See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is See also:

• COMMON

common to See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form is seen in See also:

• SANSKRIT

Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root meaning to purify, cf. See also:

• LAT

Lat. purus)  , the See also:

• TERM

term commonly used for the visible effect of See also:

• COMBUSTION (from the Lat. comburere, to burn up)

combustion (see See also:

• FLAME (Lat. flamma; the root flag- appears in flagrare, to burn, blaze, and Gr. d, XEryew)

FLAME), operating as a See also:

• HEATING

heating or See also:

• LIGHTING

lighting agency . So See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general is the knowledge of See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire and its uses that it is a question whether we have any See also:

• AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

authentic instance on See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of a tribe altogether ignorant of them . A few notices indeed are to be found in the voluminous literature of travel which would decide the question in the affirmative; but when they are carefully investigated, their See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence is found to be far from conclusive . The missionary Krapf was told by a slave of a tribe in the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• PART

part of See also:

• SHOA

Shoa who lived like monkeys in the See also:

• BAMBOO

bamboo jungles, and were totally ignorant of fire; but no better authority has been found for the statement, and the See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story, which seems to be current in eastern See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, may be nothing else than the See also:

• PROPAGATION

propagation of fables about the Pygmies whom the ancients located around the See also:

• SOURCES

sources of the See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile . Lieut . See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles Wilkes, See also:

• COMMANDER

commander of the See also:

• UNITED

United States exploring expedition of 1838-42, says that in Fakaafo or See also:

• BOWDITCH, NATHANIEL (1773-1838)

Bowditch See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island " there was no sign of places for cooking nor any See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of fire," and that the natives See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt evident alarm at the See also:

• SPARKS, JARED (1789-1866)

sparks produced by See also:

• FLINT
• FLINT, AUSTIN (1812-1886)
• FLINT, or FLTNTSHTRE (sir Gallestr)
• FLINT, ROBERT (1838- )
• FLINT, TIMOTHY (1780-1840)

flint and See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel and the See also:

• SMOKE (from O. Eng. smeocan, to smoke, reek, cf. Dutch meek, Ger. Schmauch, probably allied to Gr. vol9caiv)

smoke emitted by those with cigars in their mouths . The presence of the word afi, fire, in the Fakaafo vocabulary supplied by See also:

• HALE, EDWARD EVERETT (1822-1909)
• HALE, HORATIO (1817–1896)
• HALE, JOHN PARKER (1806–1873)
• HALE, NATHAN (1756-1776)
• HALE, SIR MATTHEW (1609-1676)
• HALE, WILLIAM GARDNER (1849- )

Hale the ethnographer of the expedition, though it might perhaps be explained as See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent only to See also:

• SOLAR, SOLLER (Lat. solarium, Fr.• galetas, Ital. solaio)

solar See also:

• LIGHT

light and See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat, undoubtedly invalidates the supposition of Wilkes; and the Rev . See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• TURNER, CHARLES (1773–1857)
• TURNER, JOSEPH MALLORD WILLIAM (1775–1851)
• TURNER, NAT (1800-1831)
• TURNER, SHARON (1768-1847)
• TURNER, SIR JAMES (1615–1686)
• TURNER, WILLIAM (d. 1568)

Turner, in an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of a missionary voyage in 1859, not only repeats the word afi in his See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list for Fakaafo, but relates the native See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend about the origin of fire, and describes some See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar customs connected with its use . Alvaro de See also:

• SAAVEDRA, ANGEL DE, DUKE OF RIVAS (1791-1865)

Saavedra, an old See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish traveller, informs us that the inhabitants of Los Jardines, an island of the Pacific, showed See also:

• GREAT

great fear when they saw fire—which they did not know before . But that island has not been identified with certainty by See also:

• MODERN

modern explorers . It belongs, perhaps, to the Ladrones or See also:

• MARIANAS, MARIANNES
• MARIANAS, or MARANHAS

Marianas See also:

• ARCHIPELAGO

Archipelago, where fire was unknown, says Padre Gobien, "till See also:

• MAGELLAN, FERDINAND (in Sp. FERNANDO MAGALLANES, in Port. FERNAO DE MAGALHAES) (c. 1480-152I)

Magellan, wroth at the pilferings of the inhabitants, burnt one of their villages . When they saw their wooden huts ablaze, their first thought was that fire was a beast which eats up See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood .

