FINGER  , one of the five members with which the See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand is terminated, a See also:

• DIGIT (Lat. digit us, finger)

digit; sometimes the word is restricted to the four digits other than the thumb . The word is See also:

• COMMON

common to See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages, cf . Dutch ringer and Ger . Finger; probably the ultimate origin is to be found in the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root of the words appearing in See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek rim, See also:

• LAT

Lat. quinque, five . (See See also:

• SKELETON

SKELETON: A ppendicular.) FINGER-AND-TOE, See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

CLUB ROOT or ANBURY, a destructive plant-disease known botanically as Plasmodiophora Brassicae, which attacks cabbages, turnips, radishes and other cultivated and See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild members of the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order See also:

• CRUCIFERAE

Cruciferae . It is one of the so-called Slime-See also:

• FUNGI (p1. of Lat. fungus, a mushroom)

fungi or Myxogastres . The presence of the disease is indicated by nodules or warty outgrowths on the root, which sometimes becomes much swollen and ultimately rots, emitting an unpleasant See also:

• SMELL (connected etymologically with " smoulder " and " smoke ")

smell . The disease is contracted from spores See also:

• PRESENT

present in the See also:

• SOIL

soil, which enter the root . The See also:

• PARASITE (From Gr. irapa, beside, Tiros food)

parasite develops within the living cells of the plant, forming a glairy See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of See also:

• PROTOPLASM

protoplasm known as the plasmodium, the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of which alters from See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to time . The cells which have been attacked increase enormously in See also:

• SIZE

size and the disease spreads from See also:

• CELL (from Lat. cella, probably from an Indo-European kal —seen in Lat. celare, to hide; another suggestion connects the word with Lat. cera, wax, taking the original meaning to refer to the honeycomb)

cell to cell . Ultimately the plasmodium becomes resolved into numerous See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round spores which, on the decay of the root, are set See also:

• FREE

free in the soil . A preventive is quicklime, the IO The pre-Raphaeiites .

Contemporary tenden- cies . application of which destroys the spores in the soil . It is important that diseased See also:

• PLANTS

plants should be burned, also that cruciferous Finger-and-Toe (Plasmodiophora Brassicae) . 1, See also:

• TURNIP

Turnip attacked by the disease, reduced . 2, A cell of the See also:

• TISSUE (Fr. tissu, tissue, participle of tisser, Lat. texere, to weave)

tissue containing the plasmodium; the smaller cells at the sides are unaffected . 3, Infected cell, showing spore formation . 2, 3, highly magnified . weeds, such as shepherd's See also:

• PURSE (Late Lat. bursa, adapted from Gr. Gupta, hide, skin; possibly O. Eng. pusa, bag, has influenced the change from b to p)

purse, charlock, &c., should not be allowed to grow in places where plants of the same order are in cultivation . FINGER-PRINTS .. The use of finger-prints as a See also:

• SYSTEM

system of See also:

• IDENTIFICATION (Lat. idem, the same)

identification - (q.v.) is of very See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient origin, and was known from the earliest days in the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East when the impression of his thumb was the monarch's sign-See also:

• MANUAL

manual . A relic of this practice is still preserved in the formal See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation of a legal document by " delivering " it as one's " See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act and See also:

• DEED (in O. Eng. dead, from the stem of the verb " to do ")

deed." The permanent See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the finger-See also:

• PRINT

print was first put forward scientifically in 1823 by J . E .

Purkinje, an eminent See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• PHYSIOLOGY (from Gr. 4 i s, nature, and koyos, discourse)

physiology, who read a See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper before the university of See also:

• BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau, adducing nine See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard types of impressions and advocating a system of See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification which attracted no See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention . See also:

• BEWICK, THOMAS (1753-1828)

Bewick, the See also:

• ENGLISH

English draughtsman, struck with the delicate qualities of the lineation, made engravings of the impression of two of his finger-tips and used them as signatures for his See also:

• WORK

work . See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis See also:

• GALTON, SIR FRANCIS (1822– )

Galton, who laboured to introduce finger-prints, points out that they were proposed for the identification of See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese immigrants when registering their arrival in the See also:

• UNITED

United States . In See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, Sir See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• HERSCHEL, CAROLINE LUCRETIA (1750-1848)
• HERSCHEL, SIR F
• HERSCHEL, SIR FREDERICK WILLIAM (1738-1822)
• HERSCHEL, SIR JOHN FREDERICK WILLIAM, BART

Herschel desired to use finger-prints in the courts of the See also:

• HUGLI, or HOOGHLY

Hugli See also:

• DISTRICT

district to prevent false See also:

• PERSONATION

personation and See also:

• FIX, THEODORE (180o-1846)

fix the identity upon the executants of documents . The See also:

• BENGAL
• BENGAL, BAY OF

Bengal See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police under the See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

wise See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of Sir E . R . See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry, after-wards See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• COMMISSIONER

commissioner of the See also:

• LONDON

London See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan police, usefully adopted finger-prints for the detection of See also:

• CRIME (Lat. crimen, accusation)

crime, an example followed in many public departments in India . A See also:

• TRANSFER (from Lat. transferre, to bear across, carry over)

transfer of See also:

• PROPERTY

property is attested by the thumb-See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark, so are documents when registered, and advances made to See also:

• OPIUM (Gr. amov, dim. from Orbs, juice)

opium-growers or to labourers on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of See also:

• WAGES (the plural of " wage," from Late Lat. wadium, a pledge, O. Fr. wagier, gagier)

wages, or to contracts signed under the See also:

• EMIGRATION (from Lat. emigrare; e, ex, out of, and migrare, to depart)

emigration See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, or medical certificates to vouch for the persons examined, all tending to cheek the frauds and impostures constantly attempted . The prints depend upon a peculiarity seen in the human hand and to some extent in the human See also:

• FOOT

foot . The skin is traversed in all directions by creases and ridges, which are ineradicable and show no See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change from childhood to extreme old See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . The persistence of the markings of the finger-tips has been proved beyond all question, and this universally accepted quality has been the basis of the present system of identification . The impressions, when examined, show that the ridges appear in certain fixed patterns, from which an See also:

• ALPHABET (see also WRITING)

alphabet of signs or asystem of notation has been arrived at for convenience of See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record .

As the result of much experiment a fourfold See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of classification has been evolved, and the various types employed are styled " See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches," loops," " whorls " and " composites." There are seven subclasses, and all are perfectly; distinguishable by an See also:

• EXPERT (Lat. expertus, from experiri, to try)

expert, who can describe each by its particular See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol in the See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

code arranged, so that the whole " print " can be read as a distinct and See also:

• SEPARATE

separate expression . Very few, and the simplest, appliances are required for taking the print—a See also:

• SHEET

sheet of See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white paper, a See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin slab, and some printer's See also:

• INK (from Late Lat. encaustum, Gr. gysavorov, the purple ink used by Greek and Roman emperors, from iyKaiew, to burn in)

ink . Scars or malformations do not interfere with the result . The unchanging character of the finger-prints has repeatedly helped in the detection of crime . We may quote the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of the thief who See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke into a See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence and among other things helped himself to a See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass of See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, leaving two finger-prints upon the See also:

• TUMBLER

tumbler which were subsequently found to be. identical with those of a notorious criminal who was arrested, pleaded guilty and was convicted . Another burglar effected entrance by re-moving a See also:

• PANE (Fr. pan, Lat. pannus, a cloth, garment)

pane of glass from a See also:

• BASEMENT

basement window, but, unhappily for him, See also:

• LEFT

left his imprints, which were referred to. the registry and found to agree exactly with those of a convict at large; his address was known, and when visited some of the stolen property was found in his See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession . In India a murderer was identified by the See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown mark of a See also:

• BLOOD

blood-stained thumb he had left when rummaging amongst the papers of the deceased . This See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man was convicted of See also:

• THEFT

theft but not of the See also:

• MURDER

murder . The See also:

• KEYSTONE

keystone to the whole system is the central See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office where the See also:

• REGISTER

register or See also:

• INDEX

index of all criminals is kept for ready reference . The operators need no See also:

• SPECIAL

special gifts or lengthy training; method and accuracy suffice, and abundant checks exist to obviate incorrect classification and reduce the liability to See also:

• ERROR (Lat. error, from errare, to wander, to err)

error .