See also:

• FIFE
• FIFE (Fr. fifre; Med. Ger. Schweizerpfeiff, Feldpfeiff; Ital. ottavino)

FIFE (Fr. fifre; Med. Ger. Schweizerpfeiff, Feldpfeiff; Ital. ottavino)  , originally the small See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive cylindrical transverse See also:

• FLUTE

flute, now the small Bb military flute, usually conoidal in See also:

• BORE

bore, used in a See also:

• DRUM (early forms drome or dromme, a word common to many Teut. languages, cf. Dan. tromme, Ger. Trommel: the word is ultimately the same as " trumpet," and is probably onomatopoeic in origin; it appears late in Eng. about the middle of the 16th century)

drum and See also:

• FIFE
• FIFE (Fr. fifre; Med. Ger. Schweizerpfeiff, Feldpfeiff; Ital. ottavino)

fife See also:

• BAND

band . The See also:

• PITCH
• PITCH, MUSICAL

pitch of the fife lies between that of the See also:

• CONCERT (through the French from Lat. con-, with, and certare, to strive)

concert flute and See also:

• PICCOLO (Fr. petite filte octave; Ger. Pickelflote; Ital. flauto piccolo or ottavino)

piccolo . The fife, like the flute, is an open See also:

• PIPE

pipe, for although the upper end is stopped by means of a See also:

• CORK
• CORK (perhaps through Sp. corcha from Lat. cortex, bark, but possibly connected with quercus, oak)
• CORK, RICHARD BOYLE

cork, an outlet is provided by the embouchure which is never entirely closed by the lips . The six See also:

• FINGER

finger-holes of the primitive flute, with the open end of the See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube for a See also:

• KEY
• KEY (in O. Eng. tang; the ultimate origin of the word is unknown; it appears only in Old Frisian kei of other Teutonic languages; until the end of the 17th century the pronunciation was kay, as in other words in O. Eng. ending in aeg; cf. daeg, day; clang
• KEY (the phraseograms being indicated by hyphens)
• KEY, SIR ASTLEY COOPER (1821-1888)
• KEY, THOMAS HEWITT (1799-1875)

key-See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note, gave the diatonic See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale of the fundamental See also:

• OCTAVE (from Lat. octavus, eighth, octo, eight)

octave; the second octave was produced by overblowing the notes of the fundamental scale an octave higher; See also:

• PART

part of a third octave was obtained by means of the higher harmonics produced by using certain of the finger-holes as vent-holes . The See also:

• MODERN

modern fife has, in addition to the six finger-holes, 4, 5 or 6 keys . See also:

• MERSENNE, MARIN

Mersenne describes and figures the fife, which had in his See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day the See also:

• COMPASS (Fr. corn pas, ultimately from Lat. cum, with, and passus, step)

compass of a fifteenth.' The fife, which, he states, differed from the Harmonie universelle (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1636), bk. v. prop . 9, pp . 241-244.See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German flute only in having a louder and more brilliant See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone and a shorter and narrower bore, was the See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument used by the Swiss with the drum . The See also:

• SACKBUT, SHAKBUSSHE, SAGBUT, DRAW

sackbut, or See also:

• SERPENT (Lat. serpens, creeping, from serpere; cf. "reptile " from repere, Gr.4 ml-eta)

serpent, was used as its See also:

• BASS
• BASS (the same word as " base," and so pronounced, but influenced in spelling by the Ital. basso)

bass, for, as Mersenne explains, the bass instrument could not be made See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long enough, nor could the. hands reach the holes, although some flutes were actually made with keys and had the tube doubled back as in the See also:

• BASSOON
• BASSOON (Fr. basson; Ger. Fagott; Ital. fagotto)

bassoon.' The words fife and the Fr. fifre were undoubtedly derived from the Ger . Pfeiff, the fife being called by See also:

• PRAETORIUS, MICHAEL (1571_1621)

Praetorius 3 Schweizerpfeiff and Feldpfeiff, while See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin See also:

• AGRICOLA (originally SCHNEIDER, then SCHNITTER), JOHANNES (1494-1566)
• AGRICOLA (the Latinized form of the name BAUER), GEORG (1490-1555)
• AGRICOLA, CHRISTOPH LUDWIG (1667-1719)
• AGRICOLA, GNAEUS JULIUS (A.D. 37-93)
• AGRICOLA, JOHANN FRIEDRICH (1720-1774)
• AGRICOLA, MARTIN (c. 1500-1556)
• AGRICOLA, RODOLPHUS (properly ROELOF HUYSMANN) (1443-1485)

Agricola,' See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century earlier (1529), mentions the transverse flute by the names of Querchpfeiff or Schweizerpfeiff, which See also:

• SEBASTIAN
• SEBASTIAN, ST

Sebastian Virdung' writes Zwerchpfeiff . The Old See also:

• ENGLISH

English spelling was phife, phiphe or ffyffe . The fife was in use in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 16th century, for at a See also:

• MUSTER (Mid. Eng. mostre, moustre, adapted from the similar O. Fr. forms; Lat. monstrare)

muster of the citizens of See also:

• LONDON

London in 1540, droumes and ffyffes are mentioned .