Some of them having approached the fire too near were burnt, and the others kept aloof, fearing to be torn or poisoned by the powerful breath of that terrible See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal." To this See also:

• FREYCINET, CHARLES LOUIS DE SAULCES DE (1828- )
• FREYCINET, LOUIS CLAUDE DESAULSES DE (1779-1842)

Freycinet See also:

• OBJECTS

objects that these Ladrone islanders made pottery3 99 before the arrival of Europeans, that they had words expressing the ideas of flame, fire, See also:

• OVEN (O. Eng. of n,Ger. Ofen, cf. Gr. Irvin, oven)

oven, coals, roasting and cooking . Let us add that in their See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country numerous See also:

• GRAVES, ALFRED PERCEVAL (1846— )

graves and ruins have been found, which seem to be remnants of a former culture . Thus the question remains in uncertainty: though there is nothing impossible in the supposition of the existence of a fireless tribe, it cannot be said that such a tribe has been discovered . It is useless to inquire in what way See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man first discovered that fire was subject to his See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control, and could even be called into being by appropriate means . With the natural phenomenon and its various aspects he must soon have become See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar . The See also:

• VOLCANO

volcano lit up the darkness of See also:

• NIGHT

night and sent its ashes or its See also:

• LAVA

lava down into the plains; the See also:

• LIGHTNING

lightning or the See also:

• METEOR (Gr. µerEwpa, literally " things in the air,” from µera, beyond, and aeip6Lv, to lift up)

meteor struck the See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree, and the See also:

• FOREST

forest was ablaze; or some less obvious cause produced some less extensive ignition . For a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time it is possible that the See also:

• GRAND

grand manifestations of nature aroused no feelings See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save See also:

• AWE, LOCH

awe and terror; but man is quite as much endowed with curiosity as with reverence or caution, and familiarity must ere See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long have bred confidence if not contempt . It is by no means necessary to suppose that the See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of fire was made only at one given spot and in one given way; it is much more probable indeed that different tribes and races obtained the knowledge in a variety of ways . It has been asserted of many tribes that they would be unable to rekindle their fires if they were allowed to See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die out . Travellers in See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia and See also:

• TASMANIA

Tasmania depict the typical native woman bearing always about with her a burning See also:

• BRAND, JOHN (1744-1806)
• BRAND, SIR JOHN HENRY (1823-1888)

brand, which it is one of her See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal duties to protect and See also:

• FOSTER, GEORGE EULAS (1847– )
• FOSTER, JOHN (177o-1843)
• FOSTER, MYLES BIRKET (1825-1899)
• FOSTER, SIR CLEMENT LE NEVE (1841-1904)
• FOSTER, SIR MICHAEL (1836-r9o7)
• FOSTER, STEPHEN COLLINS (1826-1864)

foster; and it has been supposed that it was only See also:

• IGNORANCE (Lat. ignorantia, from ignorare, not to know); want of knowledge, a state of mind which in law has important consequences. A well-known legal maxim runs: ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law does not excuse")

ignorance which imposed on her the endless task . This is absurd . The Australian methods of producing fire by the See also:

• FRICTION (from Lat. fricare, to rub)

friction of two pieces of wood are perfectly well known, and are illustrated in Howitt's Native Tribes of See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East Australia, pp .

