See also:

• FINCH
• FINCH (Ger. Fink, Lat. Fringilla)

FINCH (Ger. Fink, See also:

• LAT

Lat. Fringilla)  , a name applied (but almost always in See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition—as See also:

• BULLFINCH (Pyrrhula vulgaris)

bullfinch, See also:

• CHAFFINCH (Fringilla coelebs)

chaffinch, See also:

• GOLDFINCH (Ger. Gold fink')

goldfinch, See also:

• HAWFINCH

hawfinch, &c.) to a See also:

• GREAT

great many small birds of the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order Passeres, and now See also:

• PRETTY

pretty generally accepted as that of a See also:

• GROUP

group or See also:

• FAMILY

family—the Fringillidae of most ornithologists . Yet it is one the extent of which must be regarded as being uncertain . Many writers have included in it the buntings (Emberizidae), though these seem to be quite distinct, as well as the larks (Alaudidae), the tanagers (Tanagridae), and the See also:

• WEAVER, JAMES BAIRD (1833- )

weaver-birds (Ploceidae) . Others have separated from it the crossbills, under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Loxiidae, but without due cause . The difficulty which at this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time presents itself in regard to the limits of the Fringillidae arises from our See also:

• IGNORANCE (Lat. ignorantia, from ignorare, not to know); want of knowledge, a state of mind which in law has important consequences. A well-known legal maxim runs: ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law does not excuse")

ignorance of the anatomical features, especially those of the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, possessed by many See also:

• EXOTIC (Gr. EWTIK6s, foreign, from few, outside)

exotic forms . Taken as a whole, the finches, concerning which no reasonable doubt can exist, are not only little birds with a hard See also:

• BILL

bill, adapted in most cases for shelling and eating the various seeds that See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief portion of their See also:

• DIET

diet when adult, but they appear to be mainly forms which predominate in and are highly characteristic of the Palaearctic Region; moreover, though some are found elsewhere on the globe, the existence of but very few in the Notogaean hemisphere can as yet be regarded as certain . But even with this See also:

• LIMITATION, STATUTES OF

limitation, the separation of the undoubted Fringillidae 1 into See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups is a difficult task . Were we merely to consider the superf,pial See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the form of the bill, the genus Loxia (in its See also:

• MODERN

modern sense) would be easily divided not only from the other finches, but from all other birds . The birds of this genus—the crossbills-when their other characters are taken into See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account, prove to be intimately allied on the one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand to the grosbeaks (Pinicola) and on the other through the redpolls (Aegiothus) to the linnets (Linota)—if indeed these two can be properly separated . The linnets, through the genus Leucosticte, See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead to the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain-finches (Montifringilla), and the redpolls through the siskins (Chrysomitris) to the goldfinches (Carduelis); and these last again to the hawfinches, one group of which (Coccothraustes) is apparently not far distant from the chaffinches (Fringilla proper), and the other (Hesperiphona) seems to be allied to the greenfinches (Ligurinus) . Then there is the group of serins (Serinus), to which the See also:

• CANARY
• CANARY (Serinus canarius)

canary belongs, that one is in doubt whether to refer to the vicinity of the greenfinches or that of the redpolls . The mountain-finches may be regarded as pointing first to the See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock-sparrows (Petronia) and then to the true sparrows (Passer); while the grosbeaks pass into many varied forms and throw out a very well marked form—the bullfinches (Pyrrhula) .

Some of the modifications of the family are very See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual, and therefore conclusions founded on them are likely to be correct; others are further apart, and the links which connect them, if not altogether missing, can but be surmised . To avoid as much as possible prejudicing the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case, we shall therefore take the different groups of Fringillidae which it is convenient to consider in this See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article in an alphabetical arrangement . Of the Bullfinches the best known is the See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar See also:

• BIRD

bird (Pyrrhula 1 About 200 See also:

• SPECIES

species of these have been described, and perhaps 150 may really exist . europaea) . The varied plumage of the See also:

• COCK, EDWARD (1805-1892)

cock—his See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright red See also:

• BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

breast and his See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey back, set off by his See also:

• COAL

coal-See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black head and quills --is naturally attractive; while the facility with which he is tamed, with his engaging disposition in confinement, makes him a popular cage-bird,--to say nothing of the fact (which in the See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion of so many adds to his charms) of his readily learning to " See also:

• PIPE

pipe " a tune, or some bars of one . By gardeners the bullfinch has See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been regarded as a deadly enemy, from its undoubted destruction of the buds of See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit-trees in See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring-time, though whether the destruction is really so much of a detriment is by no means so undoubted . See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern and eastern See also:

• EUROPE

Europe is inhabited by a larger form (P. See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major), which differs in nothing but See also:

• SIZE

size and more vivid tints from that which is See also:

• COMMON

common in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Isles and western Europe . A very distinct species (P. murina), remarkable for its' dull coloration, is See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to the See also:

• AZORES (Acores), or WESTERN ISLANDS

Azores, and several others are found in See also:

• ASIA

Asia from the Himalayas to See also:

• JAPAN

Japan . A bullfinch (P. See also:

• CASSINI

cassini) has been discovered in See also:

• ALASKA

Alaska, being the first recognition of this genus in the New See also:

• WORLD

World . The Canary (Serinus canarius) is indigenous to the islands whence it takes its name, as well, apparently, as to the neighbouring groups of the Madeiras and Azores, in all of which it abounds . It seems to have been imported into Europe at least as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as the first See also:

• HALF

half of the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century,' and has since become the commonest of cage-birds . The See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild stock is of an See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive-See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green, mottled with dark See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown above. and greenish-yellow beneath .