At the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of St Quentin (1557) the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of the English See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army° employed states that one See also:

• TRUMPET (Fr. trompette, clairon; Ger. ,Trompete, Klarino, Trummet; Ital. tromba, trombetta, clarino)
• TRUMPET, SPEAKING AND HEARING

trumpet was allowed to each See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry See also:

• TROOP (an adaptation of Fr. troupe, O. Fr. trope; cf. Ital. troppa, troppa; Med. Lat. truppus; the origin is doubtful; suggestions have been made that it represents a German conception of Latin turba, crowd, or is an adaptation of Norw. tarp, flock)

troop of 10o men, and a drum and fife to each See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred of See also:

• FOOT

foot . A drumme and phife were also employed at one See also:

• SHILLING

shilling per diem for the " Trayne of See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

Artillery."' This was the See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus of the modern military band, and may be regarded as the first step in its formation . In England the See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of the fife as a military instrument was due to the initiative of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VIII., who sent to See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna for ten See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good drums and as many fifers.' See also:

• RALPH (d. 1122)

Ralph Smiths gives rules for drummers and fifers who, in addition to the See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty of giving signals in See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace and See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war to the See also:

• COMPANY

company, were expected to be brave, See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret and ingenious, and masters of several See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages, for they were oft sent to parley with the enemy and were entrusted with See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

honourable but dangerous See also:

• MISSIONS (Lat. missio, a sending)

missions . In 1585 the drum and fife formed part of the See also:

• FURNITURE (from " furnish," Fr. fournir)

furniture for war among the companies of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of London.1' See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth (according to See also:

• MICHAUD, JOSEPH FRANCOIS (1767–1839)

Michaud, Biogr. universelle, tome xiii. p . 6o) had a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste for noisy See also:

• MUSIC

music, and during meals had a concert of twelve trumpets, two kettledrums, with fifes and drums . The fife became such a favourite military instrument during the 16th and 17th centuries in England that it displaced the bagpipe; it was, however, in turn superseded See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in the 18th century by the hautboy (see See also:

• OBOE, or HAUTBOY (Fr. hautbois, Ger. Hoboe, Ital. oboe)

OBOE), introduced from See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . In the middle of the 18th century the fife was reintroduced into the See also:

• BRITISH

British army band by the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• CUMBERLAND
• CUMBERLAND, DUKES AND EARLS OF
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1632-1718)
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1732-1811)
• CUMBERLAND, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS

Cumberland " in the See also:

• GUARDS, AND HOUSEHOLD TROOPS

Guards in 1745, commemorated by See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• HOGARTH, WILLIAM (1697–1764)

Hogarth's picture of the " See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March of the Guards towards See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland in 1745," in which are seen a drummer and fifer; and by See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel See also:

• BEDFORD

Bedford into the royal See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment of artillery in 1748, at the end of the war, when a Hanoverian fifer, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• ULRICH

Ulrich, was brought over from See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders as instructor." In 1747 the 19th regiment, known as See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

Green Howards, also had the See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of a Hanoverian fifer as teacher, a youth presented by his colonel to See also:

• LIEUTENANT

Lieutenant Colonel See also:

• WILLIAMS
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1582-1650)
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1796-1839)
• WILLIAMS, ROGER (c. 1604–1684)
• WILLIAMS, ROWLAND (1817-1870)
• WILLIAMS, SIR WILLIAM FENWICK

Williams commanding the regiment at Bois-le-Duc . Drum and fife bands in a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time became See also:

• COMMON

common in all See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry regiments, while among the cavalry the trumpet prevailed . For the See also:

• ACOUSTICS (from the Gr. &eobav to hear)

acoustics, construction and origin of the fife see FLUTE . Illustrations of the fife may be seen in Cowdray's picture of an encampment at See also:

• PORTSMOUTH
• PORTSMOUTH, EARLS OF
• PORTSMOUTH, LOUISE DE

Portsmouth in 1548; in See also:

• SANDFORD, JOHN DE (d. 1294)

Sandford's " See also:

• CORONATION (Lat. corona, crown)

Coronation Procession of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James II.," and in C . R . Day's Descriptive See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

Catalogue, pl. i .

(F) (description No . 42, p . 27) . (K .