771-773 . To carry a brand saves a little trouble to the men . The methods employed for producing fire vary considerably in detail, but are for the most part merely modified applications of concussion or friction . See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• AVEBURY
• AVEBURY, JOHN LUBBOCK, 1ST BARON (1834– )

Avebury has remarked that the working up of See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone into implements must have been followed sooner or later by the discovery of fire; for in the See also:

• PROCESS

process of chipping sparks were elicited, and in the process of polishing heat was generated . The first or concussion method is still familiar in the flint and steel, which has hardly passed out of use even in the most civilized countries . Its modifications are comparatively few and unimportant . The Alaskans and Aleutians take two pieces of See also:

• QUARTZ

quartz, rub them well with native See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur, strike them together till the sulphur catches fire, and then See also:

• TRANSFER (from Lat. transferre, to bear across, carry over)

transfer the flame to a heap of dry grass over which a few feathers have been scattered . Instead of two pieces of quartz the Eskimos use a piece of quartz and a piece of See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

• PYRITES

pyrites . Mr See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick See also:

• BOYLE
• BOYLE, JOHN J
• BOYLE, ROBERT (1627-1691)

Boyle saw fire produced by striking broken See also:

• CHINA

china violently against a bamboo, and See also:

• BASTIAN, ADOLF (1826– )

Bastian observed the same process in See also:

• BURMA

Burma, and See also:

• WALLACE, ALFRED RUSSEL (1823— )
• WALLACE, LEWIS [LEW] (1827—1905)
• WALLACE, SIR RICHARD
• WALLACE, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1270-1305)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1768-1843)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1844-1897)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM VINCENT (1814-1865)

Wallace in See also:

• TERNATE

Ternate . In See also:

• COCHIN
• COCHIN, DENYS MARIE PIERRE AUGUSTIN (1851L'Evolution de la vie (1895); Le Monde exterieur (1845); Contre les barbares (1899)

Cochin China two pieces of bamboo are considered sufficient, the silicious See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the outside layer rendering it as See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good as native flint . The friction methods are more various . One of the simplest is what E .

B . See also:

• TYLOR, EDWARD BURNETT (1832- )

Tylor calls the stick and groove—" a See also:

• BLUNT, JOHN HENRY (1823–1884)
• BLUNT, JOHN JAMES (1794–1855)
• BLUNT, WILFRID SCAWEN (184o— )

blunt pointed stick being run along a groove of its own making in a piece of wood lying on the ground." Much, of course, depends on the quality of the See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods and the expertness of the manipulator . In See also:

• TAHITI

Tahiti Charles See also:

• DARWIN, CHARLES ROBERT (1809-1882)
• DARWIN, ERASMUS (1731-1802)

Darwin saw a native produce fire in a few seconds, but only succeeded himself after much labour . The same See also:

• DEVICE

device was employed in New See also:

• ZEALAND (also SEALAND Or SEELAND; Danish Sjaelland)

Zealand, the See also:

• SANDWICH
• SANDWICH, EDWARD MONTAGU, or MOUNTAGU, 1ST EARL OF (1625–1672)
• SANDWICH, JOHN MONTAGU, 4TH EARL OF (1718–1792)

Sandwich Islands, See also:

• TONGA, or FRIENDLY ISLANDS (so called by Captain Cook)

Tonga, See also:

• SAMOA

Samoa and the Radak Islands . Instead of rubbing the movable stick backwards and forwards other tribes make it rotate rapidly in a See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round hole in the stationary piece of wood—thus making what Tylor has happily designated a fire-See also:

• DRILL

drill . This device has been observed in Australia, See also:

• KAMCHATKA

Kamchatka, See also:

• SUMATRA

Sumatra and the Carolines, among the See also:

• VEDDAHS, or WEDDAHS (from Sanskrit veddha, " hunter ")

Veddahs of See also:

• CEYLON

Ceylon, throughout a great part of southern Africa, among the See also:

• ESKIMO, ESKIMOS

Eskimo and See also:

• INDIAN

Indian tribes of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AMERICA

America, in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Indies, in Central America, and as far south as the Straits of Magellan . It was also employed by the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Mexicans, and Tylor gives a See also:

• QUAINT (O. Fr. cointe, from Lat. cognitus, known, probably influenced by association with Lat. corn plus, neat)

quaint picture of the operation from a Mexican MS.—a man See also:

• HALF

half kneeling on the ground is causing the stick to' rotate between the palms of his hands . This See also:

• SIMPLE

simple method of rotation seems to be very generally in use; but various devices have been resorted to for the purpose of diminishing the labour and hastening the result . The Gaucho of the See also:

• PAMPAS (Span. La Pampa, from a Quichua word signifying a level open space or terrace)

Pampas takes " an elastic stick about 18 in. long, presses one end to his See also:

• BREAST (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. the Ger. Brust, possibly connected with an O. Sax. brustian, to bud)

breast and the other in a hole in a piece of wood, and then rapidly turns the curved part like a See also:

• CARPENTER, LANT (1780-1840)
• CARPENTER, MIRY (1807-1877)
• CARPENTER, WILLIAM BENJAMIN (1813-1885)

carpenter's centre-See also:

• BIT (from the verb " to bite," either in the sense of a piece bitten off, or an act of biting, or a thing that bites or is bitten)

bit." In other cases the rotation is effected by means of a See also:

• CORD (derived through the Fr. corde, from the Lat. chorda, Gr. xop(5rt, the string of a musical instrument)

cord or thong See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound round the drill and pulled alternately by this end and that . In See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to steady the drill the Eskimo and others put the upper end in a socket of See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory or See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

bone which they hold firmly in their mouth . A further advance was made by the Eskimo and neighbouring tribes, who applied the principle of the See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow-drill; and the still more ingenious See also:

• PUMP

pump-drill was used by the See also:

• ONONDAGA

Onondaga See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians . For full descriptions of these See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments and a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich variety of details connected with fire-making we must refer the reader to Tylor's valuable See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter in his Researches .

These methods of producing fire are but rarely used in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, and only in connexion with superstitious observances . We read in See also:

• WUTTKE, KARL FRIEDRICH ADOLF (1819—1870)

Wuttke that some time ago the authorities of a See also:

• MECKLENBURG

Mecklenburg See also:

• VILLAGE

village ordered a " See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild fire " to be lit against a See also:

• MURRAIN (derived through O. Fr. morine, from Lat. mori, to die)

murrain amongst the See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle . For two See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours the men strove vainly to obtain a spark, but the See also:

• FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault was not to be ascribed to the quality of the wood, or to the dampness of the See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere, but to the stubbornness of an old See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady, who, objecting to the superstition, would not put out her night See also:

• LAMP (from Gr. Xag ras, a torch, Xaµaav, to shine)

lamp; such a fire, to be efficient, must See also:

• BURN, RICHARD (1709-1785)

burn alone . At last the strong-minded See also:

• FEMALE

female was compelled to give in; fire was obtained—but of See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad quality, for it did not stop the murrain . It has long been known that the rays of the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

sun might be concentrated by a See also:

• LENS
• LENS (from Lat. lens, lentil, on account of the similarity of the form of a lens to that of a lentil seed)

lens or See also:

• CONCAVE

concave See also:

• MIRROR (through O. Fr. mirour, mod. miroir, from a sup-posed Late Lat. miratorium, from mirari, to admire)

mirror . See also:

• ARISTOPHANES
• ARISTOPHANES (c. 448–385 B.e.1)

Aristophanes mentions the burning-lens in The Clouds, and the story of See also:

• ARCHIMEDES (c. 287–212 B.C.)
• ARCHIMEDES, SCREW OF

Archimedes using a mirror to fire the See also:

• SHIPS

ships at See also:

• SYRACUSE
• SYRACUSE (Gr. Mvpaaovoat; Lat. Syracusae, Ital. Siracusa)

Syracuse is familiar to every schoolboy . If Garcilasso de la See also:

• VEGA, GARCILASO DE LA
• VEGA, GARCILASO DE LA (1503-1536)

Vega can be trusted as an authority the Virgins of the Sun in See also:

• PERU
• PERU (apparently from Biru, a small river on the west coast of Colombia, where Pizarro landed)

Peru kindled the sacred fire with a concave See also:

• CUP (in O.E. cuppe; generally taken to be from Late Lat. cuppa, a variant of Lat. cupa, a cask, cf. Gr. KuaeXXov)

cup set in a great See also:

• BRACELET, or ARMLET

bracelet . In China the burning-See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass is in See also:

• COMMON

common use . To the inquiry how mankind became possessed of fire, the cosmogonies, those records of pristine speculative thought, do not give any reply which would not be found in the relations of travellers and historians . They say in the Tonga Islands that the See also:

• GOD

god of the earthquakes is likewise the god of fire . At Mangaia it is told that the great Maui went down to See also:

• HELL (0. Eng. hel, a Teutonic word from a root meaning " to cover," cf. Ger. Holle, Dutch hel)

hell, where he surprised the See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret of making fire by rubbing two pieces of wood together . The Maoris tell the See also:

• TALE (O.Eng. talu, number, account, story; the word is common to many Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Zahl, number, Erzahlung, narrative, Du. taal, speech, language)

tale differently .

Maui had the fire given to him by his old See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind grandmother, Mahuika, who See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew it from the nails of her hands . Wishing to have a stronger one, he pretended that it had gone out, and so he obtained fire from her great toe . It was so fierce that every thing melted before the glow; even Maui and the grandmother herself were already burning when a See also:

• DELUGE, THE (through the Fr. from Lat. diluvium, flood, diluere, to wash away)

deluge, sent from See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven, saved the See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero and the perishing See also:

• WORLD

world; but before the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters extinguished all the See also:

• BLAZE (A.-S. blaese, a torch)

blaze, Mahuika shut a few sparks into some trees, and thence men draw it now . The Maoris have also the legend that See also:

• THUNDER

thunder is the See also:

• NOISE (a word of doubtful origin; O. Fr. nogse or nose; Prov. nausa, which points to Lat. nausea, sickness, as the origin; others take Lat. noxia, harm, as the source)

noise of Tawhaki's footsteps, and that lightnings flash from his armpits . At Western Point, See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria, the Australians say the good old man Pundyil opened the See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door of the sun, whose light poured then on See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth, and that Karakorok, the good man's good daughter, seeing the earth to be full of serpents, went everywhere destroying serpents; but before she ' had killed them all, her See also:

• STAFF (O. Eng. staef, cf. Du. staf, Ger. Stab, &c.; Icel. stafr meant also a written letter, and O. Eng. stafas, the letters of the alphabet; " stave," one of the thin pieces of wood of which a cask is made, is a doublet)

staff snapped in two, and while it See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke, a flame burst out of it . Here the See also:

• SERPENT (Lat. serpens, creeping, from serpere; cf. "reptile " from repere, Gr.4 ml-eta)

serpent-killer is a fire-bringer . In the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian Shahnama also fire was discovered by a See also:

• DRAGON (Fr. dragon, through Lat. draco, from the Greek; connected with SEpeoµay " see," and interpreted as " sharp-sighted "; O.H. Ger. tracho, dracho, M.H.G. trache, Mod. Ger. Drachen; A.S. draca, hence the equivalent English form " drake," " fire-drake,

dragon-fighter . Hushenk, the powerful hero, hurled at the See also:

• MONSTER (Lat. monstrum, from root of monere, to warn; i.e. something terrible or portentous)
• MONSTER, GEORG, COUNT ZU (1776-1844)

monster a prodigious stone, which, evaded by the snake, struck a See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock and was splintered by it . " Light shone from the dark pebble, the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart of the rock flashed out in See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory, and fire was seen for the first time in the world." The snake escaped, but the See also:

• MYSTERY (Gr. µw(Trilpcov, from tcuvrm, an initiate, µfew, to shut the mouth)

mystery of fire had been revealed . North See also:

• AMERICAN

American legends narrate how the great See also:

• BUFFALO

buffalo, careering through the plains, makes sparks flit in the night, and sets the See also:

• PRAIRIE (adopted from the Fr. prairie, a meadow-tract. Late Lat. prataria, Lat. pratum, meadow)

prairie ablaze by his hoofs hitting the rocks . We meet the same See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea in the See also:

• HINDU

Hindu See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology, which conceives thunder to have been, among many other things, the clatter of the solar horses on the Akmon or hard See also:

• PAVEMENT (Lat. pavimentu;n, a floor beaten or rammed hard, from pavire, to beat)

pavement of the See also:

• SKY (M. Eng. skie, cloud; O. Eng. skua, shade; connected with an Indo-European root sku, cover, whence " scum," Lat. obscurus, dark, &c.)

sky . The Dakotas claim that their ancestor obtained fire from the sparks which a friendly See also:

• PANTHER

panther struck with its claws, as it scampered upon a stony See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill .

Tohil, who gave the Quiches fire by shaking his sandals, was,like the MexicanQuetzelcoatl, represented by a flint stone . Guamansuri, the See also:

• FATHER

father of the Peruvians, produced the thunder and the lightning by hurling stones with his See also:

• SLING (from M. Eng. slingen, to fling, throw with a jerk, Icel. slyngva, cf. Ger. schlingen, to twist)

sling . The thunderbolts, are his See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children . Kudai, the g eat god of the Altaian Tartars, disclosed " the secret of the stone's edge and the iron's hardness." The Slavoniangod of thunder was depicted with a silex in his See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, or even protruding from his See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head . The Lapp Tiermes struck with his See also:

• HAMMER, FRIEDRICH JULIUS (1810-1862)

hammer upon his own head ; the Scandinavian See also:

• THOR

Thor held a See also:

• MALLET (or MALLOCH), DAVID (?17o5–1765)
• MALLET, PAUL HENRI (173o–18o7)

mallet in one hand, a flint in the other . Taranis, the See also:

• GAUL
• GAUL, GILBERT WILLIAM (1855— )

Gaul, had upon his head a huge See also:

• MACE (Fr. masse, O. Fr. mace, connected with Lat.'ntateola, a mallet)

mace surrounded by six little ones . Finnish poems describe how " fire, the See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child of the sun, came down from heaven, where it was rocked in a tub of yellow See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper, in a large See also:

• PAIL

pail of See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold." Ukko, the Esthonian god, sends forth lightnings, as he strikes his stone with his steel . According to the See also:

• KALEWALA, or KALEVALA

Kalewala, the same mighty Ukko struck his See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword against his See also:

• NAIL (O. Eng. naegal, cf. Dutch, Ger., Swed. nagel; the word is also related to Lat. unguis, Gr. ovu, Sans. nakhas)

nail, and from the nail issued the " fiery babe." He gave it to the See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

Wind's daughter to rock it, but the unwary See also:

• MAIDEN, or MAID

maiden let it fall in the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, where it was swallowed by the great See also:

• PIKE
• PIKE, ZEBULON MONTGOMERY (1779-1813)

pike, and fire would have been lost for ever if the child of the sun had not come to the See also:

• RESCUE (in Middle Eng. rescous, from O. Fr. recousse, Low Lat. rescussa, from reexcussa,reexcutere, to shake off again, re, again, ex, off, quatere, to shake)

rescue . He dragged the great pike from the See also:

• WATER

water, drew. out his entrails, and found there the heavenly spark still alive . See also:

• PROMETHEUS

Prometheus brought to earth the See also:

• TORCH (O. Fr. torche, from Med. Lat. tortia, derived from tortus, twisted, torquere, to twist)

torch he had lighted at the sun's See also:

• CHARIOT (derived from an O. Fr. word, formed from char, a car)

chariot . Human culture may be said to have begun with fire, of which the uses increased in the same ratio as culture itself . To save the labour expended on the initial process of procuring light, or on carrying it about constantly, See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive men See also:

• HIT

hit on the expedient of a fire which should burn night and See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day in a public See also:

• BUILDING

building .

