRIER (1808-1864)
• FERRIER, PAUL (1843– )
• FERRIER, SUSAN EDMONSTONE (1782–1854)

FERRIER (1808-1864)  , Scottish metaphysical writer, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh on the 16th of See also:

• JUNE

June 18o8, the son of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• FERRIER, ARNAUD DU (c. 1508-1585)
• FERRIER, JAMES FREDERICK (1808-1864)
• FERRIER, PAUL (1843– )
• FERRIER, SUSAN EDMONSTONE (1782–1854)

Ferrier, writer to the signet . His See also:

• MOTHER

mother was a See also:

• SISTER

sister of John See also:

• WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813)
• WILSON, HENRY (1812–1875)
• WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786–1860)
• WILSON, JAMES (1742—1798)
• WILSON, JAMES (1835— )
• WILSON, JAMES HARRISON (1837– )
• WILSON, JOHN (1627-1696)
• WILSON, JOHN (178 1854)
• WILSON, ROBERT (d. 1600)
• WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816–1892)
• WILSON, SIR ROBERT THOMAS (1777—1849)
• WILSON, SIR WILLIAM JAMES ERASMUS
• WILSON, THOMAS (1663-1755)
• WILSON, THOMAS (c. 1525-1581)
• WILSON, WOODROW (1856— )

Wilson (See also:

• CHRISTOPHER, SAINT (Christophorus, Christoferus)

Christopher See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North) . He was educated at the university of Edinburgh and Magdalen See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, and subsequently, his metaphysical tastes having been fostered by his intimate friend, See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• HAMILTON
• HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
• HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
• HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
• HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
• HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
• HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
• HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
• HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
• HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
• HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
• HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)

Hamilton, spent some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time at See also:

• HEIDELBERG

Heidelberg studying See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy . In 1842 he was appointed See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• HISTORY

history in Edinburgh University, and in 1845 professor of moral philosophy and See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• ECONOMY

economy at St See also:

• ANDREWS, JAMES PETTIT (c. 1737–1797)
• ANDREWS, THOMAS (1813–1885)

Andrews . He was twice an unsuccessful See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate for chairs in Edinburgh, for that of moral philosophy on Wilson's resignation in 1852, and for that of See also:

• LOGIC (Xoy1K7, sc. rixvrt, the art of reasoning)

logic and See also:

• METAPHYSICS
• METAPHYSICS, or METAPHYSIC (from Gr. /sera, after, d v med, things of nature, lots, i.e. the natural universe)

metaphysics in 1856, after Hamilton's See also:

• DEATH

death . He remained at St Andrews till his death on the 11th of June 1864 . He married his See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin, See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne, daughter of John Wilson . He had five See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, one of whom became the wife of Sir See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

Grant . Ferrier's first contribution to metaphysics was a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of articles in See also:

• BLACKWOOD, WILLIAM (1776-1834)

Blackwood's See also:

• MAGAZINE

Magazine (1838–1839), entitled An Introduction to the Philosophy of Consciousness . In these he condemns previous philosophers for ignoring in their psycho-logical investigations the fact of consciousness, which is the distinctive feature of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, and confining their observation to the so-called " states of the mind." Consciousness comes into manifestation only when the man has used the word " I " with full knowledge of what it means . This notion he must originate within himself . Consciousness cannot See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring from the states which are its See also:

• OBJECT

object, for it is in antagonism to them .

It originates in the will, which in the See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of consciousness puts the " I " in the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of our sensations . Morality, See also:

• CONSCIENCE (Lat. con-scientia, literally " knowledge of a thing shared with another person " or " complete knowledge," and derivatively " consciousness in general)
• CONSCIENCE, HENDRIK (1812-1883)

conscience, and responsibility are necessary results of consciousness . These articles were succeeded by a number of others, of which the most important were The Crisis of See also:

• MODERN

Modern See also:

• SPECULATION

Speculation (1841), See also:

• BERKELEY
• BERKELEY, GEORGE (1685–1753)
• BERKELEY, MILES JOSEPH (1803-1889)
• BERKELEY, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1608-1677)

Berkeley and See also:

• IDEALISM (from Gr. i5Ea, archetype or model, through been urged of the truth of its point of view is the persistency Fr. idealisme)

Idealism (1842), and an important examination of Hamilton's edition of See also:

• REID, ROBERT (1862– )
• REID, SIR GEORGE (1841- )
• REID, SIR ROBERT GILLESPIE (184o-19o8)
• REID, SIR WILLIAM (1791-1858)
• REID, THOMAS (1710-1796)
• REID, THOMAS MAYNE (1818-1883)
• REID, WHITELAW (1837- )

Reid (1847), which contains a vigorous attack on the philosophy of See also:

• COMMON

common sense . The See also:

• PERCEPTION (from Lat. percipere, to perceive)

perception of See also:

• MATTER

matter is pronounced to be the ne plus ultra of thought, and Reid, for presuming to analyse it, is declared to be a representationist in fact, although he professed to be an intuitionist . A distinction is made between the " perception of matter " and " our See also:

• APPREHENSION (Lat. ad, to; prehendere, to seize)

apprehension of the perception of matter." See also:

• PSYCHOLOGY
• PSYCHOLOGY (>Guxrl, the mind or soul, and X yos, theory)

Psychology vainly tries to analyse the former . Metaphysic shows the latter alone to be analysable, and separates the subjective See also:

• ELEMENT (Lat. elementum)

element, " our apprehension," from the See also:

• OBJECTIVE, or OBJECT GLASS

objective element, " the perception of matter,"—not matter per se, but the perception of matter is the existence See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent of the individual's thought . It cannot, however, be independent of thought . It must belong to some mind, and is therefore the See also:

• PROPERTY

property of the Divine Mind . There, he thinks, is an indestructible See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation for the a priori See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument for the existence of See also:

• GOD

God . Ferrier's matured philosophical doctrines find expression in the Institutes of Metaphysics (1854), in which he claims to have met the twofold See also:

• OBLIGATION

obligation resting on every See also:

• SYSTEM

system of philosophy, that it should be reasoned and true . His method is that of See also:

• SPINOZA, BARUCH (1632-1677)

Spinoza, strict demonstration, or at least an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt at it . All the errors of natural thinking and psychology must fall under one or other of three topics: Knowing and the Known, See also:

• IGNORANCE (Lat. ignorantia, from ignorare, not to know); want of knowledge, a state of mind which in law has important consequences. A well-known legal maxim runs: ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law does not excuse")

Ignorance, and Being .

These are all-comprehensive, and are therefore the departments into which philosophy is divided, for the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole end of philosophy is to correct the inadvertencies of See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary thinking . The problems of knowing and the known are treated in the " See also:

• EPISTEMOLOGY

Epistemology or Theory of Knowing." The truth that " along with whatever any intelligence knows it must, as the ground or See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of its knowledge, have some See also:

• COGNIZANCE (Lat. cognoscere, to know)

cognizance of itself," is the basis of the whole philosophical system . Object+subject, thing+me, is the only possible knowable . This leads to the conclusion that the only independent universe which any mind can think of is the universe in See also:

• SYNTHESIS (Gr. a6vOeacs, from avvrcBivac, to put together)

synthesis with some other mind or ego . The leading See also:

• CONTRADICTION, PRINCIPLE OF (principium contradictionis)

contradiction which is corrected in the " See also:

• AGNOIOLOGY (from Gr. ayvot-a, ignorance)

Agnoiology or Theory of Ignorance " is this: that there can be an ignorance of that of which there can be no knowledge . Ignorance is a defect . But there is no defect in not knowing what cannotbe known by any intelligence (e.g. that two and two make five), and therefore there can be an ignorance only of that of which there can be a knowledge, i.e. of some-object-plus-some-subject . The knowable alone is the ignorable . Ferrier See also:

• LAYS

lays See also:

• SPECIAL

special claim to originality for this See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the Institutes . The " See also:

• ONTOLOGY (adapted from a modern Latin form ontologia used by Jean le Clerc 1692; Gr. 6v, Evros, pres. part. of dam, to be, and klryos, science)

Ontology or Theory of Being " forms the third and final division . It contains a discussion of the origin of knowledge, in which Ferrier traces all the perplexities and errors of philosophers to the See also:

• ASSUMPTION, FEAST OF

assumption of the See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute existence of matter . The conclusion arrived at is that the only true real and independent existences are minds-together-with-that-which-theyapprehend, and that the one strictly necessary absolute existence is a supreme and See also:

• INFINITE (from Lat. in, not, finis, end or limit; cf. findere, to deave)

infinite and See also:

• EVERLASTING, or IMMORTELLE

everlasting mind in synthesis with all things .

Ferrier's See also:

• WORKS

works are remarkable for an unusual See also:

• CHARM (through the Fr. from the Lat. carmen, a song)

charm and simplicity of See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style . These qualities are especially noticeable in the Lectures on See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek Philosophy, one of the best introductions on the subject in the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language . A See also:

• COMPLETE

complete edition of his philosophical writings was published in 1875, with a memoir by E . L . Lushington; see also monograph by E . S . See also:

• HALDANE, JAMES ALEXANDER (1768–1851)
• HALDANE, RICHARD BURDON (1856– )
• HALDANE, ROBERT (1764–1842)

Haldane in the Famous Scots Series .