All the bright-hued examples we now see in captivity have been induced by carefully breeding from any See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance varieties that have shown themselves; and not only the See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, but the build and stature of the bird have in this manner been greatly modified . The ingenuity of " the See also:

• FANCY (a shortened form, dating from the 15th century, of " fantasy," which is derived through the O. Fr. fantasie, modern fantaisie. from the Latinized form of the Gr. cbavraoia, Oavrai'ecv, Oat Pais, to show)

fancy," which might seem to have exhausted itself in the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of topknots, feathered feet, and so forth, has brought about a still further See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change from the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original type . It has been found that by a particular treatment, in which the mixing of large quantities of See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable colouring agents with the See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food plays an important See also:

• PART

part, the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary " canary yellow " may be intensified so as to See also:

• VERGE (Lat. virga, a rod)

verge upon a more or less brilliant See also:

• FLAME (Lat. flamma; the root flag- appears in flagrare, to burn, blaze, and Gr. d, XEryew)

flame colour.' Very nearly resembling the canary, but smaller in size, is the Serin (Serinus hortulanus), a species which not long since was very See also:

• LOCAL

local in Europe, and chiefly known to inhabit the countries bordering on the Mediterranean . It has pushed its way towards the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north, and has even been several times taken in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England (See also:

• YARRELL, WILLIAM (1784–1856)

Yarrell's Brit . Birds, ed . 4, ii. pp . 111-116) . A closely allied species (S. canonicus) is peculiar to See also:

• PALESTINE

Palestine . The Chaffinches are regarded as the type-form of Fringillidae . The handsome and sprightly Fringilla coelebs 3 is common throughout the whole of Europe . Conspicuous by his variegated plumage, his peculiar See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note' and his glad See also:

• SONG

song, the cock is almost everywhere a favourite . In See also:

• ALGERIA
• ALGERIA (Algerie)

Algeria the British chaffinch is replaced by a closely-allied species (F. spodogenia), while in the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic Islands it is represented by two others (F. tintiilon and F. teydea)—all of which, while possessing the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European bird, are clothed in soberer tints.' Another ' The earliest published description seems to be that of See also:

• GESNER
• GESNER, ABRAHAM (1797-1864)
• GESNER, JOHANN MATTHIAS (1691—1761)

Gesner in 1555 (Orn. p .

234), but he had nbt seen the bird, an account of which was communicated to him by See also:

• RAPHAEL (Hebrew smm, " God heals ")

Raphael Seiler of See also:

• AUGSBURG
• AUGSBURG, CONFESSION OF
• AUGSBURG, WAR OF THE LEAGUE OF

Augsburg, under the name of Suckeruogele . 2 See also The Canary See also:

• BOOK

Book, by See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert L . See also:

• WALLACE, ALFRED RUSSEL (1823— )
• WALLACE, LEWIS [LEW] (1827—1905)
• WALLACE, SIR RICHARD
• WALLACE, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1270-1305)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1768-1843)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1844-1897)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM VINCENT (1814-1865)

Wallace; Canaries and Cage Birds, by W . A . Blackston; and See also:

• DARWIN, CHARLES ROBERT (1809-1882)
• DARWIN, ERASMUS (1731-1802)

Darwin's Animals and See also:

• PLANTS

Plants under Domestication, vol. i. p . 295 . An excellent monograph on the wild bird is that by Dr Carl Bolle (Journ. See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur Orn., 1858, pp . 125-151) . 3 This fanciful trivial name was given by See also:

• LINNAEUS

Linnaeus on the sup-position (which later observations do not entirely confirm) that in See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden the hens of the species migrated southward in autumn, leaving the cocks to lead a celibate See also:

• LIFE

life till spring . It is certain, however, that in some localities the sexes live apart during the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter . 4 This call-note, which to many ears sounds like " See also:

• PINK

pink" or spink," not only gives the bird a name in many parts of See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain, but is also obviously the origin of the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German Fink and the See also:

• ENGLISH

English ,See also:

• FINCH
• FINCH (Ger. Fink, Lat. Fringilla)

Finch . The similar See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic form See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

Pine is said to have given rise to the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low Latih Pincio, and thence come the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian Pincione, the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish Pinson, and the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Pinson .

This is especially the case with F. teydea of the Canary Islands, which from its dark colouring and large size forms a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of parallel to the Az erean Pyrrhula murina.species of true Fringilla is the brambling (F. montifringilla), which has its See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home in the See also:

• BIRCH
• BIRCH (Betula)
• BIRCH, SAMUEL (1813–1885)
• BIRCH, THOMAS (1705-1766)

birch forests of northern Europe and Asia, whence it yearly proceeds, often in flocks of thousands, to pass the winter in more See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern countries . This bird is still more beautifully coloured than the chaffinch—especially in summer, when, the brown edges of the feathers being See also:

• SHED

shed, it presents a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of black, See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white and See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

orange . Even in winter, however, its diversified plumage is sufficiently striking . With the exception of the single species of bullfinch already noticed as occurring in Alaska, all the above forms of finches are peculiar to the Palaearctic Region . (A .