The Egyptians had one in every See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple, the Greeks, Latins and Persians in all towns and villages . The See also:

• NATCHEZ

Natchez, the See also:

• AZTECS (from the Nahuatl word aztlan, " place of the Heron," or " Heron " people)

Aztecs, the Mayas, the Peruvians had their " See also:

• NATIONAL

national fires " burning upon large pyramids . Of these fires the " eternal lamps " in the synagogues, in the See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine and See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic churches, may be a survival . The " Regia," See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome's sacred centre, supposed to be the See also:

• ABODE (from " abide," to dwell, properly " to wait for ," to bide)

abode of See also:

• VESTA (Gr. 'Errata)

Vesta, stood See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to a See also:

• FOUNTAIN (Late Lat. fontana, from ions, a spring)

fountain; it was convenient to draw from the same spot the two great requisites, fire and water . All See also:

• CIVIL

civil and See also:

• POLITICAL

political interests grouped themselves around the See also:

• PRYTANEUM

prytaneum which was at once a temple, a tribunal, a See also:

• TOWN

town-See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall, and a gossiping resort: all public business and most private affairs were transacted by the light and in the warmth of the common fire . No wonder that its flagstones should become sacred . Primitive communities consider as See also:

• HOLY

holy everything that ensures their existence and promotes their welfare, material things such as fire and water not less than others . Thus the prytaneum See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew into a religious institution . And if we hear a little more of fire See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship than of water worship, it is because fire, being on the whole more difficult to obtain, was esteemed more See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious . The prytaneum and the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state were convertible terms . If by See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

chance the fire in the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman temple of Vesta was extinguished, all tribunals, all authority, all public or private business had to stop immediately . The connexion between heaven and earth had been broken, and it had to be restored in some way or other—either by Jove sending down divine lightning on his altars, or by the priests making a new fire by the old sacred method of rubbing two pieces of wood together, or by catching the rays of the sun in a concave mirror .

No See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek or Roman See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army crossed the frontier without carrying an See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar where the fire taken from the prytaneum burned night and day . When the Greeks sent out colonies the emigrants took with them living coals from the altar of See also:

• HESTIA

Hestia, and had in their new country a fire lit as a representative of that burning in the See also:

• MOTHER

mother country.' Not before the three curiae united their fires into one could Rome become powerful; and Curiously enough we see the same institution obtaining among the Damaras of South Africa, where the chiefs, who sway their See also:

• PEOPLE

people with a sort of priestly authority, commit to their daughters the care of a so-called eternal fire . From its See also:

• HEARTH (a word which appears in various forms in several Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch haard, German Herd, in the sense of " floor ")

hearth younger scions separating from the See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent stock take away a burning brand to their new See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home . The use of a common prytaneum, of circular See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, like the Roman temple of Vesta, testified to the common origin of the North American Assinais and Maichas . The Mobiles, the Chippewas, the Natchez, had each a See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation of Vestals . If the Natchez let their fire die out, they were See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to renew it from the Mobiles . The Moquis, See also:

• PUEBLOS

Pueblos and See also:

• COMANCHES

Comanches had also their perpetual fires . The Red-skins discussed important affairs of state at the " See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council fires," around which each sachem marched three times, turning to it all the sides of his See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person . " It was a saying among our ancestors," said an See also:

• IROQUOIS

Iroquois See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief in 1753, " that when the fire goes out at Onondaga the See also:

• DELPHI (the Pytho of Homer and Herodotus; in Boeotian inscriptions BeA4oi, on coins Aa)tg5oi)

Delphi of the See also:

• LEAGUE

league—" we shall no longer be a people." See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens became a shining Ight to the world only, we are told, when the twelve tribes of See also:

• ATTICA

Attica, led by See also:

• THESEUS

Theseus, brought each its brand to the altar of Athene Polias . All See also:

• GREECE

Greece confederated, making Delphi its central hearth; and the islands congregated around See also:

• DELOS

Delos, whence the new fire was fetched every See also:

• YEAR

year . Periodic Fires.—Because the sun loses its force after See also:

• NOON

noon, and after midsummer daily shortens the length of its See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit, the ancients inferred, and primitive populations still believe, that, as time goes on, the energies of fire must necessarily decline . Therefore men set about renewing the fires in the temples and on the hearth on the longest day of summer or at the beginning of the agricultural year .

