JULES See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

FRANCOIS CAMILLE See also:

• FERRY (from the same root as that of the verb " to fare," to journey or travel, common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. fahren; it is connected with the root of Gr. 7ropos, way, and Lat. portage, to carry)
• JULES FRANCOIS CAMILLE FERRY (1832—1893)

FERRY (1832—1893)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French statesman, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die (See also:

• VOSGES
• VOSGES (Lat. Vogesus or Vosagus, Ger. Wasgau or Vogesen)

Vosges) on the 5th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1832 . He studied See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, and was called to the See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, but soon went into politics, contributing to various See also:

• NEWSPAPERS

newspapers, particularly to the Temps . He attacked the See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire with See also:

• GREAT

great violence, directing his opposition especially against See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron See also:

• HAUSSMANN, GEORGES EUGENE, BARON (1809–1891)

Haussmann, See also:

• PREFECT (prefet)

prefect of the See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

Seine . Elected republican See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy for Paris in 1869, he protested against the See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war with See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, and on the 6th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 187o was appointed prefect of the Seine by the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence .. In this position he had the difficult task of administering Paris during the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege, and after the See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

Commune was obliged to resign (5th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1871) . From 1872—1873 he was sent by See also:

• THIERS

Thiers as See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister to See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens, but returned to the chamber as deputy for the Vosges, and became one of the leaders of the republican party . When the first republican See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry was formed under W . H . See also:

• WADDINGTON, WILLIAM HENRY (1826–1894)

Waddington on the 4th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1879, he was one of its members, and continued in the ministry until the 3oth of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1885, except for two See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short interruptions (from the loth of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1881 to the 3oth of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1882, and from the 29th of See also:

• JULY

July 1882 to the 21st of February 1883), first as minister of See also:

• EDUCATION

education and then as minister of See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign affairs . He was twice premier (188o—r881 and 1883-1885) . Two important See also:

• WORKS

works are associated with his See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration, the non-clerical organization of public education, and the beginning of the colonial expansion of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . Following the republican See also:

• PROGRAMME, or PROGRAM

programme he proposed to destroy the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy in the university .

He reorganized the See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of public education (law of the 27th of February ,88o), and proposed a regulation for the conferring of university degrees, which, though rejected, aroused violent polemics because the 7th See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article took away from the unauthorized religious orders the right to See also:

• TEACH [THATCH OR THACH], EDWARD (d. 1718)

teach . He finally succeeded in passing the great law of the 28th of March 1882, which made See also:

• PRIMARY

primary education in France See also:

• FREE

free, non-clerical and obligatory . In higher education the number of professors doubled under his ministry . After the military defeat of France by Germany in 187o, he formed the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of acquiring a great colonial empire, not to colonize it, but for the See also:

• SAKE

sake of economic exploitation . He directed the negotiations which led to the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of a French See also:

• PROTECTORATE

protectorate in See also:

• TUNIS

Tunis (1881), prepared the treaty of the 17th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1885 for the occupation of See also:

• MADAGASCAR

Madagascar; directed the exploration of the See also:

• CONGO

Congo and of the See also:

• NIGER
• NIGER, GAIUS PESCENNIUS

Niger region; and above all he organized the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of Indo-See also:

• CHINA

China . The excitement caused at Paris by an unimportant See also:

• REVERSE

reverse of the French troops at See also:

• LANG, ANDREW (1844— )
• LANG, KARL HEINRICH, RITTER VON (1764-1835)

Lang-son caused his downfall (3oth of March 1885), but the treaty of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace with China (9th of June 1885) was his See also:

• WORK

work . He still remained an influential member of the moderate republican party, and directed the opposition to See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General See also:

• BOULANGER
• BOULANGER, GEORGE ERNEST JEAN MARIE (1837-1891)

Boulanger . After the resignation of See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

President See also:

• GREVY, FRANCOIS PAUL JULES (1813-1891)

Grevy (2nd of December 1887), he was a See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate for the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency of the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic, but the radicals refused to support him, and he withdrew in favour of Sadi See also:

• CARNOT, LAZARE EIPPOLYTE (18ot-1888)
• CARNOT, MARIE FRANCOIS SADI (1837-1894)
• CARNOT, SADI NICOLAS LEONHARD (1796-1832)

Carnot . The violent polemics aroused against him at this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time caused a madman to attack him with a revolver, and he died from the See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound, on the 17th of March 1893 . The chamber of deputies voted him a See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state funeral . See Edg . Zevort, I4istoire de la troisieme Republique ; A .

See also:

• RAMBAUD, ALFRED NICOLAS (1842-1905)

Rambaud, Jules See also:

• FERRY (from the same root as that of the verb " to fare," to journey or travel, common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. fahren; it is connected with the root of Gr. 7ropos, way, and Lat. portage, to carry)
• FERRY, JULES FRANCOIS CAMILLE (1832—1893)

Ferry (Paris, 1903) .