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JULES See also: born at See also: Saint Die (Vosges) on the 5th of See also: April 1832
.
He studied See also: law, and was called to the See also: bar at See also: Paris, but soon went into politics, contributing to various See also: newspapers, particularly to the Temps
.
He attacked the See also: Empire with See also: great violence, directing his opposition especially against Baron Haussmann, See also: prefect of the See also: Seine
.
Elected republican deputy for Paris in 1869, he protested against the declaration of war with See also: Germany, and on the 6th of See also: September 187o was appointed prefect of the Seine by the See also: government of See also: national defence
..
In this position he had the difficult task of administering Paris during the siege, and after the Commune was obliged to resign (5th of See also: June 1871)
.
From 1872—1873 he was sent by See also: Thiers as See also: minister to Athens, but returned to the chamber as deputy for the Vosges, and became one of the leaders of the republican party
.
When the first republican See also: ministry was formed under W
.
H
.
Waddington on the 4th of See also: February 1879, he was one of its members, and continued in the ministry until the 3oth of See also: March 1885, except for two
See also: short interruptions (from the loth of See also: November 1881 to the 3oth of See also: January 1882, and from the 29th of See also: July 1882 to the 21st of February 1883), first as minister of See also: education and then as minister of See also: foreign affairs
.
He was twice premier (188o—r881 and 1883-1885)
.
Two important See also: works are associated with his administration, the non-clerical organization of public education, and the beginning of the colonial expansion of See also: France
.
Following the republican See also: programme he proposed to destroy the influence of the See also: clergy in the university
.
He reorganized the committee of public education (law of the 27th of February ,88o), and proposed a regulation for the conferring of university degrees, which, though rejected, aroused violent polemics because the 7th article took away from the unauthorized religious orders the right to teach . He finally succeeded in passing the great law of the 28th of March 1882, which madeSee also: primary education in France See also: free, non-clerical and obligatory
.
In higher education the number of professors doubled under his ministry
.
After the military defeat of France by Germany in 187o, he formed the idea of acquiring a great colonial empire, not to colonize it, but for the See also: sake of economic exploitation
.
He directed the negotiations which led to the establishment of a French See also: protectorate in See also: Tunis (1881), prepared the treaty of the 17th of See also: December 1885 for the occupation of See also: Madagascar; directed the exploration of the See also: Congo and of the See also: Niger region; and above all he organized the See also: conquest of Indo-See also: China
.
The excitement caused at Paris by an unimportant See also: reverse of the French troops at Lang-son caused his downfall (3oth of March 1885), but the treaty of See also: peace with China (9th of June 1885) was his See also: work
.
He still remained an influential member of the moderate republican party, and directed the opposition to General Boulanger
.
After the resignation of President Grevy (2nd of December 1887), he was a See also: candidate for the See also: presidency of the republic, but the radicals refused to support him, and he withdrew in favour of Sadi See also: Carnot
.
The violent polemics aroused against him at this See also: time caused a madman to attack him with a revolver, and he died from the wound, on the 17th of March 1893
.
The chamber of deputies voted him a See also: state funeral
.
See Edg
.
Zevort, I4istoire de la troisieme Republique ; A
.
See also: Rambaud, Jules See also: Ferry (Paris, 1903)
.
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