The ceremony was attended with much rejoicing, banqueting and many religious See also:

• RITES

rites . Houses were thoroughly cleansed; people bathed, and underwent lustrations and purifications; new clothes were put on; quarrels were made up; debts were paid by the debtor or remitted by the creditor; criminals were released by the civil authorities in See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of the heavenly See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges, who were believed to See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant on the same day a general remission of sins . All things were made new; each man turned over a new See also:

• PAGE
• PAGE, THOMAS NELSON (1853- )
• PAGE, WILLIAM (1811-1885)

page in the See also:

• BOOK

book of his existence . Some nations, like the Etruscans in the Old World and the Peruvians and Mexicans in the New, carried these ideas to a high degree of development, and celebrated with magnificent ceremonies the renewal of the saecula, or astronomic periods, which might be shorter or longer than a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . Some details of the festival among the Aztecs have been preserved . On the last night of every See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period (52 years) every fire was extinguished, and men proceeded in See also:

• SOLEMN (Lat. sollemnis, sollemnis, less correctly solennis, yearly, annual; from sollus = totus, whole, entire, Gr. Mos., and annus, year)

solemn procession to some sacred spot, where, with awe and trembling, the priests strove to kindle a new fire by friction . It was as if they had a vague idea that the cosmos, with its sun, See also:

• MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. µlip, Sans. ma's, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word i
• MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1ST BARONET (1814-1899)

moon and stars, had been wound up like a See also:

• CLOCK

clock for a definite period of time . And had they failed to raise the vital spark, they would have believed that it was because the great fire was being extinguished at the central hearth of the world . The See also:

• STOICS

Stoics and many other ancient philosophers thought that the world was doomed to final extinction by fire . The Scandinavian bards sung the end of the world, how at last the See also:

• WOLF
• WOLF (Canis lupus)
• WOLF, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1759-1824)
• WOLF, HUGO (1860-1903)
• WOLF, JOSEPH (1820-1899)

wolf See also:

• FENRIR, or FENRIS

Fenrir would get loose, how the cruel fire of Loki would destroy itself by destroying everything . The See also:

• ESSENES

Essenes enlarged upon this See also:

• DOCTRINE

doctrine, which is also found in the Sibylline books and appears in the Apocrypha (2 Esdras xvi . 15) .

See See also:

• DUPUIS, CHARLES FRANCOIS (1742-1809)

Dupuis, Origine de taus See also:

• LES

les cultes (1794) ; See also:

• BURNOUF, EUGENE (1801—1852)

Burnouf, See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

Science See also:

• DES

des religions; See also:

• GRIMM, FRIEDRICH MELCHIOR, I
• GRIMM, JACOB LUDWIG CARL (1785-1863)
• GRIMM, WILHELM CARL (1786-1859)

Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie, cap. xx . (1835); Adalbeet See also:

• KUHN, FRANZ FELIX ADALBERT (1812–1881)

Kuhn . Die Herabkunft des Feuers and des Gottertranks (1859) ; See also:

• STEINTHAL, HEYMANN (1823—1899)

Steinthal, Uber die ursprungliche Form der See also:

• SAGE, RUSSELL (1816-1906)

Sage von Prometheus (1861) ; See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert See also:

• REVILLE, ALBERT (1826- )

Reville, " Le Mythe de Promethee," in Revue des deux mondes (See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1862) ; See also:

• MICHEL
• MICHEL, CLAUDE
• MICHEL, FRANCISQUE XAVIER (1809-1887)

Michel See also:

• BREAL, MICHEL JULES ALFRED (1832— )

Breal, Hercule et Cacus (1863) ; Tylor, Researches into the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early See also:

• HISTORY

History of Mankind, ch. ix . (1865) ; Bachofen, Die Sage von See also:

• TANAQUIL

Tanaquil (187o) ; Lord Avebury, Prehistoric Times (6th ed., 1900) ; See also:

• HAUG, MARTIN (1827–1876)

Haug, See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

Religion of the Parsis (1878) . (E .