FEUDALISM  .) See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

Side by side with these purely See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official dukedoms, however, there had continued to exist, or had sprung up, either independently or in more or less of subjection to the See also:

• FRANK, JAKOB (1726-1791)

Frank rulers, See also:

• NATIONAL

national dukedoms, such as those of the Alemanni, the Aquitanians, and, later, of the Bavarians and Thuringians . These were See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed from the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom by which the herizog was elected by the nation as See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader for a particular See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign, as in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the heretogas who had led the first Saxon invaders into See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain . See also:

• TACITUS, CORNELIUS (c. 55-120)
• TACITUS, MARCUS CLAUDIUS

Tacitus says of the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Germans reges ex nobilitate, duces ex virtute sumunt; i.e. they elected their See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes for their warlike prowess only, and as purely military chiefs, whereas their See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings were chosen from a royal See also:

• FAMILY

family of divine descent . Sometimes the dukes so chosen succeeded in making their po' 'er permanent without taking the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king . To this national See also:

• CATEGORY (Gr. Karrlyopia, " accusation ")

category belong, besides the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German dukedoms, the dukes of See also:

• NORMANDY

Normandy, and the Lombard dukes of See also:

• SPOLETO (anc. Spoletium)

Spoleto and See also:

• BENEVENTO

Benevento, who traced their origin, not to an administrative See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office, but to the leadership of Teutonic See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war bands . With the development of the feudal See also:

• SYSTEM

system the distinction between the official and the national dukedoms was more and more obliterated . By the 13th and 14th centuries the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title had become purely territorial, and implied no necessary over-lordship over See also:

• COUNTS

counts and other nobles, who existed side by side with the dukes as tenants-in-See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of the See also:

• CROWN

crown . From this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the significance of the ducal title varies widely in different countries . Whenever the crown got the better of the feudal spirit of See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence, as in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France or See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples, it sank from being a See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign title to a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere social distinction, implying no See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, and not necessarily any territorial See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence . In See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, where the crown had proved too weak to combat the forces of disruption, it came ultimately to imply See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• SOVEREIGNTY

sovereignty . The abolition of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire in 1806 removed even the See also:

• SHADOW (0. Eng. Schadewe, sceadu; a form of " shade "; connected with Gr. 6-Ore's, darkness)

shadow of vassalage from the German reigning dukes, who retain their sovereign status under the new empire . Only one, however, the See also:

• GRAND

grand See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• LUXEMBURG
• LUXEMBURG, FRANCOIS HENRI DE MONTMORENCYBOUTEVILLE, DUKE

Luxemburg, is now both sovereign and independent .

Besides the sovereign dukes in Germany there are certain " mediatized " ducal houses, e.g. that of See also:

• RATIBOR (Polish Raciborz)

Ratibor, which See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share with the dispossessed families of the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian sovereign duchies certain royal privileges, notably that of equality of See also:

• BLOOD

blood (Ebenburtigkeit) . In Italy, where titles of See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility give no See also:

• PRECEDENCE (from Lat. praecedere, to go before, precede)

precedence at See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, that of duke (duca) has lost nearly all even of its social significance owing to lavish creations by the popes and See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor sovereigns, and to the fact that the title often passes by See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase with a particular See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate . Political significance it has none . Some great Italian nobles are dukes, notably the heads of the great See also:

• ROMAN

Roman ducal families, but not all Italian dukes are great nobles . In France the title duke at one time implied vast territorial power, as with the dukes of See also:

• BURGUNDY

Burgundy, Normandy, See also:

• AQUITAINE

Aquitaine and See also:

• BRITTANY

Brittany, who asserted a See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical independence against the crown, though it was not till the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century that the title duke was definitely regarded as See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior to others . At first (in the loth and 11th centuries) it had no defined significance, and even a See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

baron of the higher nobility called himself in charters duke, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

count or even See also:

• MARQUIS

marquis, indifferently . In any case the strengthening of the royal power gradually sapped the significance of the title, until on the See also:

• EVE

eve of the Revolution it implied no more than high See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank and probably territorial See also:

• WEALTH

wealth . There were, under the ancien regime, three classes of dukes in France: (1) dukes who were peers (see See also:

• PEERAGE
• PEERAGE (Fr. pairage, med. Lat. paragium; M.E. Pere, 0. Fr. per, peer, later pair; Lat. Paris, " equal ")

PEERAGE) and had a seat in the See also:

• PARLEMENT (see PARLIAMENT)

parlement of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris; (2) hereditary dukes who were not peers; (3) " See also:

• BREVET (a diminutive of the Fr. bref)

brevet " dukes, created for See also:

• LIFE

life only . The See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French duke ranks in See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain with the " See also:

• GRANDEE (Span. Grande)

grandee " (q.v.), and See also:

• VICE

vice versa . In republican France the already existing titles are officially recognized, but they are now no more than the badges of distinguished ancestry . Besides the descendants of the feudal See also:

• ARISTOCRACY (Gr. apuvror, best; «paria, government)

aristocracy there are in France certain ducal families dating from See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon I.'s creation of 18o6 (e.g. dues d'Albufera, de Montebello, de See also:

• FELTRE (anc. Feltria)
• FELTRE, MORTO DA

Feltre), from See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis Philippe (duc d'See also:

• ISLY

Isly, and duc d'Audiff See also:

• RET

ret-See also:

• PASQUIER, ETIENNE (1529-1615)
• PASQUIER, ETIENNE DENIS

Pasquier),andfromNapoleon III . (Malakoff,See also:

• MAGENTA

Magenta, See also:

• MORNY, CHARLES AUGUSTE LOUIS JOSEPH

Morny) .

In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England the title of duke was unknown till the 14th century, though in Saxon times the title ealdorman, afterwards exchanged for " See also:

• EARL

earl," was sometimes rendered in Latin as See also:

• DUX (Czech Duchcov)

dux,' and the See also:

• ENGLISH

English kings till See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John's time styled themselves dukes of Normandy, and dukes of Aquitaine even later . In 1337 King See also:

• EDWARD

Edward III. erected the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county of See also:

• CORNWALL

Cornwall into a duchy for his son Edward the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince, who was thus the first English duke . The second was See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry, earl of See also:

• LANCASTER
• LANCASTER, HOUSE OF
• LANCASTER, JOHN OF GAUNT
• LANCASTER, JOSEPH (1778-1838)
• LANCASTER, SIR JAMES (f1. 1591—1618)
• LANCASTER, THOMAS, EARL OF (c. 1277-1322)

Lancaster, See also:

• DERBY
• DERBY, EARLS OF

Derby, See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln and See also:

• LEICESTER
• LEICESTER, EARLS OF
• LEICESTER, ROBERT DUDLEY, EARL
• LEICESTER, ROBERT SIDNEY, EARL OF (1563-1626)
• LEICESTER, THOMAS WILLIAM COKE, EARL OF (1754-1842)

Leicester, who was created duke of Lancaster in 1351 . In See also:

• SCOT, MICHAEL (? 1175-1232)

Scot-See also:

• LAND

land the title of duke was first bestowed in 1398 by See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert III. on his eldest son See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David, who was made duke of See also:

• ROTHESAY

Rothesay, and on his See also:

• BROTHER

brother, who became duke of See also:

• ALBANY
• ALBANY, DUKES OF
• ALBANY, LOUISE MAXIMILIENNE CAROLINE, COUNTESS OF (1752-1824)

Albany . See also:

• BRITISH

British dukes rank next to princes and princesses of the blood royal, the two archbishops of See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury and See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, the See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

Chancellor, &c., but beyond this precedence they have no See also:

• SPECIAL

special privileges which are not shared by peers of See also:

• LOWER

lower rank (see PEERAGE) . Though their full style as proclaimed by the See also:

• HERALD (O. Fr. heraut, herault; the origin is uncertain, but O.H.G. heren, to call, or hariwald, leader of an army, have been proposed; the Gr. equivalent is Kddpvi : Lat. praeco, caduceator, fetialis)

herald is " most high, potent and See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble prince," and they are included in the Almanach de See also:

• GOTHA

Gotha, they are not recognized as the equals in blood of the crowned or mediatized dukes of the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent, and the daughter of an English duke marrying a See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign royal prince can only take his title by See also:

• COURTESY (O. Fr. curtesie, later courtoisie)

courtesy, or where, under the " See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house-See also:

• LAWS

laws " of certain families, a family See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council sanctions the match . The eldest son of an English duke takes as a See also:

• RULE

rule by courtesy the second title of his See also:

• FATHER

father, and ranks, with or without the title, as a See also:

• MARQUESS (1760-1842)
• MARQUESS, or MARQUIS (Fr. marquis, Ital. marchese; from med. Lat. marchio, marchisus, i.e. comes marchiae, " count of the March ")

marquess . The other sons and daughters See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear the titles " Lord " and " See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady " before their See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian names, also by courtesy . A duke in the British peerage, if not royal, is addressed as "Your See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

Grace " and is styled " the Most Noble." (See See also:

• ARCHDUKE (Lat. archidux, Ger. Erzherzog)

ARCHDUKE, GRAND DUKE, and, for the ducal coronet, CROWN AND_CORONET.) (W . A . P.) ' So Ego Haroldus dux, Ego Tostinus dux, in a See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter of Edward the See also:

• CONFESSOR

Confessor (,o6o), Hist . See also:

• MSS

MSS .

See also:

• COMM

Comm . 12th See also:

• REP, REPP, or REPS

rep. app. pt. ix. p . 581 .